TY  - JOUR
AB  - Thoron (220Rn) exhalation from building materials has become increasingly recognized as a potential source for radiation exposure in dwellings. However, contrary to radon (222Rn), limited information on thoron exposure is available. As a result no harmonized test procedures for determining thoron exhalation from building materials are available at present. This study is a first interlaboratory comparison of different test methods to determine the thoron exhalation and a pre-step to a harmonized standard. The purpose of this study is to compare the experimental findings from a set of three building materials that are tested, and to identify future challenges in the development of a harmonized standard.
AU  - de With, G.*
AU  - Kovács, T.*
AU  - Csordás, A.*
AU  - Tschiersch, J.
AU  - Yang, J.
AU  - Sadler, S.W.*
AU  - Meisenberg, O.*
C1  - 60846
C2  - 49704
CY  - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England
TI  - Intercomparison on the measurement of the thoron exhalation rate from building materials.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 228
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2021
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Depleted uranium (DU) is a waste product from uranium enrichment that has several civilian and military applications. Significant amounts of DU in the form of particles or as fragments have been released into the environment as a consequence of military use of DU munitions, of industrial releases and of aircraft accidents. Thus, the present paper summarizes present knowledge on nanometer-micrometer sized depleted uranium (DU) particles collected in areas contaminated with such particles. Analysis of DU particles released to the environment has shown that uranium can be present in different crystalline structures and in different oxidation states. The weathering rates of DU particles and the subsequent remobilization of uranium species are also strongly connected to the oxidation state and crystalline phases of uranium, influencing the mobility and potential ecosystem transfer. Therefore, as has been observed for radioactive particles released from most nuclear events, the characteristics of DU particles can be linked to the source term and the release scenario as well as to environmental transformation processes. Although the radiation dose and radiotoxicity of DU is less than from natural occurring uranium, the mobility of U from oxidized DU and the associated chemical toxicity could be significantly higher than from natural UO2. The present paper summarizes present knowledge on depleted uranium particles identified in the environment.
AU  - Lind, O.C.*
AU  - Tschiersch, J.
AU  - Salbu, B.*
C1  - 57238
C2  - 47627
CY  - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England
TI  - Nanometer-micrometer sized depleted uranium (DU) particles in the environment.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 211
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2020
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Luminescence dosimetry was performed using bricks from the former settlement of Metlino, Southern Urals, Russia, to investigate the feasibility of validating the Techa River Dosimetry System (TRDS) 2016 for the shore of the Metlinsky Pond, upper Techa River region. TRDS is a code for estimating external and internal doses for members of the Extended Techa River Cohort. Several brick samples were taken from the north-western wall of the granary, facing the Metlinsky Pond. Samples were measured at different heights and at different depths into the bricks. Dating of the granary was performed by analyzing well shielded bricks. Assessment of the gamma dose-rate at the sample positions was done by thermoluminescent dosimeters and the dose-rate in front of the granary mapped with a dose-rate meter. Anthropogenic doses in bricks vary from 0.8 to 1.7 Gy and show an increase with sampling height. A similar height profile is observed for the current gamma dose-rate, which is compatible with the results of the dose-rate mapping. Implications for validating the TRDS are discussed.
AU  - Woda, C.
AU  - Hiller, M.*
AU  - Ulanowski, A.
AU  - Bugrov, N.G.*
AU  - Degteva, M.O.*
AU  - Ivanov, O.*
AU  - Romanov, S.*
AU  - Tschiersch, J.
AU  - Shinonaga, T.
C1  - 57892
C2  - 48142
CY  - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England
TI  - Luminescence dosimetry for evaluation of the external exposure in Metlino, upper Techa River valley, due to the shore of the Metlinsky Pond: A feasibility study.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 214-215
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2020
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - A new electronic radon/thoron monitor employing semiconductor detectors based on a passive diffusion chamber design has been recently developed at the Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU). This device allows for acquisition of alpha particle energy spectra, in order to distinguish alpha particles originating from radon and radon progeny decays, as well as those originating from thoron and its progeny decays. A Monte-Carlo application is described which uses the Geant4 toolkit to simulate these alpha particle spectra. Reasonable agreement between measured and simulated spectra were obtained for both (220)Rn and (222)Rn, in the energy range between 1 and 10 MeV. Measured calibration factors could be reproduced by the simulation, given the uncertainties involved in the measurement and simulation. The simulated alpha particle spectra can now be used to interpret spectra measured in mixed radon/thoron atmospheres. The results agreed well with measurements performed in both radon and thoron gas environments. It is concluded that the developed simulation allows for an accurate prediction of calibration factors and alpha particle energy spectra.
AU  - Irlinger, J.
AU  - Trinkl, S.*
AU  - Wielunski, M.
AU  - Tschiersch, J.
AU  - Rühm, W.
C1  - 48387
C2  - 41027
CY  - Oxford
SP  - 64-70
TI  - Monte Carlo simulation of semiconductor detector response to 222Rn and 220Rn environments.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 158-159
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2016
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Following the accident at the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl a number of different remedial actions were developed and implemented in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. Recommendations on the application of countermeasures and remedial actions were published by the IAEA as "Guidelines for agricultural countermeasures following an accidental release of radionuclides" in 1994. Since then, new information on the behaviour of radionuclides in the environment and effectiveness of countermeasures in the long term has been obtained and reviewed by many projects, including the Chernobyl Forum. Additionally, new approaches to derive remediation strategies were developed and successfully implemented in the most affected countries. This paper describes a justification of the remediation strategies suggested for rehabilitation of the areas most affected by the Chernobyl accident based on this experience.
AU  - Fesenko, S.*
AU  - Jacob, P.
AU  - Ulanowski, A.
AU  - Chupov, A.*
AU  - Bogdevich, I.*
AU  - Sanzharova, N.*
AU  - Kashparov, V.*
AU  - Panov, A.*
AU  - Zhuchenka, Y.*
C1  - 24319
C2  - 31515
SP  - 39-47
TI  - Justification of remediation strategies in the long term after the Chernobyl accident.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 119
PB  - Elsevier Sci.
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Biosphere models are used to evaluate the exposure of populations to radionuclides from a deep geological repository. Since the time frame for assessments of long-time disposal safety is 1 million years, potential future climate changes need to be accounted for. Potential future climate conditions were defined for northern Germany according to model results from the BIOCLIM project. Nine present day reference climate regions were defined to cover those future climate conditions. A biosphere model was developed according to the BIOMASS methodology of the IAEA and model parameters were adjusted to the conditions at the reference climate regions. The model includes exposure pathways common to those reference climate regions in a stylized biosphere and relevant to the exposure of a hypothetical self-sustaining population at the site of potential radionuclide contamination from a deep geological repository. The end points of the model are Biosphere Dose Conversion factors (BDCF) for a range of radionuclides and scenarios normalized for a constant radionuclide concentration in near-surface groundwater. Model results suggest an increased exposure of in dry climate regions with a high impact of drinking water consumption rates and the amount of irrigation water used for agriculture.
AU  - Staudt, C.
AU  - Semioshkina, N.A.
AU  - Kaiser, J.C.
