TY  - JOUR
AB  - Soil water status, which refers to the wetness or dryness of soils, is crucial for the productivity of agroecosystems, as it determines nutrient cycling and uptake physically via transport, biologically via the moisture-dependent activity of soil flora, fauna, and plants, and chemically via specific hydrolyses and redox reactions. Here, we focus on the dynamics of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) and review how soil water is coupled to the cycling of these elements and related stoichiometric controls across different scales within agroecosystems. These scales span processes at the molecular level, where nutrients and water are consumed, to processes in the soil pore system, within a soil profile and across the landscape. We highlight that with increasing mobility of the nutrients in water, water-based nutrient flux may alleviate or even exacerbate imbalances in nutrient supply within soils, for example, by transport of mobile nutrients towards previously depleted microsites (alleviating imbalances), or by selective loss of mobile nutrients from microsites (increasing imbalances). These imbalances can be modulated by biological activity, especially by fungal hyphae and roots, which contribute to nutrient redistribution within soils, and which are themselves dependent on specific, optimal water availability. At larger scales, such small-scale effects converge with nutrient inputs from atmospheric (wet deposition) or nonlocal sources and with nutrient losses from the soil system towards aquifers. Hence, water acts as a major control in nutrient cycling across scales in agroecosystems and may either exacerbate or remove spatial disparities in the availability of the individual nutrients (N, P, S) required for biological activity.
AU  - Bauke, S.L.*
AU  - Amelung, W.*
AU  - Bol, R.*
AU  - Brandt, L.*
AU  - Brüggemann, N.*
AU  - Kandeler, E.*
AU  - Meyer, N.*
AU  - Or, D.*
AU  - Schnepf, A.*
AU  - Schloter, M.
AU  - Schulz, S.
AU  - Siebers, N.*
AU  - von Sperber, C.*
AU  - Vereecken, H.*
C1  - 66835
C2  - 53309
SP  - 773-792
TI  - Soil water status shapes nutrient cycling in agroecosystems from micrometer to landscape scales.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 185
IS  - 6
PY  - 2022
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Biological soil crusts, or “biocrusts”, are biogeochemical hotspots that can significantly influence ecosystem processes in arid environments. Although they can cover large areas, particularly in managed sites with frequent anthropogenic disturbance, their importance in mesic environments is not well understood. As in arid regions, biocrusts in mesic environments can significantly influence nutrient cycling, soil stabilization, and water balance; however, their persistence may differ. We call for interdisciplinary physical, biological, microbiological, chemical, and applied soil science research with a special focus on biocrusts of managed soils from mesic environments, to better understand their impact on overall ecosystem health and resilience, particularly with regard to climate change.
AU  - Gall, C.*
AU  - Ohan, J.
AU  - Glaser, K.*
AU  - Karsten, U.*
AU  - Schloter, M.
AU  - Scholten, T.*
AU  - Schulz, S.
AU  - Seitz, S.*
AU  - Kurth, J.
C1  - 66707
C2  - 53107
SP  - 745-751
TI  - Biocrusts: Overlooked hotspots of managed soils in mesic environments.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 185
IS  - 6
PY  - 2022
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Background: Reductions of ammonia volatilization resulting from slurry applications to intensively managed grassland may be achieved via slurry acidification. However, it remains uncertain if this may result in pollution swapping, that is, due to reduced ammonia volatilization and increased soil N availability, emission of nitrous oxide from soils may increase. Aims: In this study, we compared control (no fertilizer) and slurry fertilized grassland treatments [not acidified (S) and acidified (AS)] to assess whether slurry acidification results in changes of soil N availability, denitrification potential and activity as well as soil fluxes of nitrous oxide. Methods: The study was carried out in a montane grassland system in southern Germany, and parameters were followed over a 43-days period with continuous measurements of soil GHG fluxes and biweekly measurements of microbial and soil parameters preceding and following two fertilizing events. Results: Over the entire observation period cumulative N2O emissions were significantly elevated for treatments receiving slurry applications, with differences between acidified and non-acidified slurry treatments being overall insignificant. Transcripts of the nirK type nitrite reductase showed significantly higher numbers in soils of the AS treatment. While soil potential denitrification rates (PDR) did not differ between treatments, there was a strong tendency of increased PDRs for the AS treatment. Conclusions: Against expectation, we did not find that application of AS affects PDR or soil N2O emissions significantly, though in tendency higher rates of soil N2O emissions as well as higher potential denitrification rates were found in treatments receiving acidified slurry as compared to the slurry only treatment. Our results indicate that longer observation periods and given the significant spatial variability, higher numbers of replicates are needed, to finally assess if slurry application indeed results in increased soil denitrification activity, soil N2O production and soil-atmosphere N2O emissions.
AU  - Malique, F.*
AU  - Wangari, E.*
AU  - Andrade Linares, D.R.
AU  - Schloter, M.
AU  - Wolf, B.*
AU  - Dannenmann, M.*
AU  - Schulz, S.
AU  - Butterbach-Bahl, K.*
C1  - 63332
C2  - 51475
CY  - Postfach 101161, 69451 Weinheim, Germany
SP  - 696-708
TI  - Effects of slurry acidification on soil N2O fluxes and denitrification.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 184
IS  - 6
PB  - Wiley-v C H Verlag Gmbh
PY  - 2021
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of crop residues from winter oilseed rape on N2O emissions from a loamy soil and to determine the effect of different tillage practices on N2O fluxes. We therefore conducted a field experiment in which crop residues of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L., OSR) were replaced with N-15 labelled OSR residues. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and N-15 abundance in the N2O were determined for a period of 11 months after harvest of OSR and in the succeeding crop winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivated on a Haplic Luvisol in South Germany. Measurements were carried out with the closed chamber method in a treatment with conventional tillage (CT) and in a treatment with reduced soil tillage (RT). In both tillage treatments we also determined N2O fluxes in control plots where we completely removed the crop residues. High N2O fluxes occurred in a short period just after OSR residue replacement in fall and after N-fertilization to winter wheat in the following spring. Although N2O emissions differed for distinct treatments and sub-periods, cumulative N2O emissions over the whole investigation period (299 days) ranged between 1.7 kg and 2.4 kg N2O-N ha(-1) with no significant treatment effects. More than half of the cumulative emissions occurred during the first eight weeks after OSR replacement, highlighting the importance of this post-harvest period for annual N2O budgets of OSR. The contribution of residue N to the N2O emission was low and explained by the high C/N-ratio fostering immobilization of mineral N. In total only 0.03% of the N2O-N emitted in the conventional tillage treatment and 0.06% in the reduced tillage treatment stemmed directly from the crop residues. The N-15 recovery in the treatments with crop residues was 62.8% (CT) and 75.1% (RT) with more than 97% of the recovered N-15 in the top soil. Despite our measurements did not cover an entire year, the low contribution of the OSR residues to the direct N2O emissions shows, that the current IPCC tier 1 approach, which assumes an EF of 1%, strongly overestimated direct emissions from OSR crop residues. Furthermore, we could not observe any relationship between tillage and crop residues on N2O emission, only during the winter period were N2O emissions from reduced tillage significantly higher compared to conventional tillage. Annual N2O emission from RT and CT did not differ.
