TY - JOUR AB - Introduction: A high intake of sugar, in particular from sugar-sweetened soft drinks, increases the risk for obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dental caries. Germany has pursued a national strategy for sugar reduction in soft drinks based on voluntary commitments by industry since 2015, but its effects are unclear. Methods: We use aggregated annual sales data from Euromonitor International to assess trends in mean sales-weighted sugar content of soft drinks and per capita sugar sales from soft drinks in Germany from 2015 to 2021. We compare these trends to the reduction path set by Germany's national sugar reduction strategy and to data for the United Kingdom, which adopted a soft drinks tax in 2017 and which we selected as best practice comparison country based on pre-defined criteria. Results: Between 2015 and 2021, the mean sales-weighted sugar content of soft drinks sold in Germany decreased by 2% from 5.3 to 5.2 g/100 mL, falling short of an interim 9% reduction target and a 29% reduction observed in the United Kingdom over the same period. Sugar sales from soft drinks in Germany decreased from 22.4 to 21.6 g/capita/day (-4%) between 2015 and 2021 but remain high from a public health perspective. Conclusions: Reductions observed under Germany's sugar reduction strategy fall short of stated targets and trends observed internationally under best practice conditions. Additional policy measures may be needed to support sugar reduction in soft drinks in Germany. AU - von Philipsborn, P.* AU - Huizinga, O.* AU - Leibinger, A.* AU - Rubin, D.* AU - Burns, J.* AU - Emmert-Fees, K. AU - Pedron, S.* AU - Laxy, M.* AU - Rehfuess, E.* C1 - 68281 C2 - 53625 CY - Allschwilerstrasse 10, Ch-4009 Basel, Switzerland SP - 282-290 TI - Interim evaluation of Germany's sugar reduction strategy for soft drinks: commitments versus actual trends in sugar content and sugar sales from soft drinks. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 79 IS - 3 PB - Karger PY - 2023 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: The Nutrition Societies of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland as the joint editors of the "D-A-CH reference values for nutrient intake"have revised the reference values for vitamin B6 in summer 2019. Summary: For women, the average requirement (AR) for vitamin B6 intake was derived on the basis of balance studies using a pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) plasma concentration of ≥30 nmol/L as a biomarker of an adequate vitamin B6 status. The recommended intake (RI) was derived considering a coefficient of variation of 10%. The RIs of vitamin B6 for men, children, and adolescents were extrapolated from the vitamin B6 requirement for women considering differences in body weight, an allometric exponent, growth factors as appropriate, and a coefficient of variation. For infants aged 0 to under 4 months, an estimated value was set based on the vitamin B6 intake via breast feeding. The reference value for infants aged 4 to under 12 months was extrapolated from the estimated value for infants under 4 months of age and the average vitamin B6 requirement for adults. The reference values for pregnant and lactating women consider the requirements for the foetus and the loss via breast milk. Key Messages: According to the combined analysis of 5 balance studies, the AR for vitamin B6 to ensure a plasma PLP concentration of ≥30 nmol/L is 1.2 mg/day for adult females and the extrapolated AR for adult males is 1.3 mg/day. The corresponding RIs of vitamin B6 are 1.4 mg/day for adult females and 1.6 mg/day for adult males, independent of age. For infants, the estimated value is 0.1 mg/day and 0.3 mg/day, depending on age. The AR of vitamin B6 for children and adolescents ranges between 0.5 and 1.5 mg/day, and the RI is between 0.6 mg/day and 1.6 mg/day. During pregnancy, the AR is 1.3 mg/day in the first trimester and 1.5 mg/day in the second and third trimesters; the RI is 1.5 mg/day in the first trimester and 1.8 mg/day in the second and third trimesters. For lactating women, the AR is 1.3 mg/day and the RI is 1.6 mg/day. AU - Jungert, A.* AU - Linseisen, J. AU - Wagner, K.H.* AU - Richter, M.* C1 - 59718 C2 - 48981 CY - Allschwilerstrasse 10, Ch-4009 Basel, Switzerland SP - 213-222 TI - Revised D-A-CH reference values for the intake of vitamin B6. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 76 IS - 4 PB - Karger PY - 2020 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - GEN AU - Standl, M. C1 - 54384 C2 - 45466 SP - 163-164 TI - Associate editor Marie Standl. