TY - JOUR AB - The production of graphite requires high temperatures, and fossil petroleum, coal, or nutshells are frequently used as a carbon source. As a replacement, Kraft lignin, a by-product of the pulp and paper industry, is a promising carbon source with a prefigured aromatic network. Biomass-based feedstocks with improved characteristics can be obtained by hydrothermal carbonization, but the chemical nature of this process is not fully understood yet. Moreover, adding a eutectic salt mixture (LiCl/KCl) to the pyrolysis of Kraft lignin and HTC lignin can improve the graphitization at lower temperatures. In this study, thermal analysis with online mass spectrometric detection of the evolved gas mixture was applied to explore the influence of the eutectic salt mixture on the char conversion process. Aside from classical pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry, thermogravimetry coupled with soft photoionization mass spectrometry allowed to identify phenol, hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, and various larger lignin fragments. These larger dimeric/trimeric methoxyphenol derivatives were successfully validated by means of high-resolution mass spectrometry equipped with soft atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. The investigations indicated the catalytic influence of the salt mixture on the production process of the biochars, achieving partially graphitization already at relatively low temperatures (700 °C). On the morphology, Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy revealed the evolution of the carbon structures and revealed that the materials have typical features for amorphous carbon. AU - Friederici, L.* AU - Meščeriakovė, S.M.* AU - Neumann, A.* AU - Sermyagina, E.* AU - Mesceriakovas, A.* AU - Lähde, A.* AU - Grimmer, C.* AU - Streibel, T. AU - Rüger, C.P.* AU - Zimmermann, R. C1 - 65622 C2 - 52746 TI - Effect of hydrothermal carbonization and eutectic salt mixture (KCl/LiCl) on the pyrolysis of Kraft lignin as revealed by thermal analysis coupled to advanced high-resolution mass spectrometry. JO - J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. VL - 166 PY - 2022 SN - 0165-2370 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Three different tobacco samples (Burley, Virginia, and Oriental) were thermally desorbed at varying temperatures (190, 250, and 310 °C) and the evolved gas phase at every temperature step has been analyzed applying single photon ionisation (SPI)-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) and resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation (REMPI)-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. These soft and selective ionisation techniques allow fast and comprehensive on-line monitoring of a large variety of aliphatic and aromatic substances with almost no fragmentation of molecular ions. Many oxygen containing compounds could be detected such as phenol, hydroquinone, and (vinyl)guiacol along with unsaturated hydrocarbons and nicotine. In addition, with REMPI a large variety of PAH are accessible. Different tobacco types yield slightly distinguished mass spectra. By utilizing statistical tools (Fisher criterion and PCA) the three tobaccos can be discerned rather rapidly from each other and possible marker compounds for a given tobacco can be identified. Extension of this newly conceived method to other biomass material and potential coupling to other methods of thermal analysis seems feasible in the future. AU - Streibel, T.* AU - Mitschke, S.* AU - Adam, T.* AU - Weh, J. AU - Zimmermann, R. C1 - 2852 C2 - 24838 SP - 24-32 TI - Thermal desorption/pyrolysis coupled with photo ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the analysis and discrimination of pure tobacco samples. JO - J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. VL - 79 PB - Elsevier PY - 2007 SN - 0165-2370 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Adam, T. AU - Streibel, T. AU - Mitschke, S. AU - Mühlberger, F. AU - Baker, R.R.* AU - Zimmermann, R. C1 - 1214 C2 - 22632 SP - 454-464 TI - Application of time-of-flight mass spectrometry with laser-based photoionization methods for analytical pyrolysis of PVC and tobacco. JO - J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. VL - 74 PY - 2005 SN - 0165-2370 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Zimmermann, R. AU - Mühlberger, F. AU - Dorfner, R. AU - Adam, T. AU - Streibel, T. AU - Mitschke, S. AU - Cao, L.* C1 - 9398 C2 - 21924 CY - Amsterdam SP - 103-105 TI - Application of time of flight-mass spectrometry with laser-based ionization methods for fast on-line characterization of pyrolyses and combustion processes. JO - J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. PB - Elsevier PY - 2004 SN - 0165-2370 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Herrera, M. AU - Matuschek, G. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10108 C2 - 21125 SP - 35-42 TI - Fast identification of polymer additives by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. JO - J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. VL - 70 PY - 2003 SN - 0165-2370 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Li, X.* AU - Matuschek, G. AU - Herrera, M. AU - Wang, H.* AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 9425 C2 - 20870 SP - 393-406 TI - A study on combustion of Chinese coals by TA/MS. JO - J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. VL - 67 PY - 2003 SN - 0165-2370 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ochsenkühn-Petropoulou, M.