AU  - Kesenheimer, K.*
AU  - Pandeya, H.R.*
AU  - Müller, T.*
AU  - Buegger, F.
AU  - Ruser, R.*
C1  - 54653
C2  - 45743
CY  - Postfach 101161, 69451 Weinheim, Germany
SP  - 48-59
TI  - Nitrous oxide emissions after incorporation of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) residues under two different tillage treatments.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 182
IS  - 1
PB  - Wiley-v C H Verlag Gmbh
PY  - 2018
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Phosphorus (P) fertilizers and mycorrhiza formation can both significantly improve the P supply of plants, but P fertilizers might inhibit mycorrhiza formation and change the microbial P cycling. To test the dimension and consequences of P fertilizer impacts under maize (Zea mays L.), three fertilizer treatments (1) triple superphosphate (TSP, 21-30 kg P ha(-1) annually), biowaste compost (ORG, 30 Mg ha(-1) wet weight every third year) and a combination of both (OMI) were compared to a non-P-fertilized control (C) in 2015 and 2016. The test site was a long-term field experiment on a Stagnic Cambisol in Rostock (NE Germany). Soil microbial biomass P (P-mic) and soil enzyme activities involved in P mobilization (phosphatases and ss-glucosidase), plant-available P content (double lactate-extract; P-DL), mycorrhizal colonization, shoot biomass, and shoot P concentrations were determined. P deficiency led to decreased P immobilization in microbial biomass, but the maize growth was not affected. TSP application alone promoted the P uptake by the microbial biomass but reduced the mycorrhizal colonization of maize compared to the control by more than one third. Biowaste compost increased soil enzyme activities in the P cycling, increased P-mic and slightly decreased the mycorrhizal colonization of maize. Addition of TSP to biowaste compost increased the content of P-DL in soil to the level of optimal plant supply. Single TSP supply decreased the ratio of P-DL:P-mic to 1:1 from about 4:1 in the control. Decreased plant-benefits from mycorrhizal symbiosis were assumed from decreased mycorrhizal colonization of maize with TSP supply. The undesirable side effects of TSP supply on the microbial P cycling can be alleviated by the use of compost. Thus, it can be concluded that the plant-availability of P from soil amendments is controlled by the amendment-specific microbial P cycling and, likely, P transfer to plants.
AU  - Peine, M.*
AU  - Vitow, N.*
AU  - Grafe, M.*
AU  - Baum, C.*
AU  - Zicker, T.*
AU  - Eichler-Löbermann, B.*
AU  - Schulz, S.
AU  - Schloter, M.
AU  - Leinweber, P.*
C1  - 55042
C2  - 46052
CY  - Postfach 101161, 69451 Weinheim, Germany
SP  - 167-174
TI  - Effect of triple superphosphate and biowaste compost on mycorrhizal colonization and enzymatic P mobilization under maize in a long-term field experiment.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 182
IS  - 2
PB  - Wiley-v C H Verlag Gmbh
PY  - 2018
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Central Brazil is the region with the most dynamic agriculture expansion worldwide, where tropical forests and Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) are converted to pastures and crop fields. Following deforestation, agricultural practices, such as fertilization, tillage and crop rotations, alter soil parameters and affect microbial abundances and the C and N cycles. The objective of this study was to compare changes in soil fertility, stocks of soil C and N, microbial biomass, and abundance of bacteria, fungi and archaea in Cerrado soils following land use change to crops (soybean/corn/cotton) and pasture (the perennial forage grass Brachiariabrizantha A. Rich.). Agriculture increased soil fertility and conserved soil C and N since their absolute concentration values were highest in agriculture soils and the C and N stocks adjusted by soil density were similar to the native vegetation soils. At the same time, agriculture changed the microbial abundances (decrease of microbial biomass C and N, increase of archaea, and reduction of bacteria and fungi at the crop sites), and N dynamics (increase of soil ammonium and nitrate concentrations). Even if these changes can be beneficial for food and agricultural commodities production, all these soil alterations should be further investigated due to their possible unknown effects on biosphere-hydrosphere-atmosphere exchange processes such as greenhouse gases emissions and nitrate leaching.
AU  - Lammel, D.R.*
AU  - Butterbach-Bahl, K.*
AU  - Cerri, C.E.P.*
AU  - Louis, S.*
AU  - Schnitzler, J.-P.
AU  - Feigl, B.J.*
AU  - Cerri, C.C.*
C1  - 51347
C2  - 43192
CY  - Weinheim
SP  - 436-445
TI  - C and N stocks are not impacted by land use change from Brazilian Savanna (Cerrado) to agriculture despite changes in soil fertility and microbial abundances.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 180
IS  - 4
PB  - Wiley-v C H Verlag Gmbh
PY  - 2017
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The aim of this study was to identify effects of carbonized organic material ("biochar") on soybean growth, root nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation, and to elucidate possible underlying mechanisms. Soybean (Glycine max L.) was grown in four arable soils amended with carbonized organic material produced from wood or maize as feedstocks, by pyrolysis ("pyrochar") or hydrothermal carbonization ("hydrochar"). Nodulation by Bradyrhizobium, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) assessed by 15N techniques, plant growth, nutrient uptake and changes in chemical soil properties after soil amendment were determined. Data were analyzed by means of a three way ANOVA on the factors soil, carbonization technique and feedstock. It turned out that soybean root nodulation and BNF was influenced by the carbonization technique used to prepare the soil amendment. Hydrochar, in average and across all soils, increased nodule dry matter and BNF by factors of 3.4 and 2.3, respectively, considerably more than pyrochar, which led to 1.8 and 1.2 fold increases, respectively. Nodule dry matter and BNF correlated positively with available soil sulfur and negatively with available soil nitrogen. Hydrochars provided more available sulfur than pyrochars, and hydrochars caused a decrease in nitrogen availability in the soil solution, thereby exerting a positive influence on nodulation and BNF. Pyrochar amendment increased soil pH but had no effect on nodulation and BNF. Plant growth was affected by the soil and by the feedstock used for the "biochar", and increased slightly more in treatments with pyrochar and hydrochar made from maize, which was richer in nitrogen and potassium. The results show that carbonized organic materials, and specifically hydrochar, have the capacity to increase BNF in soils. We suggest that this enhancement in BNF in response to soil amendments with carbonized organic materials is due to an increase in available sulfur and a reduction of available soil nitrogen.