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 73 IS - 2 PY - 2018 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The valid estimation of the usual dietary intake remains a challenge till date. We applied the method suggested by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to data from the 2nd Bavarian Food Consumption Survey (BVS II) and compared it to an individual means approach. METHODS: Within the cross-sectional BVS II, 1,050 Bavarian residents aged 13-80 years participated in a personal interview and completed three 24-h dietary recalls by telephone interview. For the 13 main food groups and 23 subgroups the usual intake was calculated by (1) an individual means approach and (2) by the NCI method. RESULTS: The distributions derived by the individual means approach are wider than those derived from the NCI approach. For a majority of food groups and subgroups, the proportion of participants who meet the dietary recommendations published by the German Nutrition Society is higher when the NCI approach is applied. The proportions of participants above or below recommended amounts differ greatly for "meat and meat products" and "cheese." CONCLUSION: The mean intake at the groups level can easily be derived from the individual means approach. Since only the NCI method accounts for intra-personal variation, this method provides more valid intake estimates at the individual level and should be applied when, for example, individual intakes are compared with dietary recommendations. AU - Wawro, N. AU - Kleiser, C. AU - Himmerich, S.* AU - Gedrich, K.* AU - Boeing, H.* AU - Knueppel, S.* AU - Linseisen, J. C1 - 51943 C2 - 43599 CY - Basel SP - 164-174 TI - Estimating usual intake in the 2nd Bavarian food consumption survey: Comparison of the results derived by the national cancer institute method and a basic individual means approach. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 71 IS - 3-4 PB - Karger PY - 2017 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rzehak, P.* AU - Covic, M.* AU - Saffery, R.* AU - Reischl, E. AU - Wahl, S. AU - Grote, V.* AU - Weber, M.* AU - Xhonneux, A.* AU - Langhendries, J.P.* AU - Ferre, N.* AU - Closa-Monasterolo, R.* AU - Escribano, J.* AU - Verduci, E.* AU - Riva, E.* AU - Socha, P.* AU - Gruszfeld, D.* AU - Koletzko, B.* AU - European Childhood Obesity Trial S, .* C1 - 50124 C2 - 42117 CY - Basel SP - 113-113 TI - Epigenome-wide DNA-methylation and body composition at age 5.5 years in the European childhood obesity project (CHOP)-study. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 69 IS - 2 PB - Karger PY - 2016 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Standl, M. AU - Hellmuth, C.* AU - Uhl, O.* AU - Heinrich, J. AU - Koletzko, B.* AU - Thiering, E. C1 - 50122 C2 - 42116 CY - Basel SP - 106-106 TI - Cord blood metabolomics and weight development later in life: methods and results from the GINIplus and LISAplus studies. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 69 IS - 2 PB - Karger PY - 2016 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Brei, C.* AU - Brunner, S.* AU - Pusch, K.* AU - Much, D. AU - Stecher, L.* AU - Amann-Gassner, U.* AU - Hauner, H.* C1 - 48687 C2 - 41267 CY - Basel SP - 413 TI - Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy/lactation and children's body composition: 5-year follow-up data (INFAT-study). JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 67 PB - Karger PY - 2015 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jourdan, C. AU - Mitry, P. AU - Zoller, D. AU - Knueppel, S.* AU - Linseisen, J. C1 - 48686 C2 - 41268 CY - Basel SP - 259-260 TI - Usual dietary intake estimation based on 24-h food lists in KORA FF4. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 67 PB - Karger PY - 2015 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kastenmüller, G. C1 - 48684 C2 - 41270 CY - Basel SP - 39-40 TI - Genetic influences on human metabolic individuality. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 67 PB - Karger PY - 2015 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Linseisen, J. C1 - 48689 C2 - 41265 CY - Basel SP - 21-22 TI - Fat intake and prevention of nutrition-related diseases. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 67 PB - Karger PY - 2015 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Pallister, T.* AU - Haller, T.* AU - Thorand, B. AU - Altmaier, E. AU - Cassidy, A.* AU - MacGregor, A.* AU - Kastenmüller, G. AU - Metspalu, A.* AU - Spector, T.D.* AU - Menni, C.