AU  - Pröhl, G.*
C1  - 10691
C2  - 30357
SP  - 214-223
TI  - Modeling the impact of climate change in Germany with biosphere models for long-term safety assessment of nuclear waste repositories.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 115
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - This paper describes modelling calculations carried out to determine the sensitivity of various rural and semi-natural environments to radionuclide contamination by (137)Cs, (90)Sr, and (131)I released during a major nuclear accident. Depositions of 1000 Bq/m(3) were assumed for each radionuclide. Four broad types of environments were considered: agricultural, forest or tundra, freshwater aquatic, and coastal marine. A number of different models were applied to each environment. The annual dose to a human population receiving most or all of its food and drinking water from a given environment was taken as a broad measure of sensitivity. The results demonstrated that environmental sensitivity was highly radionuclide specific, with (137)Cs generally giving the highest doses during the first year, especially for adults, in terrestrial and freshwater pathways. However, in coastal marine environments, (131)I and (239)Pu were more significant. Sensitivity was time dependent with doses for the first year dominating those for the 2nd and 10th years after deposition. In agricultural environments the ingestion dose from (137)Cs was higher for adults than other age groups, whereas for (90)Sr and (131)I, the ingestion dose was highest for infants. The dependence of sensitivity on social and economic factors such as individual living habits, food consumption preferences, and agricultural practices is discussed.
AU  - Tracy, B.L.*
AU  - Carini, F.*
AU  - Barabash, S.*
AU  - Berkovskyy, V.*
AU  - Brittain, J.E.*
AU  - Chouhan, S.*
AU  - Eleftheriou, G.*
AU  - Iosjpe, M.*
AU  - Monte, L.*
AU  - Psaltaki, M.*
AU  - Shen, J.*
AU  - Tschiersch, J.
AU  - Turcanu, C.*
C1  - 23674
C2  - 31227
SP  - 1-8
TI  - The sensitivity of different environments to radioactive contamination.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 122
PB  - Elsevier Science
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - After an accidental radioactive contamination by aerosols in inhabited areas, the radiation exposure to man is determined by complex interactions between different factors such as dry or wet deposition, different types of ground surfaces, chemical properties of the radionuclides involved and building development as well as dependence on bomb construction e.g. design and geometry. At short-term, the first rainfall is an important way of natural decontamination: deposited radionuclides are washed off from surfaces and in urban areas the resulting contaminated runoff enters the sewer system and is collected in a sewage plant. Up to now the potential exposure caused by this process has received little attention and is estimated here with simulation models. The commercial rainfall-runoff model for urban sewer systems KANAL++ has been extended to include transport of radionuclides from surfaces through the drainage to various discharge facilities. The flow from surfaces is modeled by unit hydrographs, which produce boundary conditions for a system of 1d coupled flow and transport equations in a tube system. Initial conditions are provided by a map of surface contamination which is produced by geo-statistical interpolation of γ-dose rate measurements taking into account the detector environment. The corresponding methodology is implemented in the Inhabited Area Monitoring Module (IAMM) software module as part of the European decision system JRODOS. A hypothetical scenario is considered where a Radiation Dispersal Device (RDD) with Cs-137 is detonated in a small inhabited area whose drainage system is realistically modeled. The transition of deposited radionuclides due to rainfall into the surface runoff is accounted for by different nuclide-specific entrainment coefficients for paved and unpaved surfaces. The concentration of Cs-137 in water is calculated at the nodes of the drainage system and at the sewage treatment plant. The external exposure to staff of the treatment plant is estimated. For Cs-137 radiation levels in the plant are low since wash-off of cesium from surfaces is an ineffective process.
AU  - Urso, L.
AU  - Kaiser, J.C.
AU  - Andersson, K.G.*
AU  - Andorfer, H.*
AU  - Angermair, G.*
AU  - Gusel, C.*
AU  - Tandler, R.*
C1  - 11882
C2  - 30838
SP  - 121-127
TI  - Modeling of the fate of radionuclides in urban sewer systems after contamination due to nuclear or radiological incidents.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 118
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The time series of the 10-day average Cs-137 volumetric activity concentration in the lower atmosphere measured from 1987 to 1991 in the town of Pripyat, close to the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, was used to construct a model to predict the airborne activity concentration inside the 30-km exclusion zone. For that purpose, individual components of the observed time series were separated by regression analysis and the Group Method of Data Handling. The measured data in Pripyat were divided in two periods. The long-term prediction by the model established using the measured data of the first period, has been validated with the data in the second period with good agreement. The behaviour of the model parameters depending on the length of the periods was also analysed, and the first period of 4.5 y was shown as sufficient for estimating the parameters. Further increase in the length will not significantly enhance the model parameters and the predictive power.
AU  - Garger, E.K.*
AU  - Kuzmenko, Y.I.*
AU  - Sickinger, S.
AU  - Tschiersch, J.
C1  - 7545
C2  - 30129
SP  - 53-58
TI  - Prediction of the 137Cs activity concentration in the atmospheric surface layer of the Chernobyl exclusion zone.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 110
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2012
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - High indoor radon concentrations in Jordan result in internal exposures of the residents due to the inhalation of radon and its short-lived progeny. It is therefore important to quantify the annual effective dose and further the radiation risk to the radon exposure. This study describes the methodology and the biokinetic and dosimetric models used for calculation of the inhalation doses exposed to radon progeny. The regional depositions of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract were firstly calculated. For the attached progeny, the activity median aerodynamic diameters of 50 nm, 230 nm and 2500 nm were chosen to represent the nucleation, accumulation and coarse modes of the aerosol particles, respectively. For the unattached progeny, the activity median thermodynamic diameter of 1 nm was chosen to represent the free progeny nuclide in the room air. The biokinetic models developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) were used to calculate the nuclear transformations of radon progeny in the human body, and then the dosimetric model was applied to estimate the organ equivalent doses and the effective doses with the specific effective energies derived from the mathematical anthropomorphic phantoms. The dose conversion coefficient estimated in this study was 15 mSv WLM(-1) which was in the range of the values of 6-20 mSv WLM(-1) reported by other investigators. Implementing the average indoor radon concentration in Jordan, the annual effective doses were calculated to be 4.1 mSv y(-1) and 0.08 mSv y(-1) due to the inhalation of radon progeny and radon gas, respectively. The total annual effective dose estimated for Jordanian population was 4.2 mSv y(-1). This high annual effective dose calculated by the dosimetric approach using ICRP biokinetic and dosimetric models resulted in an increase of a factor of two in comparison to the value by epidemiological study. This phenomenon was presented by the ICRP in its new published statement on radon.
AU  - Al-Jundi, J.
AU  - Li, W.B.
AU  - Abusini, M.*
AU  - Tschiersch, J.
AU  - Hoeschen, C.
AU  - Oeh, U.