AU  - Scheifele, M.*
AU  - Hobi, A.*
AU  - Buegger, F.
AU  - Gattinger, A.*
AU  - Schulin, R.*
AU  - Boller, T.*
AU  - Mäder, P.*
C1  - 50669
C2  - 42495
CY  - Weinheim
SP  - 199-211
TI  - Impact of pyrochar and hydrochar on soybean (Glycine max L.) root nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 180
IS  - 2
PB  - Wiley-v C H Verlag Gmbh
PY  - 2017
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Among several environmental factors shaping soil microbial communities the impact of soil nutrients is of special interest. While continuous application mainly of N and P dramatically shifts community composition during fertilization, it remains unclear whether this effect is consistent in generic, unfertilized beech forest ecosystems of Germany, where differences in nutrient contents are mostly a result of the parental material and climatic conditions. We postulate that in such ecosystems nutrient effects are less pronounced due to the possibility of the soil microbiome to adapt to the corresponding conditions over decades and the vegetation acts as the major driver. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the bacterial community composition in five different German beech dominated forest soils, representing a natural gradient of total- and easily available mineral-P. A community fingerprinting approach was performed using terminal-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, while abundance of bacteria was measured applying quantitative real-time PCR. Bacterial communities at the five forest sites were distinctly separated, with strongest differences between the end-members of the P-gradient. However the majority of identified microbial groups (43%) were present at all sites, forming a core microbiome independent from the differences in soil chemical properties. Especially in the P-deficient soil the abundance of unique bacterial groups was highly increased, indicating a special adaption of the community to P limitation at this site. In this regard Correspondence Analysis elucidated that exclusively soil pH significantly affected community composition at the investigated sites. In contrast soil C, N and P contents did mainly affect the overall abundance of bacteria.
AU  - Bergkemper, F.
AU  - Welzl, G.
AU  - Lang, F.*
AU  - Krüger, J.*
AU  - Schloter, M.
AU  - Schulz, S.
C1  - 49259
C2  - 31591
CY  - Weinheim
SP  - 472-480
TI  - The importance of C, N and P as driver for bacterial community structure in German beech dominated forest soils.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 179
IS  - 4
PB  - Wiley-v C H Verlag Gmbh
PY  - 2016
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Suitable predictors of degradability are sought to support the identification of biochars with large potential to increase C sequestration in soils. We determined the biodegradation of 9 chars from hydrothermal carbonization and pyrolysis in two agricultural soils. The 200- and 115-day degradation correlated strongly with the O:C- and slightly with the H:C-atomic ratio of 9 and 14 biochars, respectively. Highest temperature treatment and ash content did not show similar correlations.
AU  - Bai, M.*
AU  - Wilske, B.*
AU  - Buegger, F.
AU  - Bruun, E.W.*
AU  - Bach, M.*
AU  - Frede, H.-G.*
AU  - Breuer, L.*
C1  - 32053
C2  - 34957
CY  - Weinheim
SP  - 633-637
TI  - Biodegradation measurements confirm the predictive value of the O:C-ratio for biochar recalcitrance.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 177
IS  - 4
PB  - Wiley-v C H Verlag Gmbh
PY  - 2014
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The knowledge about element leaching and biogeochemical cycles during initial stages of soil development is very limited. Therefore, we studied the effects of parent material characteristics and plant litter addition on element leaching from young sandy soils in a microcosm experiment. Our objective was to evaluate the function of young soils as a source and/or sink for nutrients during initial pedogenesis and to identify main processes which are involved in the initial development of biogeochemical cycles. The main research questions were: (1) How do differences in parent material characteristics affect nutrient leaching?; and (2) How is nutrient leaching of young soils influenced by litter addition of different plant functional groups (e. g., legume and grass species)? Combined treatments of two minimally weathered parent materials (pure sand and loamy sand) with plant litter of two plant species (Lotus corniculatus L. and Calamagrostis epigejos L.) were investigated in a soil column experiment. In addition, control columns with parent material or plant litter only were included. Carbonate weathering as a main source for calcium leaching was induced by the moderately acidic irrigation solution used in the experiment. It was 7.5 fold greater for the loamy sand parent material compared to the pure sand despite lower carbonate contents in the loamy sand. Leaching of K was very low for both parent materials but greater for the loamy sand parent material, likely due to transfer processes from fixed to exchangeable potassium forms in the clay minerals of the loamy sand. Plant litter addition generally increased leaching losses. Carbonate dissolution was intensified by both plant litter types, especially by L. corniculatus, very likely due to H+ released during nitrification of N released from plant litter and an increase in partial pressure of CO2 from microbial respiration. In contrast, K was largely retained in the soils, probably due to fixation by clay minerals and microbial immobilization. Only the pure sand treated with L. corniculatus litter leached K, resulting in 4-6 fold greater leaching losses compared to all other treatments. Nitrogen released from L. corniculatus litter was almost completely nitrified and was nearly doubled as compared to that from C. epigejos, resulting in greater N leaching. The results of our study allow identifying the general function and processes of vegetation patches in young ecosystems formed as a result of initial parent material characteristics and invading vegetation with respect to litter decomposition, soil solution composition, nutrient retention and leaching, and effects on the soil mineral phase. These patterns are not mere additive effects of parent materials plus plant litter, but reflect differences in biogeochemical process intensities and could result in an increasing heterogeneity of soil properties, nutrient availability, and element leaching fluxes with time.
AU  - Zoennchen, C.*
AU  - Schaaf, W.*
AU  - Esperschütz, J.