* C1 - 48688 C2 - 41266 CY - Basel SP - 256 TI - Novel biomarkers of milk intake: A metabolomic approach in multiple European cohorts. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 67 PB - Karger PY - 2015 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rohrmann, S.* AU - Linseisen, J. AU - Boeing, H.* C1 - 48685 C2 - 41269 CY - Basel SP - 336-337 TI - Red and processed meat consumption and the risk of renal cell carcinoma in women : Results of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 67 PB - Karger PY - 2015 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Thorand, B. AU - Balhuber, A. AU - Schwab, U. AU - Schneider, A.E. AU - Heider, M. AU - Grill, E.* AU - Peters, A. C1 - 48690 C2 - 41264 CY - Basel SP - 178-179 TI - Prevalence and determinants of herbal product use in older persons : Results from the KORA-Age study. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 67 PB - Karger PY - 2015 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As nutrition-related chronic diseases have become more and more frequent, the importance of dietary prevention has also increased. Dietary fat plays a major role in human nutrition, and modification of fat and/or fatty acid intake could have a preventive potential. The aim of the guideline of the German Nutrition Society (DGE) was to systematically evaluate the evidence for the prevention of the widespread diseases obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipoproteinaemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and cancer through the intake of fat or fatty acids. The main results can be summarized as follows: it was concluded with convincing evidence that a reduced intake of total and saturated fat as well as a larger intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) at the expense of saturated fatty acids (SFA) reduces the concentration of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma. Furthermore, there is convincing evidence that a high intake of trans fatty acids increases risk of dyslipoproteinaemia and that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces the triglyceride concentration in plasma. A high fat intake increases the risk of obesity with probable evidence when total energy intake is not controlled for (ad libitum diet). When energy intake is controlled for, there is probable evidence for no association between fat intake and risk of obesity. A larger intake of PUFA at the expense of SFA reduces risk of CHD with probable evidence. Furthermore, there is probable evidence that a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids reduces risk of hypertension and CHD. With probable evidence, a high trans fatty acid intake increases risk of CHD. The practical consequences for current dietary recommendations are described at the end of this article. AU - Wolfram, G.* AU - Bechthold, A.* AU - Boeing, H.* AU - Ellinger, S.* AU - Hauner, H.* AU - Kroke, A.* AU - Leschik-Bonnet, E.* AU - Linseisen, J. AU - Lorkowski, S.* AU - Schulze, M.* AU - Stehle, P.* AU - Dinter, J.* C1 - 47144 C2 - 39108 SP - 141-204 TI - Evidence-based guideline of the German Nutrition Society: Fat intake and prevention of selected nutrition-related diseases. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 67 IS - 3 PY - 2015 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objective: To investigate the cross-sectional association between food intake and overweight in children. Methods: Height and weight were measured in 2,565 school-aged children. Intakes of 11 food groups were categorized (low, medium and high) using specific tertile cutoffs. Multivariate energy partition models were applied. Adjustment included energy intake from other food groups, city, family income, parental education and 'screen' time. Possible underreporters were identified and used in sensitivity analyses. Results: Compared to low intake, high intakes of meat, fish, beverages and bakery products were associated with greater BMI z-scores [β (95% CI) = 0.32 (0.21, 0.42), 0.13 (0.03, 0.24), 0.23 (0.11, 0.35) and 0.10 (-0.01, 0.20)] and increased risk of being overweight [odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) = 2.08 (1.58, 2.73), 1.39 (1.08, 1.80), 1.36 (1.01, 1.84) and 1.62 (1.24, 2.11)]. Conversely, medium and high intakes of confectionery were associated with smaller BMI z-scores [β = -0.18 (-0.28, -0.07) and -0.22 (-0.33, -0.12)] and decreased risk of being overweight [OR = 0.64 (0.50, 0.83) and 0.53 (0.40, 0.68)]. These associations were robust to sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: Intakes of meat, fish, beverages and bakery products correlate with body weight status. AU - Pei, Z. AU - Flexeder, C. AU - Fuertes, E. AU - Standl, M. AU - Buyken, A.