C1  - 6301
C2  - 28320
SP  - 574-580
TI  - Inhalation dose assessment of indoor radon progeny using biokinetic and dosimetric modeling and its application to Jordanian population.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 102
IS  - 6
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The use of building materials containing naturally occurring radionuclides as K-40, Th-232, and U-238 and their progeny results in external exposures of the residents of such buildings. In the present study, indoor dose rates for a typical Jordan concrete room are calculated using Monte Carlo method. Uniform chemical composition of the walls, floor and ceiling as well as uniform mass concentrations of the radionuclides in walls, floor and ceiling are assumed. Using activity concentrations of natural radionuclides typical for the Jordan houses and assuming them to be in secular equilibrium with their progeny, the maximum annual effective doses are estimated to be 0.16, 0.12 and 0.22 mSv a(-1) for K-40, Th-232- and U-238-series, respectively. In a total, the maximum annual effective indoor dose due to external gamma-radiation is 0.50 mSv a(-1). Additionally, organ dose coefficients are calculated for all organs considered in ICRP Publication 74. Breast, skin and eye lenses have the maximum equivalent dose rate values due to indoor exposures caused by the natural radionuclides, while equivalent dose rates for uterus, colon (LLI) and small intestine are found to be the smallest. More specifically, organ dose rates (nSv a(-1) per Bq kg(-1)) vary from 0.044 to 0.060 for K-40, from 0.44 to 0.60 for radionuclides from U-238-series and from 0.60 to 0.81 for radionuclides from Th-232-series. The obtained organ and effective dose conversion coefficients can be conveniently used in practical dose assessment tasks for the rooms of similar geometry and varying activity concentrations and local-specific occupancy factors.
AU  - Al-Jundi, J.*
AU  - Ulanowski, A.
AU  - Pröhl, G.
C1  - 1541
C2  - 26702
CY  - Oxford
SP  - 841-846
TI  - Doses of external exposure in Jordan house due to gamma-emitting natural radionuclides in building materials.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 100
IS  - 10
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The activity concentrations of uranium and thorium have been determined in soils and mineral sands from the Nigerian tin mining area of Bisichi, located in the Jos Plateau, and from two control areas in Nigeria (Jos City and Akure) using high-purity germanium detectors (HPGe). High resolution sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (HR-SF-ICP-MS) was used to determine uranium and thorium in liquids and foodstuffs consumed locally in the mining area. The activities of uranium and thorium measured in the soils and mineral sands from Bisichi ranged from 8.7 kBq kg(-1) to 51 kBq kg(-1) for (238)U and from 16.8 kBq kg(-1) to 98 kBq kg(-1) for (232)Th, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those in the control areas of Jos City and Akure and than the reference values reported in the literature. They even exceeded the concentrations reported for areas of high natural radioactive background. Radionuclide concentrations in samples of the local foodstuffs and in water samples collected in Bisichi were found to be higher than UNSCEAR reference values. The results reveal the pollution potential of the mining activities on the surrounding areas.
AU  - Arogunjo, A.M.*
AU  - Höllriegl, V.
AU  - Giussani, A.
AU  - Leopold, K.
AU  - Gerstmann, U.C.
AU  - Veronese, I.*
AU  - Oeh, U.
C1  - 283
C2  - 26061
SP  - 232-240
TI  - Uranium and thorium in soils, mineral sands, water and food samples in a tin mining area in Nigeria with elevated activity.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 100
IS  - 3
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Leopold, K.
AU  - Gerstmann, U.
C1  - 1951
C2  - 26876
SP  - 605
TI  - A comment on "Distribution of some natural gamma-emitting radionuclides in the soils of the coastal areas of Nigeria" by Alatise, O.O., Babalola, I.A. & Olowofela, J.A. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 99 (2008) 1746-1749.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 100
IS  - 7
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Interception of dry and wet deposited radionuclides by vegetation is a key process in radioecological models that assess ingestion doses to the population following releases of radionuclides to the atmosphere. Radionuclides may be deposited during precipitation or as dry particles. Interception of wet deposited radionuclides is the result of a complex interaction of the vegetative development of the plant canopy, the amount of rainfall, and the chemical form of radionuclides. For the interception of dry deposits, particle size is a key parameter; interception is more effective for small particles and reactive gases. Due to the dependence on plant development, interception of both dry and wet deposits is subject to pronounced seasonality.
AU  - Pröhl, G.
C1  - 245
C2  - 26358
SP  - 675-682
TI  - Interception of dry and wet deposited radionuclides by vegetation.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 100
IS  - 9
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The Urban Remediation Working Group of the International Atomic Energy Agency's EMRAS (Environmental Modelling for Radiation Safety) program was organized to address issues of remediation assessment modelling for urban areas contaminated with dispersed radionuclides. The present paper describes the second of two modelling exercises. This exercise was based on a hypothetical dispersal of radioactivity in an urban area from a radiological dispersal device, with reference surface contamination at selected sites used as the primary input information. Modelling endpoints for the exercise included radionuclide concentrations and external dose rates at specified locations, contributions to the dose rates from individual surfaces, and annual and cumulative external doses to specified reference individuals. Model predictions were performed for a "no action" situation (with no remedial measures) and for selected countermeasures. The exercise provided an opportunity for comparison of three modelling approaches, as well as a comparison of the predicted effectiveness of various countermeasures in terms of their short-term and long-term effects on predicted doses to humans.
AU  - Thiessen, K.M.*
AU  - Andersson, K.G.*
AU  - Batandjieva, B.*
AU  - Cheng, J.J.*
AU  - Hwang, W.T.*
AU  - Kaiser, J.C.
AU  - Kamboj, S.*
AU  - Steiner, M.*
AU  - Tomás, J.*
AU  - Trifunovic, D.*
AU  - Yu, C.*
C1  - 1625
C2  - 26150
SP  - 445-455
TI  - Modelling the long-term consequences of a hypothetical dispersal of radioactivity in an urban area including remediation alternatives.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 100
IS  - 6
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The Chernobyl accident demonstrated that releases from nuclear installations can lead to significant contamination of large inhabited areas. A new generic European decision support handbook has been produced on the basis of lessons learned on the management of contaminated inhabited areas. The handbook comprises detailed descriptions of 59 countermeasures in a standardised datasheet format, which facilitates a comparison of features. It also contains guidance in the form of decision flowcharts, tables, check lists and text to support identification of optimised solutions for managing the recovery of inhabited areas within a framework consistent with ICRP recommendations. A new comprehensive inhabited-area dose model is also being developed for implementation in the ARGOS and RODOS decision support systems. Shortcomings of previous models are demonstrated. Decision support modelling in relation to malicious dispersion of radioactive matter in inhabited areas is also discussed. Here, the implications of, e.g., particle sizes and dispersion altitude are highlighted.
AU  - Andersson, K.G.*
AU  - Brown, J.*
AU  - Mortimer, K.*
AU  - Jones, J.A.*
AU  - Charnock, T.*
AU  - Thykier-Nielsen, S.*
AU  - Kaiser, J.C.
AU  - Pröhl, G.
AU  - Nielsen, S.P.*
C1  - 477
C2  - 25481
SP  - 439-454
TI  - New developments to support decision-making in contaminated inhabited areas following incidents involving a release of radioactivity to the environment.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 99
IS  - 3
PB  - Elsevier Applied Science Publ.