C1  - 32052
C2  - 34956
CY  - Weinheim
SP  - 585-595
TI  - Effect of plant litter addition on element leaching in young sandy soils.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 177
IS  - 4
PB  - Wiley-v C H Verlag Gmbh
PY  - 2014
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Most veterinary drugs enter the environment via manure application. However, ecotoxic effects of antibiotics are varying as a function of their physicochemical characteristics and for most antibiotics it is still unclear how these substances interact with soil biota. It was the aim of the present study to investigate effects of manure containing different concentrations of the antibiotic amoxicillin (AMX) on microbial-community function in two different soils over an incubation time of 18 d. Therefore, soil respiration, potential nitrification, and the products of N turnover were measured. We could show that CaCl2-extractable amounts of AMX in soil are low, even shortly after the application of high doses together with manure. Thus, not surprisingly basal respiration in soil was not influenced by the addition of the antibiotic with manure. In contrast, mainly shortly after manure addition the kinetic of substrate-induced respiration was clearly shifted by the treatments depending on the presence of AMX in the manure: Potential nitrification rates in the two different soils were not significantly affected when data were related to the overall incubation time by the application of AMX to the manure. However, shortly after the addition of the manure containing AMX, a tendency to lower turnover rates was visible compared to the application of pure manure.
AU  - Kotzerke, A.*
AU  - Fulle, M.*
AU  - Sharma, S.
AU  - Kleineidam, K.
AU  - Welzl, G.
AU  - Lamshöft, M.*
AU  - Schloter, M.
AU  - Wilke, B.M.*
C1  - 5389
C2  - 28491
SP  - 56-64
TI  - Alterations in total microbial activity and nitrification rates in soil due to amoxicillin-spiked pig manure.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 174
IS  - 1
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 2011
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Modeling crop growth and soil N dynamics is difficult due to the complex nature of soil-plant systems. In several studies, the DNDC model has been claimed to be well-suited for this purpose whereas in other studies applications of the model were less successful. Objectives of this study were to test a calibration and validation scheme for DNDC-model applications to describe a field experiment with spring wheat on a sandy soil near Darmstadt (SW Germany) using different fertilizer types (either application of mineral fertilizer and straw-MSI; or application of farmyard manure-FYM) and rates (low-MSI(L), FYM(L); and medium-MSI(M), FYM(M)). The model test is based on a model parameterization to best describe the case MSI(L) and applies this parameterization for a retrospective simulation of the other cases (MSIM, FYML, FYMM) including crop growth and N(2)O emissions. Soil water contents were not accurately simulated using either the DNDC default values for a loamy sand or for the next finer texture class or using results from the pedotransfer function provided by ROSETTA. After successful calibration of the soil water flow model using a soil texture class that led to the best fit of the measured water content data, grain yield of spring wheat and cumulative N(2)O emission were slightly underestimated by DNDC and were between 91% and 86% of the measured data. A subsequent calibration of the yields and cumulative N(2)O emissions from soils of the MSIL treatment gave a good prediction of crop growth and N(2)O emissions in the MSIM treatment, but a marked underestimation of yields of the FYM treatments. Cumulative N(2)O emissions were predicted well for all MSI and FYM treatments, but seasonal dynamics were not. Overall, our results indicated that for the sandy soil in Germany, site-specific calibration was essentially required for the soil hydrology and that a calibration was useful for a subsequent prediction where greater amounts of the same fertilizer were used, but not useful for a prediction with a different fertilizer type.
AU  - Ludwig, B.*
AU  - Jäger, N.*
AU  - Priesack, E.
AU  - Flessa, H.*
C1  - 6512
C2  - 28838
SP  - 350-358
TI  - Application of the DNDC model to predict N2O emissions from sandy arable soils with differing fertilization in a long-term experiment.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 174
IS  - 3
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 2011
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Ecosystems are characterized as complex systems with abiotic and biotic processes interacting between the various components that have evolved over long-term periods. Most ecosystem studies so far have been carried out in mature systems. Only limited knowledge exists on the very initial phase of ecosystem development. Concepts on the development of ecosystems are often based on assumptions and extrapolations with respect to structure process interactions in the initial stage. To characterize the effect of this initial phase on structure and functioning of ecosystems in later stages, it is necessary to disentangle the close interaction of spatial and temporal patterns of ecosystem structural assemblages with processes of ecosystem development. The study of initial, less complex systems could help to better identify and characterize coupled patterns and processes. This paper gives an overview of concepts for the initial development of different ecosystem compartments and identifies open questions and research gaps. The artificial catchment site Chicken Creek is introduced as a new research approach to investigate these patterns and processes of initial ecosystem development under defined boundary conditions. This approach allows to integrate the relevant processes with related pattern and structure development over temporal and spatial scales and to derive thresholds and stages in state and functioning of ecosystems at the catchment level
AU  - Schaaf, W.*
AU  - Bens, O.*
AU  - Fischer, A.*
AU  - Gerke, H.H.*
AU  - Gerwin, W.*
AU  - Grünewald, U.*
AU  - Holländer, H.M.*
AU  - Kögel-Knabner, I.*
AU  - Mutz, M.*
AU  - Schloter, M.
AU  - Schulin, R.*
AU  - Veste, M.*
AU  - Winter, S.*
AU  - Hüttl, R.F.*
C1  - 4789
C2  - 28413
SP  - 229-239
TI  - Patterns and processes of initial terrestrial-ecosystem development.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 174
IS  - 2
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 2011
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Exudates are part of the total rhizodeposition released by plant roots to soil and are considered as a substantial input of soil organic matter. Exact quantitative data concerning the contribution of exudates to soil C pools are still missing. This study was conducted to reveal effects of C-13-labeled exudate (artificial mixture) which was regularly applied to upper soil material from two agricultural soils. The contribution of exudate C to water-extractable organic C (WEOC), microbial biomass C (MBC), and CO2-C evolution was investigated during a 74 d incubation. The WEOC, MBC, and CO2-C concentrations and the respective delta C-13 values were determined regularly. In both soils, significant incorporation of artificial-exudate-derived C was observed in the WEOC and MBC pool and in CO2-C. Up to approx. 50% of the exudate-C amounts added were recovered in the order WEOC << MBC < CO2-C in both soils at the end of the incubation. Newly built microbial biomass consisted mainly of exudates, which substituted soil-derived C. Correspondingly, the CO2-C evolved from exudate-treated soils relative to the controls was dominated by exudate C, showing a preferential mineralization of this substrate. Our results suggest that the remaining 50% of the exudate C added became stabilized in non-water-extractable organic fractions. This assumption was supported by the determination of the total organic C in the soils on the second-last sampling towards the end of the incubation. In the exudate-treated soils, significantly more soil-derived C compared to the controls was found in the WEOC on almost all samplings and in the MBC on the first sampling. This material might have derived from exchange processes between the added exudate and the soil matrix. This study showed that easily available substrates can be stabilized in soil at least in the short term.
