TY  - JOUR
AB  - The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has embarked on a process to review and revise the current System of Radiological Protection ('the System'). To stimulate discussion, ICRP published two open-access articles: one on aspects of the System that might require review, and another on research which might improve the scientific foundation of the System. Building on these articles, ICRP organised the Workshop on the Future of Radiological Protection as an opportunity to engage in the review and revision of the System. This digital workshop took place from 14 October to 3 November 2021 and included 20 live-streamed and 43 on-demand presentations. Approximately 1500 individuals from 100 countries participated. Based on the subjects covered by the presentations, this summary is organised into four broad areas: the scientific basis, concepts, and application of the System; and the role of ICRP. Some of the key topics that emerged included: classification of radiation-induced effects; adverse outcome pathway methodologies; better understanding of the dose-response relationship; holistic and reasonable approaches to optimisation of protection; radiological protection of the environment; the ethical basis of the System; clarity, consistency, and communication about the System; application of the System in medicine; and application of the principles of justification and optimisation of protection.
AU  - Rühm, W.
AU  - Clément, C.*
AU  - Cool, D.*
AU  - Laurier, D.*
AU  - Bochud, F.O.*
AU  - Applegate, K.E.*
AU  - Schneider, T.*
AU  - Bouffler, S.D.*
AU  - Cho, K.*
AU  - Hirth, G.*
AU  - Kai, M.*
AU  - Liu, S.*
AU  - Romanov, S.A.*
AU  - Wojcik, A.*
C1  - 64793
C2  - 52492
TI  - Summary of the 2021 ICRP workshop on the future of radiological protection.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 42
IS  - 2
PY  - 2022
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has embarked on a review and revision of the System of Radiological Protection that will update the 2007 General Recommendations in ICRP Publication 103. This is the beginning of a process that will take several years, involving open and transparent engagement with organisations and individuals around the world. While the System is robust and has performed well, it must adapt to address changes in science and society to remain fit for purpose. The aim of this paper is to encourage discussions on which areas of the System might gain the greatest benefit from review, and to initiate collaborative efforts. Increased clarity and consistency are high priorities. The better the System is understood, the more effectively it can be applied, resulting in improved protection and increased harmonisation. Many areas are identified for potential review including: classification of effects, with particular focus on tissue reactions; reformulation of detriment, potentially including non-cancer diseases; re-evaluation of the relationship between detriment and effective dose, and the possibility of defining detriments for males and females of different ages; individual variation in the response to radiation exposure; heritable effects; and effects and risks in non-human biota and ecosystems. Some of the basic concepts are also being considered, including the framework for bringing together protection of people and the environment, incremental improvements to the fundamental principles of justification and optimisation, a broader approach to protection of individuals, and clarification of the exposure situations introduced in 2007. In addition, ICRP is considering identifying where explicit incorporation of the ethical basis of the System would be beneficial, how to better reflect the importance of communications and stakeholder involvement, and further advice on education and training. ICRP invites responses on these and other areas relating to the review of the System of Radiological Protection.
AU  - Clément, C.*
AU  - Rühm, W.
AU  - Harrison, J.D.*
AU  - Applegate, K.E.*
AU  - Cool, D.*
AU  - Larsson, C.M.*
AU  - Cousins, C.*
AU  - Lochard, J.*
AU  - Bouffler, S.D.*
AU  - Cho, K.*
AU  - Kai, M.*
AU  - Laurier, D.*
AU  - Liu, S.*
AU  - Romanov, S.A.*
C1  - 62552
C2  - 50819
CY  - Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol Bs1 6be, England
SP  - 1390-1409
TI  - Keeping the ICRP recommendations fit for purpose.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 41
IS  - 4
PB  - Iop Publishing Ltd
PY  - 2021
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - This review article provides an overview on the results of studies conducted by the authors to improve the current personal protection concept in the clinical application of x-rays. With the aid of personal dose equivalent measurements during radiologically guided clinical interventions, laboratory tests using the Alderson-Rando phantom as well as Monte Carlo simulations various x-ray application scenarios were investigated. The organ doses and the effective doses of staff persons standing near the patient were determined. The 3D-attenuation properties of protective clothing under the scattered radiation emitted by the patient play a special role here. With regard to the minimisation of the quantity 'effective dose' the protection of the lower body from the gonads to the chest is of particular importance, since 80% of the effective dose is contributed by this region of the body. In contrast, protection of the back plays a subordinate role. Protective aprons optimised in terms of effective dose can be significantly lighter than conventional aprons, providing equal protection. The assessment of the attenuation properties of protective clothing should be based on the risk-related dose quantity, effective dose, rather than lead equivalent. In the future, the evaluation of radiation protective clothing could be based on the calculation of the effective dose assuming standardised irradiation conditions.
AU  - Eder, H.*
AU  - Schlattl, H.