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The ERICA Tool is a computerised, flexible software system that has a structure based upon the ERICA Integrated Approach to assessing the radiological risk to biota. The Tool guides the user through the assessment process, recording information and decisions and allowing the necessary calculations to be performed to estimate risks to selected animals and plants. Tier 1 assessments are media concentration based and use pre-calculated environmental media concentration limits to estimate risk quotients. Tier 2 calculates dose rates but allows the user to examine and edit most of the parameters used in the calculation including concentration ratios, distribution coefficients, percentage dry weight soil or sediment, dose conversion coefficients, radiation weighting factors and occupancy factors. Tier 3 offers the same flexibility as Tier 2 but allows the option to run the assessment probabilistically if the underling parameter probability distribution functions are defined. Results from the Tool can be put into context using incorporated data on dose-effects relationships and background dose rates.
AU  - Brown, J.E.*
AU  - Alfonso, B.*
AU  - Avila, R.*
AU  - Beresford, N.A.*
AU  - Copplestone, D.*
AU  - Pröhl, G.
AU  - Ulanowski, A.
C1  - 3020
C2  - 25483
SP  - 1371-1383
TI  - The ERICA Tool.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 99
IS  - 9
PB  - Elsevier Applied Science Publ.
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The dose conversion coefficients (DCCs) for the assessment of internal absorbed dose rate in reference animals and plants have been generally calculated assuming a homogeneous distribution of radionuclides within the body. Realistic scenarios of internal exposure must account for some radionuclides which tend to concentrate in specific organs or tissues. To study the effect of such inhomogeneous distributions, internal DCCs have been calculated assuming both a central and an eccentric point source. The analysis of the results showed that uncertainties of the whole body DCC due to non-homogeneous radionuclide distribution are less than 30% for photons and electrons for all considered organisms. For electrons, the uncertainties are negligible below certain energies, dependent on the size of the organisms. Additionally, the organ doses due to the accumulation of the radionuclide in an organ are also described and organ/whole body doses ratios are estimated.
AU  - Gómez-Ros, J.M.*
AU  - Pröhl, G.
AU  - Ulanowski, A.
AU  - Lis, M.*
C1  - 3019
C2  - 25482
SP  - 1449-1455
TI  - Uncertainties of internal dose assessment for animals and plants due to non-homogeneously distributed radionuclides.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 99
IS  - 9
PB  - Elsevier Applied Science Publ.
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Plants and animals may be exposed to ionizing radiation from radionuclides in the environment. This paper describes the underlying data and assumptions to assess doses to biota due to internal and external exposure for a wide range of masses and shapes living in various habitats. A dosimetric module is implemented which is a user-friendly and flexible possibility to assess dose conversion coefficients for aquatic and terrestrial biota. The dose conversion coefficients have been derived for internal and various external exposure scenarios. The dosimetric model is linked to radionuclide decay and emission database, compatible with the ICRP Publication 38, thus providing a capability to compute dose conversion coefficients for any nuclide from the database and its daughter nuclides. The dosimetric module has been integrated into the ERICA Tool, but it can also be used as a stand-alone version.
AU  - Ulanowski, A.
AU  - Pröhl, G.
AU  - Gómez-Ros, J.M.*
C1  - 706
C2  - 25485
SP  - 1440-1448
TI  - Methods for calculating dose conversion coefficients for terrestrial and aquatic biota.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 99
IS  - 9
PB  - Elsevier Applied Science Publ.
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - A vaulted basement found at the rabbi's residential house which was oriented according to the requirements of a mikveh has created a controversy in the architectural history of the Ichenhausen Synagogue (Germany). The rabbi's residential house is known to have been built in 1781 during the replacement of the old Synagogue that had existed since 1687. However, the architectural documents concerning the residential house did not contain any information about either the presence or the construction of the mikveh in the basement. Three bricks collected from the northern, eastern and southern walls of the vaulted basement of the rabbi's residence were dated using the thermoluminescence method to find out if the mikveh belongs to the old Synagogue or was built during the construction of the residence. The archaeological dose was assessed using multi-aliquot regenerative and additive dose techniques using quartz extracted from bricks. The age calculations were based on the assessment of annual dose rate in quartz by taking into account the possible variations of water content in bricks. The TL dates of the bricks were found to vary between 1797+/-11 and 1772+/-16 for dry and water saturated environments, respectively. The TL results ruled out the possibility that the walls of the mikveh belong to the former Synagogue.
AU  - Veronese, I.*
AU  - Göksu, H.Y.
AU  - Schwenk, P.*
AU  - Herzig, F.*
C1  - 2653
C2  - 25246
SP  - 621-630
TI  - Thermoluminescence dating of a mikveh in Ichenhausen, Germany.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 99
IS  - 4
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The study investigated the changes in urinary thorium excretion by humans following ingestion of a therapeutic soil, which contains about 10 ppm of thorium. This well-known healing earth in Germany has been considered as an alternative medicine for diarrhoea and gastric hyper-acidity. Six adult volunteers ingested this therapeutic soil in varying quantities for 1–15 days at levels approximating those described in the package insert of the medicine (10–60 g of soil per day). The subjects ingested about 0.1–0.6 mg of thorium daily, which is 100–600 times higher than the normal daily intake of about 1 ?g thorium in Germany. All 24-h urine samples collected from the subjects during pre-ingestion, ingestion and post-ingestion periods of the soil were analyzed for 232Th using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The measured excretion values varied in a wide range. Apparently, the high thorium amounts administered did not increase the 232Th excretion in urine as expected, suggesting that this soil ingestion will not result in a considerably higher and harmful uptake of thorium into the human body.
AU  - Höllriegl, V.
AU  - Greiter, M.
AU  - Giussani, A.
AU  - Gerstmann, U.C.
AU  - Michalke, B.
AU  - Roth, P.
AU  - Oeh, U.
C1  - 4261
C2  - 24481
SP  - 149-160
TI  - Observation of changes in urinary excretion of thorium in humans following ingestion of a therapeutic soil.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 95
IS  - 2-3
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Differences between the root uptake of fallout radionuclides by different cultivars (‘inter-cultivar’ variability) growing on the same field may be influenced not only by genetic differences of the cultivars, but also by the spatial variability of the soil-to-grain transfer within the cultivation area of each cultivar. This ‘intra-cultivar’ variability was investigated in 2001 and 2002 for 137Cs and 90Sr using three winter wheat cultivars with four replicates for each cultivar at three different sites in Bavaria, Germany. The intra-cultivar variability proved to be in the same range as the inter-cultivar variability which was determined earlier at the same sites for both radionuclides. An ANOVA of the 137Cs data set revealed that the variability of the 137Cs soil-to-grain transfer was caused by the soil and climate (year) at the field sites and the interaction of cultivar and field. A significant contribution of the factor ‘cultivar’ alone to the variability could not be detected. This may be due to the complex environmental conditions to which plants are exposed in field experiments. To find wheat cultivars with minimal uptake of fallout radionuclides it may be better to examine the molecular mechanisms of their root uptake in order to identify targets for breeding “safer” plants.
AU  - Schimmack, W.
AU  - Gerstmann, U.
AU  - Schultz, W.
AU  - Sommer, M.*
AU  - Tschöpp, V.