AU  - Marx, M.*
AU  - Buegger, F.
AU  - Gattinger, A.
AU  - Zsolnay, A.
AU  - Munch, J.-C.
C1  - 32
C2  - 27088
CY  - Weinheim
SP  - 80-87
TI  - Determination of the fate of regularly applied ¹³C-labeled-artificial-exudates C in two agricultural soils.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 173
IS  - 1
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 2010
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Vegetable-production systems often show high soil mineral-N contents and, thus, are potential sources for the release of the climate-relevant trace gas N2O from soils. Despite numerous investigations on N2O fluxes, information on the impact of vegetable-production systems on N2O emissions in regions with winter frost is still rare. This present study aimed at measuring the annual N2O emissions and the total yield of a lettuce–cauliflower rotation at different fertilization rates on a Haplic Luvisol in a region exposed to winter frost (S Germany). We measured N2O emissions from plots fertilized with 0, 319, 401, and 528 kg N ha–1 (where the latter three amounts represented a strongly reduced N-fertilization strategy, a target value system [TVS] in Germany, and the N amount fertilized under good agricultural practices). The N2O release from the treatments was 2.3, 5.7, 8.8, and 10.6 kg N2O-N ha–1 y–1, respectively. The corresponding emission factors calculated on the basis of the total N input ranged between 1.3% and 1.6%. Winter emission accounted for 45% of the annual emissions, and a major part occurred after the incorporation of cauliflower residues. The annual N2O emission was positively correlated with the nitrate content of the top soil (0–25 cm) and with the N surpluses of the N balance. Reducing the amount of N fertilizer applied significantly reduced N2O fluxes. Since there was no significant effect on yields if fertilization was reduced from 528 kg N ha–1 according to “good agricultural practice” to 401 kg N ha–1 determined by the TVS, we recommend this optimized fertilization strategy.
AU  - Pfab, H.*
AU  - Palmer, I.*
AU  - Buegger, F.
AU  - Fiedler, S.*
AU  - Müller, T.*
AU  - Ruser, R.*
C1  - 5504
C2  - 28148
SP  - 545-553
TI  - N₂O fluxes from a Haplic Luvisol under intensive production of lettuce and cauliflower as affected by different N-fertilization strategies.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 174
IS  - 4
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 2010
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - We review recent experimental results on the role of soil biota in stabilizing or destabilizing soil organic matter (SOM). Specifically, we analyze how the differential substrate utilization of the various decomposer organisms contributes to a decorrelation of chemical stability, residence time, and carbon (C) age of organic substrates.. Along soil depth profiles, a mismatch of C allocation and abundance of decomposer organisms is consistently observed, revealing that a relevant proportion of soil C is not subjected to efficient decomposition. Results from recent field and laboratory experiments suggest that (1) bacterial utilization of labile carbon compounds is limited by short-distance transport processes and, therefore, can take place deep in the soil under conditions of effective local diffusion or convection . In contrast, (2) fungal utilization of phenolic substrates, including lignin, appears to be restricted to the upper soil layer due to the requirement for oxygen of the enzymatic reaction involved. (3) Carbon of any age is utilized by soil microorganisms, and microbial C is recycled in the microbial food web. Due to stoichiometric requirements of their metabolism, (4) soil animals tend to reduce the C concentration of SOM disproportionally, until it reaches a threshold level. The reviewed investigations provide new and quantitative evidence that different soil C pools underlie divergent biological constraints of decomposition. The specialization of decomposers towards different substrates and microhabitats leads to a relatively longer persistence of virtually all kinds of organic substrates in the nonpreferred soil spaces. We therefore propose to direct future research explicitly towards such biologically nonpreferred areas where decomposition rates are slow, or where decomposition is frequently interrupted, in order to assess the potential for long-term preservation of C in the soil.
AU  - Ekschmitt, K.*
AU  - Kandeler, E.*
AU  - Poll, C.*
AU  - Brune, A.*
AU  - Buscot, F.*
AU  - Friedrich, M.*
AU  - Gleixner, G.*
AU  - Hartmann, A.
AU  - Kästner, M.*
AU  - Marhan, S.*
AU  - Miltner, A.*
AU  - Scheu, S.*
AU  - Wolters, V.*
C1  - 849
C2  - 27178
CY  - Weinheim
SP  - 27-35
TI  - Soil-carbon preservation through habitat constraints and biological limitations on decomposer activity.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 171
IS  - 1
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 2008
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) is a key process in anaerobic respiration in wetlands and may have considerable impacts on methane emissions. A method to determine sulfate production and consumption in situ is lacking to date. We applied a single-well, injection-withdrawal tracer test for the in situ determination of potential sulfate turnover in a northern temperate peatland. Piezometers were installed in three peat depth levels (20, 30, and 50 cm) during summer 2004, and three series of injection-withdrawal cycles were carried out over a period of several days. Turnover rates of sulfate, calculated from first-order-reaction constant k (-0.097 to 0.053 h-1) and pore-water sulfate concentrations (approx. 10 μmol L-1), ranged from -1.3 to -9.0 nmol cm-3 d-1 for reduction and from +0.7 to +25.4 nmol cm-2 d-1 for production, which occurred after infiltration of water following a heavy rainstorm. Analysis of stable isotopes in peat-water sulfate revealed slightly increasing δ34S values and decreasing sulfate concentrations indicating the presence of BSR. The calculated low sulfur-fractionation factors of <2‰ are in line with high sulfate-reduction rates during BSR. Routine application will require technical optimization, but the method seems a promising addition to common ex situ techniques, as the investigated soil is not structurally altered. The method can furthermore be applied at low expense even in remote locations. © 2008 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
AU  - Goldhammer, T.*
AU  - Einsiedl, F.