C1  - 63711
C2  - 51746
CY  - Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol Bs1 6be, England
SP  - R140-R151
TI  - Use of effective dose to assess x-ray protective clothing.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 41
IS  - 4
PB  - Iop Publishing Ltd
PY  - 2021
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - A collection of powerful diagnostic tools have been developed under the umbrellas of NATO for ionising radiation dose assessment (BAT, WinFRAT) and estimate of acute health effects in humans (WinFRAT, H-Module). We assembled a database of 191 ARS cases using the medical treatment protocols for radiation accident victims (n = 167) and the system for evaluation and archiving of radiation accidents based on case histories (n = 24) for training purposes of medical personnel. From 2016 to 2019, we trained 39 participants comprising MSc level radiobiology students in an on-site teaching class. Enforced by the covid-19 pandemic in 2020 for the first time, an online teaching of nine MSc radiobiology students replaced the on-site teaching. We found that: (a) limitations of correct diagnostic decision-making based on clinical signs and symptoms were experienced unrelated to the teaching format. (b) A significant performance decrease concerning online (first number in parenthesis) versus on-site teaching (reference and second number in parenthesis) was seen regarding the estimate time (31 vs 61 cases per hour, two-fold decrease, p = 0.005). Also, the accurate assessment of response categories (89.9% vs 96.9%, p = 0.001), ARS (92.4% vs 96.7%, p = 0.002) and hospitalisation (93.5% vs 97.0%, p = 0.002) decreased by around 3%-7%. The performances of the online attendees were mainly distributed within the lower quartile performance of on-site participants and the 25%-75% interquartile range increased 3-7-fold. (c) Comparison of dose estimates performed by training participants with hematologic acute radiation syndrome (HARS) severity mirrored the known limitations of dose alone as a surrogate parameter for HARS severity at doses less than 1.5 Gy, but demonstrated correct determination of HARS 2-4 and support for clinical decision making at dose estimates >1.5 Gy, regardless of teaching format. (d) Overall, one-third of the online participants showed substantial misapprehension and insecurities of elementary course content that did not occur after the on-site teaching.
AU  - Lamkowski, A.*
AU  - Combs, S.E.
AU  - Abend, M.*
AU  - Port, M.*
C1  - 63571
C2  - 51594
CY  - Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol Bs1 6be, England
SP  - S540-S560
TI  - Training of clinical triage of acute radiation casualties: A performance comparison of on-site versus online training due to the covid-19 pandemic.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 41
IS  - 4
PB  - Iop Publishing Ltd
PY  - 2021
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Working Group (WG) 6 "Computational Dosimetry" of the European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) promotes good practice in the application of computational methods for radiation dosimetry in radiation protection and the medical use of ionizing radiation. Its cross-sectional activities within the association cover a large range of current topics in radiation dosimetry, including more fundamental studies of radiation effects in complex systems. In addition, WG 6 also performs scientific research and development as well as knowledge transfer activities, such as training courses. Monte Carlo techniques, including the use of anthropomorphic and other numerical phantoms based on voxelized geometrical models, have a strong part in the activities pursued in WG 6. However, other aspects and techniques, such as neutron spectra unfolding, play an important role as well. A number of intercomparison exercises have been carried out in the past to provide information on the accuracy with which computational methods are applied and whether best practice is being followed. Within the exercises that are still ongoing, the focus has changed towards assessing the uncertainty that can be achieved with these computational methods. Furthermore, the future strategy of WG 6 also includes an extension of the scope toward experimental benchmark activities and evaluation of cross-sections and algorithms, with the vision of establishing a gold standard for Monte Carlo methods used in medical and radiobiological applications.
AU  - Rabus, H.*
AU  - Gómez-Ros, J.M.*
AU  - Villagrasa, C.*
AU  - Eakins, J.S.*
AU  - Vrba, T.*
AU  - Blideanu, V.*
AU  - Zankl, M.
AU  - Tanner, R.J.*
AU  - Struelens, L.*
AU  - Brkić, H.*
AU  - Domingo, C.*
AU  - Baiocco, G.*
AU  - Caccia, B.*
AU  - Huet, C.*
AU  - Ferrari, P.*
C1  - 61559
C2  - 49914
CY  - Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol Bs1 6be, England
SP  - 46–58 
TI  - Quality assurance for the use of computational methods in dosimetry: Activities of EURADOS Working Group 6 "Computational Dosimetry".
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 41
IS  - 1
PB  - Iop Publishing Ltd
PY  - 2021
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Baaken, D.*
AU  - Hammer, G.P.*
AU  - Seidenbusch, M.