AU  - Zimmermann, G.*
C1  - 2365
C2  - 24345
SP  - 16-30
TI  - Intra-cultivar variability of the soil-to-grain transfer of fallout 137Cs and 90Sr for winter wheat.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 94
IS  - 1
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Radiological assessment of the impact of nuclear weapons testing on the local population in the Semipalatinsk Test Site (STS) requires comprehensive site-specific information on radionuclide behaviour in the environment. However, information on radionuclide behaviour in the conditions of the STS is rather sparse and, in particular, there are no data in the literature on parameters of radionuclide transfer from feed to rabbit products which have been identified as contributors to internal dose to the inhabitants. The transfer of (137)Cs and (90)Sr to rabbit meat was studied under laboratory conditions in a controlled experiment with 32 locally bred rabbits maintained in the Kazakh Agricultural Research Institute. The equilibrium transfer coefficients for (137)Cs and (90)Sr from feed to rabbit meat were estimated to be 0.4dkg(-1) and 0.15dkg(-1), respectively. The biological half-lives were estimated to be 0.1d for (137)Cs and 0.14d for (90)Sr. Whereas for (137)Cs the distribution in the body is relatively homogeneous, there are large differences between the organs and tissues for (90)Sr for which, as expected, the highest concentrations were found in bone.
AU  - Semioshkina, N.A.
AU  - Pröhl, G.
AU  - Savinkov, A.*
AU  - Voigt, G.*
C1  - 4754
C2  - 24757
SP  - 166-176
TI  - The transfer of (137)Cs and (90)Sr from feed to rabbits.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 98
IS  - 1-2
PB  - Elsevier Applied Science Publ.
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - For testing the potential use of stable iodine as a countermeasure to reduce radioiodine transfer to milk, concentrations of stable iodine and radioiodine in the milk of dairy cows fed different amounts of stable iodine were measured. The results indicated that, compared to a normal average stable iodine intake of about 20mgd(-1) for cows, low iodine dietary intake (<1.5mgd(-1)) resulted in a reduced transfer of radioiodine to milk by 25%, varying stable iodine intakes in the range of 10-500mgd(-1) did have no significant effect; at stable iodine intake rates above 1000mgId(-1), a reduction by a factor of approximately two was achieved. The high dietary iodine intakes - being about 100 times the normal iodine supply - required to reduce the radioiodine transfer significantly, will result in stable iodine concentrations in milk in excess of advised or legal limits for human consumption. Nevertheless, the provision of stable iodine via the milk pathway might be considered for emergency situations when stable iodine is used as a preventative measure for dose reduction to humans.
AU  - Voigt, G.*
AU  - Kiefer, P.
C1  - 1935
C2  - 24759
SP  - 218-227
TI  - Stable and radioiodine concentrations in cow milk: Dependence on iodine intake.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 98
IS  - 1-2
PB  - Elsevier Applied Science Publ.
PY  - 2007
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Pröhl, G.
AU  - Ehlken, S.*
AU  - Fiedler, I.
AU  - Kirchner, G.*
AU  - Klemt, E.*
AU  - Zibold, G.*
C1  - 3198
C2  - 23991
SP  - 41-72
TI  - Ecological half-lives of 90Sr and 137Cs in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 91
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The luminescence of quartz extracted from recently fired building material is known to detect doses of few mGy and can be successfully employed in the case of large scale radiation exposures due to nuclear accidents or terrorist acts. One brick and two tiles (50-80 years range) collected from an urban settlement were used to test the realistic minimum detectable dose limits of retrospective luminescence dosimetry. Independent methods like alpha counting, beta dosimetry, gamma spectrometry and flame photometry were used for the annual dose assessment. Two approaches were employed for the evaluation of the total accrued dose: regenerative dose and additive dose. The former allows the assessment of doses due to anthropogenic sources of radiation as low as approximately 12 mGy by using 10-year-old samples, but it can be applied only in samples showing no sensitisation. The latter can be applied to any sample, however, the related uncertainty is higher and minimum detectable anthropogenic dose in young samples amounts to 20 mGy.
AU  - Veronese, I.*
AU  - Giussani, A.*
AU  - Göksu, H.Y.
C1  - 4048
C2  - 23473
SP  - 319-336
TI  - Limits of thermoluminescence dosimetry using quartz extracted from recent building materials in urban settlements.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 86
IS  - 3
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Different types of materials used for dental prosthetics restoration, including feldspathic ceramics, glass ceramics, zirconia-based ceramics, alumina-based ceramics, and resin-based materials, were investigated with regard to content of natural radionuclides by means of thermoluminescence beta dosimetry and gamma spectrometry. The gross beta dose rate from feldspathic and glass ceramics was about ten times higher than the background measurement, whereas resin-based materials generated negligible beta dose rate, similarly to natural tooth samples. The specific activity of uranium and thorium was significantly below the levels found in the period when addition of uranium to dental porcelain materials was still permitted. The high-beta dose levels observed in feldspathic porcelains and glass ceramics are thus mainly ascribable to 40K, naturally present in these specimens. Although the measured values are below the recommended limits, results indicate that patients with prostheses are subject to higher dose levels than other members of the population. Alumina- and zirconia-based ceramics might be a promising alternative, as they have generally lower beta dose rates than the conventional porcelain materials. However, the dosimetry results, which imply the presence of inhomogeneously distributed clusters of radionuclides in the sample matrix, and the still unsuitable structural properties call for further optimization of these materials.
AU  - Veronese, I.*
AU  - Guzzi, G.*
AU  - Giussani, A.
AU  - Cantone, M.C.*
AU  - Ripamonti, D.*
C1  - 5122
C2  - 24016
SP  - 15-26
TI  - Determination of dose rats from natural radionuclides in dental materials.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 91
IS  - 1-2
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - To predict parameters of radionuclide resuspension, transport and deposition during forest and grassland fires, several model modules were developed and adapted. Experimental data of controlled burning of prepared experimental plots in the Chernobyl exclusion zone have been used to evaluate the prognostic power of the models. The predicted trajectories and elevations of the plume match with those visually observed during the fire experiments in the grassland and forest sites. Experimentally determined parameters could be successfully used for the calculation of the initial plume parameters which provide the tools for the description of various fire scenarios and enable prognostic calculations. In summary, the model predicts a release of some per thousand from the radionuclide inventory of the fuel material by the grassland fires. During the forest fire, up to 4% of (137)Cs and (90)Sr and up to 1% of the Pu isotopes can be released from the forest litter according to the model calculations. However, these results depend on the parameters of the fire events. In general, the modeling results are in good accordance with the experimental data. Therefore, the considered models were successfully validated and can be recommended for the assessment of the resuspension and redistribution of radionuclides during grassland and forest fires in contaminated territories.
AU  - Yoschenko, V.I.*
AU  - Kashparov, V.A.*
AU  - Levchuk, S.E.*
AU  - Glukhovskiy, A.S.*
AU  - Khomutinin, Y.V.*
AU  - Protsak, V.P.*
AU  - Lundin, S.M.*
AU  - Tschiersch, J.