AU  - Blodau, C.*
C1  - 4684
C2  - 25504
SP  - 740-750
TI  - In situ determination of sulfate turnover in peatlands: A down-scaled push-pull tracer technique.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 171
IS  - 5
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 2008
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The precipitation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by aluminum (Al) results in a stable soil organic matter (OM) fraction. Extracellular enzymes can also be removed from soil solution by sorption or precipitation, but whether this affects their activity and their importance for carbon (C) mineralization is largely unknown. We studied the activity of eight extracellular enzymes, precipitated by Al together with DOM, in relation to C mineralization of the precipitated OM. Dissolved OM was obtained from the Oi and Oa horizon of two forest soils and precipitated at different Al : C ratios and pH values to achieve a large variation in composition and C mineralization of precipitated OM. All eight enzymes were present in a functional state in precipitated OM. On average 53% of DOM was precipitated, containing on average 17%-41% of the enzyme activity (EA) involved in C degradation (chitinase, cellobiohydrolase, -glucosidase, glucuronidase, lacasse, and xylosidase) previously present in soil solution. In contrast, on average only 4%-7% of leucine-aminopeptidase and acid-phosphatase activity was found in precipitated OM. The EA found in precipitates significantly increased the percentage of C mineralized of precipitated OM, with a stronger influence of C-degrading enzymes than enzymes involved in N and P cycling. However, after 8 weeks of incubation the correlations between EA and C mineralization disappeared, despite substantial EA being still present and only 0.5%-7.7% of C mineralized. Thus, degradation of precipitated OM seems to be governed by EA during the first degradation phase, but the long-term stability of precipitated OM is probably related to its chemical properties.
AU  - Scheel, T.*
AU  - Pritsch, K.
AU  - Schloter, M.
AU  - Kalbitz, K.*
C1  - 2334
C2  - 25821
SP  - 900-907
TI  - Precipitation of enzymes and organic matter by aluminum - Impacts on carbon mineralization.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 171
IS  - 6
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 2008
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Although enzyme activities were extensively investigated in soils with reference to abiotic environmental conditions and human impact, their role in litter decomposition is not fully understood. Therefore, decomposition rates and enzyme activities were studied using nylon bags and three litter types buried in silty-loamy Cambisols and Luvisols in northern, central, and southern Germany under similar averaged temperature and precipitation and a maritime to continental gradient. After 180 d, the ash-free mass remaining ranged between 15% and 68% for the Triticum, Secale, and Lolium litter. The enzyme activities were mainly controlled by the litter type and the decomposition time and less but significant by site. The highest decomposition rate occurred at the central German site for Lolium litter associated with highest arginine ammonification and urease activity in litter. In contrast, the recalcitrant Secale and Triticum litter were decomposed more rapidly at the northern and southern site where urease, protease, and arginine ammonification was high in the bulk soil. The -glucosidase activity was similar in soil and litter at the three locations and was not correlated to the velocity of litter decomposition. Since the abiotic environmental factors at the maritime to continental gradient did not explain the site-specific velocity of both rapidly decomposing and refractory litter, enzyme activities related to the N cycling like arginine ammonification and urease activity were recognized to velocity of litter decomposition.
AU  - Dilly, O.*
AU  - Munch, J.-C.
AU  - Pfeiffer, E.-M.*
C1  - 4639
C2  - 24449
SP  - 197-204
TI  - Enzyme activities and litter decomposition in agricultural soils in northern, central, and southern Germany.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 170
IS  - 2
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 2007
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Reth, S.
AU  - Seyfarth, M.*
AU  - Gefke, O.
AU  - Friedrich, H.*
C1  - 2606
C2  - 24984
SP  - 345-346
TI  - Lysimeter Soil Retriever (LSR) - a new technique for retrieving soil from lysimeters for analysis.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 170
IS  - 3
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 2007
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Ruth, B.
AU  - Munch, J.-C.
C1  - 3113
C2  - 22633
SP  - 169-175
TI  - Field measurements of the water content in the top soil using a new capacitance sensor with a flat sensitive volume.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 168
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 2005
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Wilke, B.-M.*
AU  - Mai, M.*
AU  - Gattinger, A.
AU  - Schloter, M.
AU  - Gong, P.*
C1  - 3954
C2  - 22975
SP  - 668-675
TI  - Effects of fresh and aged copper contaminations on soil microorganisms.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 168
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 2005
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Gattinger, A.*
AU  - Bausenwein, U.
AU  - Bruns, Ch.*
C1  - 3185
C2  - 21972
SP  - 556-561
TI  - Microbial biomass and activity in composts of different composition and age.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 167
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 2004
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Sehy, U.
AU  - Dyckmans, J.*
AU  - Ruser, R.
AU  - Munch, J.-C.
C1  - 1902
C2  - 21948
SP  - 471-478
TI  - Adding dissolved organic carbon to simulate freeze-thaw related N2O emissions from soil.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 167
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 2004
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Wagner, B.*
AU  - Tarnawski, V.R.*
AU  - Stöckl, M.
C1  - 3345
C2  - 21811
SP  - 236-245
TI  - Evaluation of pedotransfer functions predicting hydraulic properties of soils and deeper sediments.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 167
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 2004
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent investigations on the functional diversity of soil organisms and to elucidate whether a combination of different phenotypic and genotypic assessment methods can give new insights into the relation of structural (phylogenetic) and functional diversity of soil microbial and faunal communities. The knowledge of functional gene sequences for the major microbial transformations enables studies of their presence and diversity in soils. The concomitant evaluation of phylogenetic identification and functional activity of even individual microbial cells in situ is now possible using such as fluorescence in situ hybridization and microautoradiography. Studies about microbial-faunal interactions clarifies the importance of soil organisms for soil processes.
AU  - Emmerling, C.*
AU  - Schloter, M.
AU  - Hartmann, A.
