TY  - JOUR
AB  - In many European cities mass concentrations of PM10 (particles less than 10 μm in size) are still exceeding air quality standards as set by the European Commission in 1999. As a consequence, many cities introduced low emission zones (LEZs) to improve air quality and to meet the limit values. In Germany currently 48 LEZs are in operation. By means of dispersion modeling, PM10 concentrations were estimated to decrease up to 10%. Analysis of PM10 levels conducted for Cologne, Berlin, and Munich some time after the LEZs were introduced showed reduction of PM10 mass concentration in the estimated range. The PM10 particle fraction is, however, composed of particles with varying toxicity, of which diesel soot is highly health relevant. An evaluation of air quality data conducted in Berlin showed that in 2010 traffic-related soot concentrations measured along major roads decreased by 52% compared to 2007. Diesel particle emissions in Berlin were reduced in 2012 by 63% compared to a business-as-usual scenario (reference year 2007). A strong reduction of the traffic-related particle fraction of PM2.5 was also reported for Munich. Therefore, it is likely that the effects of LEZs are considerably more significant to human health than was anticipated when only considering the reduction of PM10 mass concentrations.
AU  - Cyrys, J.
AU  - Peters, A.
AU  - Soentgen, J.*
AU  - Wichmann, H.-E.
C1  - 30796
C2  - 33876
CY  - Philadelphia
SP  - 481-487
TI  - Low emission zones reduce PM10 mass concentrations and diesel soot in German cities.
JO  - J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc.
VL  - 64
IS  - 4
PB  - Taylor & Francis Inc
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0002-2470
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Aalto, P.*
AU  - Cyrys, J.
AU  - von Klot, S.
AU  - Peters, A.
AU  - Zetzsche, K.
C1  - 3074
C2  - 23114
SP  - 1064-1076
TI  - Aerosol particle number concentration measurements in five European Cities using TSI-3022 condensation particle counter over a three-year period during health effects of air pollution on susceptible subpopulations.
JO  - J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc.
VL  - 55
PY  - 2005
SN  - 0002-2470
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Wittmaack, K.
C1  - 2693
C2  - 22285
SP  - 1091-1098
TI  - Characterization of carbon nanoparticles in ambient aerosols by scanning electron microscopy and model calculations.
JO  - J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc.
VL  - 54
PY  - 2004
SN  - 0002-2470
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Hazenkamp-von Arx, M.E.*
AU  - Fellmann, T.G.*
AU  - Oglesby, L.*
AU  - Ackermann-Liebrich, U.*
AU  - Gislason, T.*
AU  - Heinrich, J.
AU  - Jarvis, D.*
AU  - Luczynska, C.*
AU  - Manzanera, J.*
AU  - Modig, L.*
AU  - Pfeifer, A.*
AU  - Poli, A.*
AU  - Ponzio, M.*
C1  - 10116
C2  - 21634
SP  - 617-628
TI  - PM2.5 assessment in 21 European study centers of ECRHS II: Method and first winter results. 
JO  - J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc.
VL  - 53
PY  - 2003
SN  - 0002-2470
ER  -