C1  - 150
C2  - 23725
SP  - 260-278
TI  - Resuspension and redistribution of radionuclides during grassland and forest fires in the Chernobyl exclusion zone: Part II. Modeling the transport process.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 87
IS  - 3
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Controlled burning of experimental plots of forest or grassland in the Chernobyl exclusion zone has been carried out in order to estimate the parameters of radionuclide resuspension, transport and deposition during forest and grassland fires and to evaluate the working conditions of firemen. An increase of several orders of magnitude of the airborne radionuclide concentration was observed in the territory near the fire area. The resuspension factor for (137)Cs and (90)Sr was determined to range from 10(-6) to 10(-5) m(-1), and for the plutonium radionuclides from 10(-7) to 10(-6) m(-1) (related to the nuclides in the combustible biomass). These values are 2 orders of magnitude lower if they are calculated relatively to the total contamination density (including the nuclides in the soil). The radionuclide fallout along the plume axis is negligible in comparison to the existing contamination. However, the additional inhalation dose for firemen exposed in the affected area can reach the level of the additional external irradiation in the period of their mission. The plutonium nuclides constitute the dominating contribution to the inhalation dose.
AU  - Yoschenko, V.I.*
AU  - Kashparov, V.A.*
AU  - Protsak, V.P.*
AU  - Lundin, S.M.*
AU  - Levchuk, S.E.*
AU  - Kadygrib, A.M.*
AU  - Zvarich, S.I.*
AU  - Khomutinin, Y.V.*
AU  - Maloshtan, I.M.*
AU  - Lanshin, V.P.*
AU  - Kovtun, M.V.*
C1  - 4752
C2  - 23225
SP  - 143-163
TI  - Resuspension and redistribution of radionuclides during grassland and forest fires in the Chernobyl exclusion zone: Part I. Fire experiments.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 86
IS  - 2
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Schuller, P.*
AU  - Bunzl, K.
AU  - Voigt, G.*
AU  - Krarup, A.*
AU  - Castillo, A.*
C1  - 2475
C2  - 22527
SP  - 21-33
TI  - Seasonal variation of the radiocaesium transfer soil-to-Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris var.cicla L.) in allophanic soils from the Lake Region, Chile.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 78
PY  - 2005
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Semioshkina, N.A.
AU  - Voigt, G.*
AU  - Fesenko, S.*
AU  - Savinkov, A.*
AU  - Mukusheva, M.*
C1  - 3927
C2  - 23026
SP  - 84-93
TI  - A pilot study on the transfer of 137Cs and 90Sr to horse milk and meat.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 85
PY  - 2005
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Shinonaga, T.*
AU  - Schimmack, W.
AU  - Gerzabek, M.H.*
C1  - 1124
C2  - 22522
SP  - 93-106
TI  - Vertical migration of 60Co, 137Cs and 226Ra in agricultural soils as observed in lysimeters under crop rotation.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 79
PY  - 2005
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has been used for the determination of (232)Th and (238)U in urine of unexposed Jordanian subjects living in six cities. The range of (232)Th excretion in all subjects was found to be 1.4-640 microBq d(-1) with an average of 34.8 microBq d(-1) (geometric mean 15.8 microBq d(-1)). Results showed no statistically significant correlation with age and residential area. The average value obtained is in agreement with levels considered normal in some recent publications. The average value of (238)U in all samples was found to be 3955 microBq d(-1) (geometric mean 1107 microBq d(-1)), which is higher than reported figures from Germany and India, but in agreement with those figures given in ICRP publication, number 23. The mean values of the different groups were found to be proportional to age up to 60 years. A noticeable drop is observed for subjects greater than 60 years old.
AU  - Al-Jundi, J.*
AU  - Werner, E.
AU  - Roth, P.
AU  - Höllriegl, V.
AU  - Wendler, I.
AU  - Schramel, P.
C1  - 1558
C2  - 21672
SP  - 61-70
TI  - Thorium and uranium contents in human urine: Influence of age and residential area.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 71
IS  - 1
PB  - Elsevier Applied Science Publ.
PY  - 2004
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Schimmack, W.
AU  - Auerswald, K.*
C1  - 2567
C2  - 21914
SP  - 143-157
TI  - The radiocaesium interception potential (RIP) at an agricultural site in Germany.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 77
PY  - 2004
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The spatial distribution and vertical migration of global fallout (137)Cs were studied in soils from South Patagonia at the austral region of South America in semi-natural and natural environments located between 50-54 degrees S and 68-74 degrees W. The (137)Cs areal activity density varied from 222 to 858 Bq m(-2), and was found to be significantly positively correlated (p
AU  - Schuller, P.*
AU  - Bunzl, K.
AU  - Voigt, G.*
AU  - Ellies, A.*
AU  - Castillo, A.*
C1  - 10088
C2  - 21341
SP  - 43-60
TI  - Global fallout 137Cs accumulation and vertical migration in selected soils from South Patagonia. 
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 71
IS  - 1
PB  - Elsevier Applied Science Publ.
PY  - 2004
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bagatti, D.*
AU  - Cantone, M.C.*
AU  - Giussani, A.*
AU  - Veronese, I.*
AU  - Roth, P.
AU  - Werner, E.
AU  - Höllriegl, V.
C1  - 22152
C2  - 20847
SP  - 357-364
TI  - Regional dependence of urinary uranium baseline levels in non-exposed subjects with particular  reference to volunteers from Northern Italy.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 65
PY  - 2003
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Schimmack, W.
AU  - Kracke, W.
AU  - Sommer, M.
C1  - 8964
C2  - 20895
SP  - 281-296
TI  - Spatial variability of fallout-90Sr in soil and vegetation of an alpine pasture. 
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 65
PY  - 2003
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - A method is presented to determine the kerma rate in air from Cs-137 due to Chernobyl fallout in forests. In situ gamma-ray spectra from several forest sites in Russia. in the Ukraine and in Southern Germany are evaluated with the aim of deducing the ratio of primary and forward scattered photons for Cs-137. With this ratio and the results of Monte-Carlo simulations of photon transport the contribution of scattered photons to the total kerma is assessed successfully. Scattered photons contribute between 42% and 50% to the total kerma rate from radiocesium, which is less than according values for grassland areas. The contribution of radiocesium to the total kerma rate varies between 40% and 90%, whereas radiocesium stored in the forest biomass contributes Only a few percent. The mean mass depth of radiocesium ranges from 2.6 to 6.4 g cm(-2) in the forest soils.
AU  - Gering, F.
AU  - Kiefer, P.
AU  - Fesenko, S.*
AU  - Voigt, G.
C1  - 10089
C2  - 20171
SP  - 75-89
TI  - In situ gamma-ray spectrometry in forests : determination of kerma rate in air from 137Cs.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 61
PB  - Elsevier Applied Science Publ.
PY  - 2002
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Staunton, S.*
AU  - Dumat, C.*
AU  - Zsolnay, A.
C1  - 8963
C2  - 20515
SP  - 163-173
TI  - Possible role of organic matter in radiocaesium adsorption in soils. 