AU  - Kandeler, E.*
C1  - 22034
C2  - 20615
SP  - 408-420
TI  - Functional diversity of soil organisms : A review of recent research activities in Germany.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 165
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 2002
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Interpretation of soil data is necessary to help predict their ecological potentials, limitations, problems, and management needs. We tested the knowledge expressed in taxonomic systems for its ability to be applied in the description and generalization of soil dynamics and behavior. The general hypothesis established for this purpose was soil subtypes are proxies for ecological processes". To facilitate the detection of process intensity and to obtain well-expressed pedogenetic features, we selected a soil catena from an environment known for its severe weathering conditions. The 'Wildmooswald' catena consists of eight profiles and is situated in the Central Black Forest in South-West Germany. We organized our investigation in the following manner: (i) We ascertained that the catenary soil sequence had a regular pattern (ii) We confirmed that the soils were connected among each other by a physical link which resulted in lateral subsurface matter translocation. (iii) We investigated the extent to which pedogenetic processes were expressed in terms of taxonomic criteria. (iv) We determined whether a given ecological feature, like trace gas emissions was reflected in taxonomic categories. We found that the 'Wildmooswald' soils were linked to each other by a lateral subsurface transport of solutes. We identified redox conditions and an abundance of chelating organic compounds as the main factors in the mobilization/immobilization of elements. Hydrological conditions were the dominant factor of weathering and thus, soil formation, which determined both the intensity of mobilization processes and the intensity of the lateral subsurface transport. Lateral down-slope water movement was identified as the physical link between the soils. Depletion zones were the mid-catena members, where redox conditions led to the removal of manganese and iron. Organic layers, which have accumulated in these soils as a consequence of reducing conditions, acted as sources of dissolved organic carbon. The terminal catena element represents an accumulation zone for Mn, Fe, and dissolved organic carbon. Based on this observation we concluded that, for the greater part of the Wildmooswald soils, taxonomic soil type indeed reflects pedogenetic processes as well as soil matter dynamics. Trace gas time emission patterns, as well as trace gas source strength, which serves as an indicator for short-term ecological dynamics, were found to vary within a soil unit-specific range for either N2O and CH4. We conclude that for the greater part of the 'Wildmooswald' catena, soil subtypes indeed recognizes and combines pedogenetic processes and soil matter dynamics. The functions and dynamics prevalent at the terminal catena member were not represented adequately by neither the German classification system, World Reference Base nor Soil Taxonwomy. This fact should indicate that a review of the classification systems is necessary both generally for their ability to provide functional soil information and specifically for soils showing accumulation of matter at pedon scale."
AU  - Fiedler, S.*
AU  - Jungkunst, H.P.F.*
AU  - Jahn, R.*
AU  - Kleber, M.*
AU  - Sommer, M.
AU  - Stahr, K.*
C1  - 10042
C2  - 20290
SP  - 517-529
TI  - Linking soil classification and soil dynamics - pedological and ecological perspectives. 
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 165
PB  - Wiley-Vch
PY  - 2002
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Analyses of phosholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and phospholipid etherlipids (PLEL) revealed differences in size and structure of microbial communities in the three soil zones of a potato field: ridge (RS), uncompacted interrow (IS), and tractor-compacted interrow soil (CS). The quantity of phosholipid biomarker concentrations (= microbial biomass) showed large differences among different zones, when lipid contents were related to fresh soil volume instead of soil dry matter. Compaction of interrow soil caused an increase in bacterial and eukaryotic biomass, expressed as total PLFA concentration, as well as an increase in total archaeal biomass, expressed as total PLEL concentration and caused a decrease in the fungi-to-bacteria ratio. Due to the higher waterfilled pore space (an indirect measure for reduced O2 availability) in CS, a more pronounced anaerobic microbial community was estimated than in IS, which serves as an explanation for the elevated N2O fluxes in this soil zone. Apart from the effect of O2 availability, microbial communities, especially populations of aerobic bacteria, ascinomycetes, fungi, algae, protozoa, and aerobic archaea responded to organic matter composition in the individual zones. Only in RS PLEL derived cyclic isoprenoids were found, which presumably indicate root-colonizing archaea. Following principal component analyses of specific biomarker profiles, the assumed substrate effect had the strongest influence on the differences in microbial community structure between the three soil zones.
AU  - Gattinger, A.
AU  - Ruser, R.
AU  - Schloter, M.
AU  - Munch, J.-C.
C1  - 22033
C2  - 20614
SP  - 421-428
TI  - Microbial community structure varies in different soil zones of a potato field.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 165
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 2002
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Dilly, O.*
AU  - Winter, K.
AU  - Lang, A.
AU  - Munch, J.-C.
C1  - 21709
C2  - 19902
SP  - 407-413
TI  - Energetic eco-physiology of the soil microbiota in two landscapes of Southern and Northern Germany.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 164
PY  - 2001
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - New molecular and biomarker approaches allow now a better understanding of the microbial diversity in soils. Examples are presented to demonstrate the new performance of these approaches and the quality of results. Investigations of the diversity of a bacterial indicator genus as well as studies of the whole microbial community structure are presented. Genotypes of Ochrobactrum were isolated by immunotrapping and characterized by PCR — fingerprinting. On a fallow land no significant changes in the intragenus diversity of this indicator bacterium was observed over a period of one year. In contrast, crop rotation was accompanied by a shift in the dominant genotypes of Ochrobactrum, while the genetic potential was not affected. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA)-pattern revealed significant shifts in the structure of the whole microbial community in a soil of a hop plantation as compared to a similar soil with crop rotation. The quantity of anaerobic bacteria, represented by the non-ester linked fatty acids were lower in soil samples derived from crop rotation as compared to a former hop plantation soil, which was contaminated with copper. In contrast, the ester linked fatty acids which are present in a wide range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, exhibited a reverse relation. Soil samples of the hop plantation contained low amounts of saturated ester linked fatty acids branching on the 10th C atom. This indicates that actinomycetes are present in relative small proportions in the hop plantation soil.  
AU  - Schloter, M.
AU  - Zelles, L.
AU  - Hartmann, A.
AU  - Munch, J.-C.
C1  - 23105
C2  - 31175
SP  - 425-431
TI  - New quality of assessment of microbial diversity in arable soils using molecular and biochemical methods.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 161
IS  - 4
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 1998
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Glutathione (GSH) can be found in plants in considerable amounts. It is very important for numerous metabolic functions and for the detoxification of xenobiotics. The present study was carried out to show the inducibility of glutathione S-transferase (GST) isozymes in spruce by various substrates commonly used to assay GST activity, Inducers were: chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB), para-nitrobenzoylchloride (pNBC), fluorodifen and n-ethylmaleinimide (NEM). Conjugation of CDNB was enhanced by the xenobiotics ranking in the order: CDNB > fluorodifen > pNBC > NEM > DCNB.
AU  - Pflugmacher, S.
AU  - Schröder, P.