* AU - Berdel, D.* AU - von Berg, A.* AU - Lehmann, I.* AU - Schaaf, B.* AU - Heinrich, J. C1 - 31498 C2 - 34516 CY - Basel SP - 60-70 TI - Food intake and overweight in school-aged children in Germany: Results of the GINIplus and LISAplus studies. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 64 IS - 1 PB - Karger PY - 2014 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background/Aims: A deficit of various hormones during the process of aging and/or a heightened inflammatory state may be causally linked to the development of frailty. Phytoestrogens as weak estrogens, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory agents may counteract this process. Methods: In a cross-sectional study including two cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, i.e. 1999-2002), logistic regression was used to analyze the association between urinary concentrations of isoflavones and lignans and frailty in 600 females aged 50 years or older (median age 66.5 years). Participants were classified as 'frail' (meeting 3 or more of the 5 frailty criteria), 'prefrail' (meeting 1 or 2 of the criteria), or 'robust' (meeting none of the criteria). Four percent were frail. Results: For all of the phytoestrogens considered, the unadjusted OR were lower than 1 but generally not statistically significant aside from the association with O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) (OR = 0.76; 95% CI 0.61-0.92). Multivariate analysis did not attenuate this finding (OR = 0.74; 95% CI 0.61-0.90). Conclusions: This first analysis of the relationship between phytoestrogens and frailty revealed an inverse association between urinary O-DMA levels and frailty in women. However, the number of frail women was low. Although this finding may be confounded or biased, it seems worthwhile to intensify research on the potential preventive effects of O-DMA. AU - Eichholzer, M.* AU - Richard, A.* AU - Walser-Domjan, E.* AU - Linseisen, J. AU - Rohrmann, S.* C1 - 29063 C2 - 33615 CY - Basel SP - 269-276 TI - Urinary phytoestrogen levels and frailty in older American women of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2002: A cross-sectional study. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 63 IS - 4 PB - Karger PY - 2013 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The relative contribution of nutrition-related chronic diseases to the total disease burden of the society and the health care costs has risen continuously over the last decades. Thus, there is an urgent necessity to better exploit the potential of dietary prevention of diseases. Carbohydrates play a major role in human nutrition - next to fat, carbohydrates are the second biggest group of energy-yielding nutrients. Obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipoproteinaemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease and cancer are wide-spread diseases, in which carbohydrates could have a pathophysiologic relevance. Correspondingly, modification of carbohydrate intake could have a preventive potential. In the present evidence-based guideline of the German Nutrition Society, the potential role of carbohydrates in the primary prevention of the named diseases was judged systematically. The major findings were: a high carbohydrate intake at the expense of total fat and saturated fatty acids reduces the concentrations of total, LDL and HDL cholesterol. A high carbohydrate consumption at the expense of polyunsaturated fatty acids increases total and LDL cholesterol, but reduces HDL cholesterol. Regardless of the type of fat being replaced, a high carbohydrate intake promotes an increase in the triglyceride concentration. Furthermore, a high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages increases the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, whereas a high dietary fibre intake, mainly from whole-grain products, reduces the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipoproteinaemia, cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer at varying evidence levels. The practical consequences for current dietary recommendations are presented. AU - Hauner, H.* AU - Bechthold, A.* AU - Boeing, H.* AU - Brönstrup, A.* AU - Buyken, A.* AU - Leschik-Bonnet, E.* AU - Linseisen, J. AU - Schulze, M.* AU - Strohm, D.* AU - Wolfram, G.* C1 - 7218 C2 - 29555 SP - 1-58 TI - Evidence-based guideline of the German Nutrition Society: Carbohydrate intake and prevention of nutrition-related diseases. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 60 PB - Karger AG PY - 2012 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background/Aims: To assess the association between food intake and diet quality and behavioral problems at the 10-year follow-up of the two population-based birth cohorts of the studies German Infant Nutritional Intervention and 'Influences of lifestyle-related factors on the immune system and the development of allergies in childhood'. Methods: Cross-sectional data on food intake over the past year were collected by a parent-reported food frequency questionnaire. Diet quality was based on reference values of food amounts of the optimized mixed diet. Behavioral problems were assessed by a parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Relationships between food category intake, diet quality and behavior problems were examined using multivariable regression modeling adjusted for gender, sociodemographic characteristics, body mass index, physical exercise, television viewing/PC use and total energy intake. A total of 3,361 children with complete data were analyzed. Results: Children with increased intake of confectionery had increased odds of having emotional symptoms [adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-1.32] compared to children with low intake. A higher diet quality score was associated with lower likelihood of emotional symptoms (ORadj 0.89, 95% CI 0.80-0.98). The un-adjusted significant relationship between diet quality and hyperactivity/inattention was attenuated by adjusting for several confounders to an ORadj of 0.92 (95% CI 0.82-1.03). Conclusions: Increased consumption of high-sugar products and lower diet quality are associated with a higher likelihood of emotional symptoms in children. AU - Kohlboeck, G. AU - Sausenthaler, S. AU - Standl, M. AU - Koletzko, S.* AU - Bauer, C.P.* AU - von Berg, A.* AU - Berdel, D.* AU - Krämer, U.* AU - Schaaf, B.* AU - Lehmann, I.* AU - Herbarth, O.* AU - Heinrich, J. C1 - 7772 C2 - 29801 SP - 247-256 TI - Food intake, diet quality and behavioral problems in children: Results from the GINI-plus/LISA-plus studies. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 60 IS - 4 PB - Karger PY - 2012 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Sufficient nutritional supply with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has long been considered as beneficial for child health, especially in regard to neuronal development and allergic diseases. In recent years, genetic association studies showed that in addition to nutritional influences, the genetic background is highly important for PUFA composition in human tissues. Specifically, polymorphisms in the fatty acid desaturase genes or FADS determine the efficiency of how PUFAs are processed endogenously. Recent gene-nutrition interaction studies suggest that these polymorphisms modulate the effect of nutritional fatty acid intake on complex phenotypes such as cognitive outcomes and asthma risk in children. These early results may provide the basis for future well-specified dietary recommendations to achieve optimal health benefit for all children. This article presents results from recent gene-nutrition interaction studies, discusses its implications for child health, and gives an outlook how this association might translate into clinical practice in the future. AU - Lattka, E. AU - Klopp, N. AU - Demmelmair, H.* AU - Klingler, M.* AU - Heinrich, J. AU - Koletzko, B.* C1 - 7486 C2 - 29746 SP - 8-17 TI - Genetic variations in polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism - implications for child health? JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 60 PB - Karger PY - 2012 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Previous studies have suggested that fish intake plays a protective role in the development of allergic diseases because of its high content of n-3 very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLC-PUFA). However, it is not clear whether fish intake also has a beneficial effect in adulthood, when allergic diseases are thought to be predominantly manifested. Methods: Data from 388 adults from German study centres within the European Community Respiratory Health Study II were analysed. These subjects completed an extensive interviewer-administered questionnaire as well as a food frequency questionnaire, lung function measurement and blood drawing for specific IgE testing at the study centre. Results: Allergic sensitisation (RAST >= 2) was negatively associated with high fish consumption ( adjusted OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.07-0.83) and high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake (adjusted OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.07-0.95) in females but not in males when comparing the fourth quartile with the first quartile of intake. No other outcome was related to fish or DHA consumption. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that adult females with a high fish and DHA intake have a lower rate of allergic sensitisation.It is not understood why this association was only seen in females, but gender-related differences in metabolism of PUFAs could be a possible explanation. AU - Schnappinger, M. AU - Sausenthaler, S. AU - Linseisen, J.* AU - Hauner, H.* AU - Heinrich, J. C1 - 1221 C2 - 26095 SP - 67-74 TI - Fish consumption, allergic sensitisation and allergic diseases in adults. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 54 IS - 1 PB - Karger PY - 2009 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ruf, T.* AU - Nagel, G.* AU - Miller, A.B.* AU - Thorand, B. C1 - 2641 C2 - 23412 SP - 16-25 TI - Food and Nutrient Intake, Anthropometric Measurements ans Smoking according to Alcohol Consumption in the EPIC Heidelberg Study. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 49 IS - 1 PY - 2005 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Beitz, R.* AU - Mensink, G.B.M.* AU - Fischer, B. C1 - 10362 C2 - 21472 SP - 214-220 TI - Blood Pressure and Vitamin C and Fruit and Vegetable Intake. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 47 IS - 5 PY - 2003 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The intakes of selected food groups in former East and West Germany were compared, based on data from the dietary surveys of the MONICA project Erfurt 1987 and of the MONICA project Augsburg 1984/85. Three-day records from 132 middle-aged men from the city of Erfurt (response 73%) and 3-day records from 424 middle-aged men from the city of Augsburg (response 70%) could be included in the comparison. The differences in the consumption of animal products were rather small. The intake of bread and baked goods, potatoes and cooked vegetables was higher in Erfurt, whereas the intake of raw vegetables was lower. The most striking differences appeared in the consumption of fat. AU - Winkler, G. AU - Holtz, H. AU - Döring, A. C1 - 19750 C2 - 12893 SP - 219-234 TI - Comparison of Food Intakes of Selected Populations in Former East and West Germany : Results from the MONIA Projects Erfurt and Augsburg. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 36 IS - 4 PY - 1992 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Diet records of the WHO MONICA Augsburg dietary survey 1984/85 sample of 899 men aged 45-64 were used to derive quantitative data about food intake and the contribution of food groups to energy intake and the intake of those nutrients relevant to the discussion about nutrition and cardiovascular disease: protein, fat, saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, cholesterol, carbohydrate, polysaccharidecs and total fiber. The present lists of nutrient sources should be helpful for the development of acceptable dietary advices, which make allowance for actual eating patterns as well as for developing improved instruments of dietary assessment. AU - Winkler, G. AU - Döring, A. AU - Keil, U. C1 - 40628 C2 - 12308 SP - 12-22 TI - Food intake and nutrient sources in the diet of middle-aged men in Southern Germany: Results from the WHO MONICA Augsburg dietary survey 1984/85. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 36 IS - 1 PY - 1992 SN - 0250-6807 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the WHO MONICA Augsburg survey of 1984/85 dietary intake was assessed in an age-stratified cluster sample of 899 men aged 45-64 years by 7-day records. The mean energy intake was 2,609 kcal ( 10.9 MJ), 15.9 % of which came from protein, 38.1% from fat, and 36.6% from carbohydrate. A remarkably high proportion of 9.4% was derived from alcohol. Saturated fatty acids accounted for 14.6% of total energy, monounsaturated fatty acids for 13.2% and polyunsaturated fatty acids for 5.2%. The results showed that current dietary habits do not conform with the national nutritional guidelines. AU - Winkler, G. AU - Döring, A. AU - Keil, U. C1 - 40825 C2 - 12137 SP - 284-291 TI - Selected nutrient intakes of middle-aged men in southern Germany: Results from the WHO MONICA Augsburg dietary survey of 1984/85. JO - Ann. Nutr. Metab. VL - 35 IS - 5 PY - 1991 SN - 0250-6807 ER -