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 58
PY  - 2002
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Erosion studies often use 137Cs from the global fallout (main period: 1953-1964) as a tracer in the soil. In many European countries, where 137Cs was deposited in considerable amounts also by the Chernobyl fallout in 1986, the global fallout fraction (GF-Cs) has to be separated from the Chernobyl fraction by means of the isotope 134Cs. In a few years, this will no longer be possible due to the short half-life of 134Cs (2 yr). Because GF-Cs in the soil can then no longer be determined, the potential of using 239 + 240Pu as a tracer is evaluated. This radionuclide originates in most European countries essentially only from the global fallout. The activities and spatial distributions of Pu and GF-Cs were compared in the soil of a steep field (inclination about 20%, area ca. 3 ha, main soil type Dystric Eutrochrept), sampled at 48 nodes of a 25 x 25 m2 grid. The reference values were determined at 12 points adjacent to the field. Their validity was assured by an inventory study of radiocaesium in a 70 ha area surrounding the field sampling 275 nodes of a 50 x 50 m2 grid. In the field studied, the activity concentrations of GF-Cs and Pu in the Ap horizon were not correlated (Spearman correlation coefficient R = 0.20, p > 0.05), and the activity balance of Pu differed from that of GF-Cs. Whereas no net loss of GF-Cs from the field was observed as compared to the reference site, Pu was more mobile with an average loss of ca. 11% per unit area. In addition, the spatial pattern of GF-Cs and Pu in the field differed significantly. The reason may be that due to their different associations with soil constituents, Pu and Cs represent different fractions of the soil, exhibiting different properties with respect to erosion/deposition processes. This indicates that both radionuclides or one of them may not be appropriate to quantity past erosion. When tracer losses are used to calibrate or verify erosion prediction models, systematic deviations may not only stem from model shortcomings but also from tracer technique.
AU  - Schimmack, W.
AU  - Auerswald, K.*
AU  - Bunzl, K.
C1  - 10087
C2  - 19676
SP  - 41-57
TI  - Can 239+240Pu replace 137Cs as an erosion tracer in agricultural landscapes contaminated with Chernobyl fallout?
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 53 
IS  - 1
PB  - Elsevier Science Ltd.
PY  - 2001
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Firsakova, S.K.*
AU  - Zhuchenko, Y.M.*
AU  - Voigt, G.
C1  - 21334
C2  - 19449
SP  - 23-33
TI  - An example of rehabilitation strategies for radioactive contaminated areas in Belarus.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 48
PY  - 2000
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The influence of the stable iodine content in the diet on the absorption of radioiodine and its transfer to cow's milk was investigated for cows at different stages of lactation. Three different rates of stable iodine: a low intake rate of 4 mg d-1, a moderate intake of 35 mg d-1 and a high rate of 75 mg d-1 were fed to two groups of three lactating cows in mid- and late-lactation. The transfer to milk of a single oral administration of radioiodine was measured for the three different intake rates. The lactation phase had no significant effect on iodine transfer to milk; therefore, the data from the two lactation groups were pooled for further statistical analyses. The mean transfer coefficient values for oral radioiodine to milk increased from 0.020 d l-1 for the low treatment to 0.024 d l-1 for the moderate stable iodine rate. There was a statistically significant decrease in the transfer to milk for the high stable dietary iodine intake rate (mean transfer coefficient = 0.018 d l-1) compared with the moderate treatment. These differences were not due to effects on absorption since true absorption was complete for all three stable iodine treatments, but rather to differential affinities and saturation levels of the thyroid and milk pathways competing for the available iodine. The same behaviour and comparable values of transfer coefficients (range 0.015-0.020 d l-1) were observed for stable iodine.
AU  - Vandecasteele, C.M.*
AU  - van Hees, M.*
AU  - Hardemann, F.*
AU  - Voigt, G.
AU  - Howard, B.J.*
C1  - 10086
C2  - 19208
SP  - 301-317
TI  - The true absorption of 131I, and its transfer to milk in cows given different stable iodine diets. 
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 47
PB  - Elsevier Applied Science Publ.
PY  - 2000
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bunzl, K.
AU  - Desmet, G.*
AU  - Dixon, P.*
AU  - Scott, E.M.*
AU  - Sheppard, S.*
AU  - Voigt, G.
AU  - Whicker, W.*
C1  - 20843
C2  - 18899
SP  - 89-95
TI  - Some perspectives on sampling of radionuclides in the environment : report on a workshop held on sampling radionuclides in the environment.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 43
PY  - 1999
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bunzl, K.
AU  - Förster, H.
AU  - Kracke, W.
AU  - Schimmack, W.
C1  - 20443
C2  - 13649
SP  - 11-27
TI  - Residence Times of Fallout 239+240Pu, 238Pu, 241Am, and 137Cs in the Upper Horizons of an Undisturbed Grassland Soil.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 22
PY  - 1993
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - To obtain information on the background levels of the atmospheric deposition to ground (wet plus dry) of 129I and 127I (stable iodine), the monthly means of these quantities were determined in 1988 and 1989 in a rural area of Germany. For comparison, 137Cs and 7Be were also determined in each deposition sample. The results show that the monthly deposition of 129I (in mBq m-2) varied in 1988 between 0·083 and 0·71 (mean 0·34) and in 1989 between 0·1 and 1·3 (mean 0·55). The corresponding values for 127I (in mg m-2) were in 1988: 0·031-0·18 (mean 0·093) and in 1989: 0·037-0·18 (mean 0·086). The mean atom ratio 129I/127I was in 1988: 6·2 × 10-7, and in 1989: 9·6 × 10-7. A seasonal pattern or a statistical significant trend in these data with time was not detectable. The deposition of 137Cs exhibited a continuous decrease with time according to an exponential law, and the deposition of 7Be showed a periodic pattern with maximum values in spring/summer. Correlation analysis between the amount of the monthly precipitation and the monthly deposition of the above isotopes suggests that 127I is similar to 7Be or weapons testing-derived 137Cs deposited to ground, mainly from higher levels in the troposphere, while the deposition of 129I occurs in a similar way to that of Chernobyl-derived 137Cs, mainly via resuspension processes from surface air layers.
AU  - Bachhuber, H.
AU  - Bunzl, K.W.
C1  - 40556
C2  - 38779
SP  - 77-89
TI  - Background levels of atmospheric deposition to ground and temporal variation of 129I, 127I, 137Cs and 7Be in a rural area of Germany.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 16
IS  - 1
PY  - 1992
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The long-term behaviour of Chernobyl fallout at Munich-Neuherberg has been studied and compared with those at other locations in the Federal Republic of Germany. Between August 1986 and the end of 1988, air concentrations and ground depositions (wet and dry) of 134Cs and 137Cs at the Neuherberg site decreased exponentially, with a half-time of about 250 days; airborne activity of 106Ru decreased with a half-time of about 150 days. A similar decrease in airborne 137Cs was observed at other locations in the FRG. The deposition rates of 137Cs at five sites in the FRG are significantly associated with the total Chernobyl 137Cs deposits at each location.