* AU - Staikos, K.* AU - Matuschek, G. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 9426 C2 - 21124 SP - 73-85 TI - On-line determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulate matter by using pyrolysis/GC-MS. JO - J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. VL - 70 PY - 2003 SN - 0165-2370 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The thermolysis products in air of two new epoxide based halogen-free flame retardant thermosetting plastics and polycarbonate, a commonly used thermoplastic with some structural similarity to the thermosets, are reported. The thermolysis was carried out in a VCI combustion apparatus at 400, 600 and 800 degreesC and an air flow rate of 100 ml min(-1). The emission products from the VCI-apparatus were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively by gas chromatography coupled with a mass selective detector (GC/MSD). A mechanistic scheme for the formation of thermal degradation products is presented. AU - Becker, L. AU - Lenoir, D. AU - Matuschek, G. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 9423 C2 - 19820 SP - 55-67 TI - Thermal degradation of halogen-free flame retardant epoxides and polycarbonate in air. JO - J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. VL - 60 IS - 1 PB - Elsevier Science BV PY - 2001 SN - 0165-2370 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The results of investigations on the thermal behaviour of wood, wood treated with creosote, and of creosote are reported. Thermal analysis coupled with ion impact mass spectrometry as well as thermolysis in the modified Bayer-ICI-Shell combustion apparatus (BIS) were applied. The emission products from the BIS-apparatus were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively by gas chromatography coupled with a mass selective detector (GC/MSD). It is shown, that the degradation of creosote and wood treated with creosote is starting with a drying process of the wood around 75 degreesC, followed by evaporation of the creosote compounds between 180 and 400 degreesC. Wood itself is decomposed in an anaerobic process between 300 and 340 degreesC, followed by an oxidative process around 400 degreesC. The oxidative decomposition and mineralisation of creosote takes place between 400 and 600 degreesC with a maximum at 540 degreesC. AU - Becker, L.* AU - Matuschek, G. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 9424 C2 - 19592 SP - 15-36 TI - Thermal degradation of wood treated with creosote. JO - J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. VL - 57 IS - 1 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2001 SN - 0165-2370 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The thermal degradation of polyamide 6, polyacrylonitrile and of a polyurethane rigid foam was studied using two different thermal analyzers with coupled techniques for the evolved gas analysis (TA-MS and TA-FTIR) and two combustion devices. For the thermal analyzers samples about 5 and 20 mg were used under a heating rate of 10 K min(-1). The products from the combustion of the samples (40 mg) at 800-1000 degreesC are described. An adequate clean up method was used to determine the different species of nitrogen containing products evolving during the pyrolysis of the samples. AU - Herrera, M. AU - Wilhelm, M. AU - Matuschek, G. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 9422 C2 - 19755 SP - 173-188 TI - Thermoanalytical and pyrolysis studies of nitrogen containing polymers. JO - J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. VL - 58-59 PB - Elsevier Science BV PY - 2001 SN - 0165-2370 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Blumenstock, M.* AU - Zimmermann, R. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kaune, A.* AU - Nikolai, U.* AU - Lenoir, D. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 20834 C2 - 18890 SP - 179-190 TI - Estimation of the dioxin emission (PCDD/FI-TEQ) from the concentration of low chlorinated aromatic compounds in the flue and stack gas of a hazardous waste incinerator. JO - J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. VL - 49 PY - 1999 SN - 0165-2370 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kaune, A.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Lehnardt, R. AU - Kettrup, A. AU - Ollenschläger, I.* AU - Rossel, H.* C1 - 20837 C2 - 18894 SP - 191-198 TI - Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans in the aluminium recycling process. JO - J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. VL - 49 PY - 1999 SN - 0165-2370 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Matuschek, G. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 20893 C2 - 18943 SP - 223-237 TI - Thermal analysis/mass spectrometry as a tool for studying environmental pollution by coal gasification. JO - J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. VL - 51 PY - 1999 SN - 0165-2370 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Hofmaier, A.M. AU - Klobasa, O. AU - Kaune, A. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 20860 C2 - 18914 SP - 199-210 TI - Biological in vitro emission control. JO - J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. VL - 49 PY - 1999 SN - 0165-2370 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Zimmermann, R. AU - Dorfner, R. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 20833 C2 - 18889 SP - 257-266 TI - Direct analysis of products from plant material pyrolysis. JO - J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. VL - 49 PY - 1999 SN - 0165-2370 ER -