C1  - 23311
C2  - 31475
SP  - 71-73
TI  - Glutathion S-transferases in trees: Inducibility by various organic xenobiotics.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 158
IS  - 1
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 1995
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - For the development of management strategies in sustainable agriculture it is necessary to describe and predict the role of soil microbes in different management systems. The classical approach uses the microbial biomass as the key parameter for the entire system, but for ecological purposes the variability of biotic parameters in time and space has to be better described. Moreover, the biomass active in the total soil profile or its most active zones should be used as a basis for the assessment of soil activity. The sum of adenylates was found to be more closely related to the microbial biomass than was ATP, which however appeared to be a better indicator for the microbial activity. Fatty acids from phospholipids were highly correlated with the soil microbial biomass. The pattern of fatty acids from soils under different long-term management indicated a high potential to typify the microbial community in soils and special organism populations. To overcome the problem, that only a small portion of the soil inhabiting microbes can be cultivated, first steps to use serological and genetical methods to directly identify or localize specific populations in the rhizosphere are shown.
AU  - Beese, F.
AU  - Hartmann, A.
AU  - Beck, T.*
AU  - Rackwitz, R.
AU  - Zelles, L.
C1  - 23194
C2  - 31486
SP  - 187-195
TI  - Microbial community structure and activity in agricultural soils under different management.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 157
IS  - 3
PB  - Wiley-VCH
PY  - 1994
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Förster, H.
AU  - Schimmack, W.
AU  - Kreutzer, K.E.
C1  - 18700
C2  - 11801
SP  - 87-92
TI  - Die horizontale Verteilung von Radiocäsium im Waldboden unter Fichte und Buche.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 154
PY  - 1991
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Die Ausbreitung von Fallout 134Cs, 137Cs und 106Ru aus Tschernobyl und 137Cs aus Kernwaffenversuchen in einem Waldboden Zur Abschätzung der Akkumulation und vertikalen Ausbreitung von Radiocäsium und Radioruthen wurden die Aktivitätskonzentrationen von Tschernobyl-137Cs, 134Cs und 106Ru sowie von 137Cs aus dem globalen Fallout der Kernwaffenversuche in den oberen Horizonten einer podsoligen Parabraunerde (Fichtenbestand) bestimmt und mit einem Kompartmentmodell ausgewertet. Mit Hilfe der so erhaltenen Verweilzeiten wurden die mittleren Wanderungsgeschwindigkeiten dieser Radionuklide im Boden abgeschätzt. Für Tschernobyl-137Cs und 134Cs wurden dabei innerhalb der Zeitspanne von 200–600 Tagen nach dem Beginn des Fallouts Geschwindigkeiten zwischen 4 cm/Jahr (Of1-Horizont) und 2 cm/Jahr (Oh-Horizont) sowie für 106Ru zwischen 4 cm/Jahr (Of1-Horizont) und 7 cm/Jahr (Oh-Horizont) gefunden. Diese Geschwindigkeiten sind zwar erheblich langsamer als während der anfänglichen Infiltration dieser Radionuklide in den Boden während eines Regenschauers beobachtet, aber im Vergleich zur Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit von 137Cs aus dem globalen Fallout um etwa den Faktor 3–6 (je nach Bodenhorizont) höher. Da 137Cs aus dem globalen Fallout bereits seit etwa 20 Jahren im Boden ist, deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, daß die Fixierung von Radiocäsium im Waldboden ein relativ langsamer Vorgang ist.
AU  - Bunzl, K.W.
AU  - Schimmack, W.
AU  - Kreutzer, K.
AU  - Schierl, R.
C1  - 42236
C2  - 38202
SP  - 39-44
TI  - The migration of fallout 134Cs, 137Cs and 106Ru from Chernobyl and of 137Cs from weapons testing in a forest soil.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 152
IS  - 1
PY  - 1989
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Kaupenjohann, M.
AU  - Schneider, B.U.
AU  - Hantschel, R.
AU  - Zech, W.
AU  - Horn, R.
C1  - 17675
C2  - 10839
SP  - 123-126
TI  - Sulfuric Acid Rain Treatment of Picea abies (Karst. L.): Effects on Nutrient Solution, Throughfall Chemistry, and Tree Nutrition.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 151
PY  - 1988
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - To determine the effect on the environment of heavy metal emissions from power plants, the contents of Pb, Co and Ni in the soils around a medium sized, hard-coal-fired power plant were measured. In the fly ash from the last state of the electrostatic precipitator these elements were present in the following concentrations: Pb: 3680; Co: 122 and Ni: 325 mg/kg. The metal contents in the soil around the plant (0.4–5.2km) were in the same range as observed with other soils in Germany (Pb: 15–35; Co: 4–16; Ni: 5–40 mg/kg). Due to the fact that in this area the frequency of westerly winds is considerably higher than that of southerly winds, increased concentrations of these metals in samples east of the plant may be expected compared to those collected north of it. The distribution of the metal contens in the soil around the plant does not, however, suggest such an effect. The airborne emissions of Pb, Co and Ni near the plant are obviously too small to change significantly the local distribution pattern of these elements in the soil.  
AU  - Bunzl, K.W.
AU  - Rosner, G.
AU  - Schmidt, W.F.
C1  - 40908
C2  - 38316
SP  - 705-713
TI  - Distribution of lead, cobalt and nickel in the soil around a coal-fired power plant.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 146
IS  - 6
PY  - 1983
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - In mixtures of known amounts of Ca-saturated Sphagnum peat and bentonite, the competitive sorption of lead ions by these components from a solution was investigated as a function of their ratio in the mixture and the solution concentration. By means of separation of the components after attainment of equilibrium and using Pb-212 as a tracer, the amounts of lead ions taken up by each sorbent were determined independently.The experiments show that at any concentration used, peat will sorb more lead ions than bentonite relatively to its amount (in me) present in the mixture at any ratio of the components. Starting from pure peat and increasing in the mixture the fraction of bentonite causes the peat to sorb-relatively to its percentage amount in the mixture-more lead ions. Starting with pure bentonite and increasing in the mixture the fraction of peat causes the clay mineral to sorb-relatively to its percentage amount in the mixture-fewer lead ions.Theoretical calculations are in quantitative agreement with experimental results.  
AU  - Bunzl, K.W.
AU  - Schultz, W.W.
C1  - 41639
C2  - 38838
SP  - 182-193
TI  - Competitive sorption of Pb by bentonite and sphagnum peat.
JO  - J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci.
VL  - 143
IS  - 2
PY  - 1980
SN  - 1436-8730
ER  -