      
      	Since the end of 1986, local resuspension is observed to have exerted a dominant influence on both airborne activities and ground depositions at any given station in the FRG. A resuspension factor of (3 ± 1) × 10−9 m−1 is calculated for the Cs isotopes in the uppermost soil layer (0–1 cm), a value which is very similar to that found in 1985 at Neuherberg for global fallout 137Cs. The 137Cs activities in air and precipitation show significant correlations (P > 99%) with local wind speeds. The total deposition velocities of 137Cs and 106Ru are found to be distinctly higher than that of cosmic-ray-produced 7Be.
      
      
      	 
AU  - Hötzl, H.
AU  - Rosner, G.
AU  - Winkler, R.
C1  - 18076
C2  - 10920
SP  - 157-171
TI  - Long Term Behaviour of the Chernobyl Fallout in Air and Precipitation.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 10
IS  - 2
PY  - 1989
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The long-term behaviour of Chernobyl fallout at Munich-Neuherberg has been studied and compared with those at other locations in the Federal Republic of Germany. Between August 1986 and the end of 1988, air concentrations and ground depositions (wet and dry) of 134Cs and 137Cs at the Neuherberg site decreased exponentially, with a half-time of about 250 days; airborne activity of 106Ru decreased with a half-time of about 150 days. A similar decrease in airborne 137Cs was observed at other locations in the FRG. The deposition rates of 137Cs at five sites in the FRG are significantly associated with the total Chernobyl 137Cs deposits at each location. Since the end of 1986, local resuspension is observed to have exerted a dominant influence on both airborne activities and ground depositions at any given station in the FRG. A resuspension factor of (3 ± 1) x 10-9 m-1 is calculated for the Cs isotopes in the uppermost soil layer (0-1 cm), a value which is very similar to that found in 1985 at Neuherberg for global fallout 137Cs. The 137Cs activities in air and precipitation show significant correlations (P > 99%) with local wind speeds. The total deposition velocities of 137Cs and 106Ru are found to be distinctly higher than that of cosmic-ray-produced 7Be. | The long-term behaviour of Chernobyl fallout at Munich-Neuherberg has been studied and compared with those at other locations in the Federal Republic of Germany. Between August 1986 and the end of 1988, air concentrations and ground depositions (wet and dry) of 134Cs and 137Cs at the Neuherberg site decreased exponentially, with a half-time of about 250 days; airborne activity of 106Ru decreased with a half-time of about 150 days. A similar decrease in airborne 137Cs was observed at other locations in the FRG. The deposition rates of 137Cs at five sites in the FRG are significantly associated with the total Chernobyl 137Cs deposits at each location.
AU  - Hötzl, H.
AU  - Rosner, G.
AU  - Winkler, R.A.
C1  - 34002
C2  - 36527
SP  - 157-171
TI  - Long-term behaviour of Chernobyl fallout in air and precipitation.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 10
IS  - 2
PY  - 1989
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The cumulative deposition of 137Cs, 238Pu, 239+240Pu and 241Am from global nuclear weapons fallout to the end of 1984 was determined in soils at 25 sites in southern Bavaria. At each location, soil samples were taken from forest, arable and grassland and these samples were analysed separately. On average, the accumulated deposition of these radionuclides per square metre was significantly higher (30%) in the forest (old spruce) than in the grassland soils. No difference was observable between the deposits on pasture and arable soils. A significant correlation was found between the accumulated depositions of these radionuclides and mean annual precipitation at each site. The regression lines obtained for this association show the same slope for grass and forest soils but are displaced against each other by 800 Bq m−2. The data indicate that the long-term mean dry deposition velocity of 137Cs is higher in the forest by about a factor of 9, relative to that on grassland. A contour map for the spatial distribution of 137Cs is presented. The mean observed ratios, relative to 137Cs, for the other radionuclides in the cumulative deposition were: 238Pu, 0·000 68 ± 0·000 12; 239+240Pu, 0·018 ± 0·0024; and 241Am, 0·53 ± 0·0016.
AU  - Bunzl, K.
AU  - Kracke, W.
C1  - 17333
C2  - 9911
SP  - 1-14
TI  - Cumulative Deposition of 137Cs, 238Pu, 239+240Pu and 241Am from Global Fallout in Soils from Forest, Grassland and Arable Land in Bavaria (FRG).
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 8
IS  - 1
PY  - 1988
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The transfer of the radionuclide 60Co from feed to milk, meat and the organs of a cow and its incorporation into vitamin B12 were studied in order to determine the transfer coefficient of 60Co into vitamin B12 in cattle. Upper limits of transfer coefficients for 60Co organically complexed into vitamin B12 were determined to be 6·0 × 10-5 days/litre in milk and 3·9 × 10-5 days/kg in meat, based on values measured after 140 days in bovine liver.
AU  - Voigt, G.M.
C1  - 42276
C2  - 36180
SP  - 209-215
TI  - The transfer of 60Co from feed into vitamin B12 in cow liver, milk and beef.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 8
IS  - 3
PY  - 1988
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The transfer of 137Cs and 60Co from fodder to meat and other organs was studied in growing pigs. The influence of two different feeding methods (potato and grain) commonly used in Germany was investigated. The radionuclides were transferred into plants by root uptake and these were fed once a day, all at once, to young pigs until they reached maturity. In this manner, the radioactivity was administered to the pigs in a similar chemical form as would occur after radioactive contamination of soil. It is demonstrated that the two feeding practices have only a minor influence on transfer coefficients, which were determined to be ≤0·002 days/kg for 60Co in meat and in the ranges 0·18-0·26 (potato-feeding) and 0·17-0·33 days/kg (grain-feeding), respectively, for 137Cs in different components of the meat: the transfer coefficients for 137Cs into different organs range from 0·06 to 0·24 days/kg after potato-feeding and from 0·12 to 0·29 after grain-feeding.
AU  - Voigt, G.M.
AU  - Henrichs, K.
AU  - Pröhl, G.
AU  - Paretzke, H.G.
C1  - 42561
C2  - 36591
SP  - 195-207
TI  - The transfer of 137Cs and 60Co from feed to pork.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 8
IS  - 3
PY  - 1988
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Activity concentrations of the long-lived natural radionuclides 226Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb, 40K and of 7Be in surface air were measured twice monthly at a semi-rural location 10 km north of Munich (FRG) for at least three years. For the time interval 1983-1985, all values were found to be distributed log-normally, with geometric means (in μBq m-3) of 1·2 for 226Ra, 0·5 for 228Ra, 580 for 210Pb, 12 for 40K and 3500 for 7Be. Reflecting their common origin, the activity concentrations of 226Ra and 40K are correlated with surface air dust concentrations (geometric mean 59 μg m-3). Seasonal variations of 210Pb and 7Be air activity concentrations are established for the time interval 1978-1985. The contribution of local soil activity to the air activity concentrations of these radionuclides and of natural uranium is discussed. Resuspension factors are found to be of the order of 10-9m-1.
AU  - Hötzl, H.
AU  - Winkler, R.A.
C1  - 42365
C2  - 36192
SP  - 445-458
TI  - Activity concentrations of 226Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb, 40K and 7Be and their temporal variations in surface air.
JO  - J. Environ. Radioact.
VL  - 5
IS  - 6
PY  - 1987
SN  - 0265-931X
ER  -