AU  - Schneider, K.*
AU  - Blettner, M.*
AU  - Pokora, R.*
AU  - Lorenz, E.*
C1  - 60046
C2  - 49963
CY  - Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol Bs1 6be, England
SP  - 920-921
TI  - Reply to 'Comment on: Baaken D, Hammer GP, Seidenbusch MC, Schneider K, Spix C, Blettner M, Pokora R and Lorenz E 2019 Second follow-up of a German cohort on childhood cancer after exposure to postnatal diagnostic x-ray J. Radiol. Prot. 39 1074-91'.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 40
IS  - 3
PB  - Iop Publishing Ltd
PY  - 2020
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Incorporation of bone seeking alpha-emitting radionuclides such as 241Am are of special concern, due to the potential of alpha particles to damage the extremely radiation-sensitive bone marrow. In the case of an internal contamination with 241Am, direct in vivo measurements using Gamma-detectors are typically used to quantify the incorporated activity. Such detectors need to be calibrated with an anatomical phantom, for example of the skull, of known 241Am activity that reproduces the anatomy of the measured individual as closely as possible. Any difference in anatomy and material composition between phantom and individual will bias the estimation of the incorporated activity. Consequently, in this work the impact of the most important anatomical parameters on detection efficiency of one of the germanium detectors of the Helmholtz Center Munich (HMGU) partial body counter were systematically studied. For that a detailed model of the germanium detector was implemented in the Monte Carlo codes GEANT4 and MCNPX. To simulate the detector efficiency, various skull voxel phantoms were used. By changing the phantom dimensions and geometry the impact of parameters such as shape and size of the skull, thickness of tissue covering the skull bone, distribution of 241Am across the scull and within the skull bone matrix, on the detector efficiency was studied. Approaches to correct for these parameters were specifically developed for three physical skull phantoms for which Voxel phantoms were available: Case 102 USTUR phantom, Max-06 phantom, BfS phantom. Based on the impact of each parameter, correction factors for an ‘individual-specific’ calibration were calculated and applied to a real 241Am contamination case reported in 2014. It was found that the incorporated 241Am activity measured with the HMGU partial body counter was about twice as large as that estimated when using the BfS skull phantom without applying any correction factor for person-specific parameters. It is concluded that the approach developed in the present study should in the future be applied routinely for skull phantom measurements, because it allows for a considerably improved reconstruction of incorporated 241Am using partial body counters.
AU  - Nogueira, P.*
AU  - Rühm, W.
C1  - 60724
C2  - 49554
TI  - Person-specific calibration of a partial body counter used for individualised Am241 skull measurements.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 40
IS  - 4
PY  - 2020
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - This paper provides a summary of the Education and Training (E&T) activities that have been developed and organised by the European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) in recent years and in the case of Training Courses over the last decade. These E&T actions include short duration Training Courses on well-established topics organised within the activity of EURADOS Working Groups (WGs), or one-day events integrated in the EURADOS Annual Meeting (workshops, winter schools, the intercomparison participants' sessions and the learning network, among others). Moreover, EURADOS has recently established a Young Scientist Grant and a Young Scientist Award. The Grant supports young scientists by encouraging them to perform research projects at other laboratories of the EURADOS network. The Award is given in recognition of excellent work developed within the WGs' work programme. Additionally, EURADOS supports the dissemination of knowledge in radiation dosimetry by promoting and endorsing conferences such as the individual monitoring (IM) series, the neutron and ion dosimetry symposia (NEUDOS) and contributions to E&T sessions at specific events.
AU  - Alves, J.G.*
AU  - Fantuzzi, E.*
AU  - Rühm, W.
AU  - Gilvin, P.*
AU  - Vargas, A.*
AU  - Tanner, R.J.*
AU  - Rabus, H.*
AU  - López Ponte, M.A.*
AU  - Breustedt, B.*
AU  - Harrison, R.M.*
AU  - Stolarczyk, L.*
AU  - Fattibene, P.*
AU  - Woda, C.
AU  - Caresana, M.*
AU  - Knežević, Z.*
AU  - Bottollier-Depois, J.F.*
AU  - Clairand, I.*
AU  - Mayer, S.*
AU  - Miljanić, S.*
AU  - Olko, P.*
AU  - Schuhmacher, H.*
AU  - Stadtmann, H.*
AU  - Vanhavere, F.*
C1  - 56570
C2  - 47139
CY  - Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol Bs1 6be, England
SP  - R37–R50
TI  - EURADOS education and training activities.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 39
IS  - 4
PB  - Iop Publishing Ltd
PY  - 2019
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Studies on children exposed to ionising radiation by computed tomography (CT) indicate an increased risk of leukemia and central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Evidence of the risks associated with diagnostic x-ray examinations, the most frequent examination in pediatric radiology, in which the radiation dose is up to 750 times lower compared to CT examinations, is less clear. This study presents results of the second follow-up for the risk of childhood cancer in a cohort of children (<15 years) with diagnostic x-ray exposure at a large German hospital during 1976-2003 followed for additional 10 years until 2016. With a latency period of 6 months, 92 998 children contributed 794 549 person-years. The median effective dose was 7 μSv. Hundred incident cancer cases were identified: 35 leukemia, 13 lymphomas, 12 CNS tumors, 15 blastomas, 15 sarcomas and 10 other solid tumors, consisting of six germ cells tumors, three thyroid cancers and one adrenocortical carcinoma. For all cancer cases combined the standardised incidence ratio (SIR) was 1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93-1.39), for leukemia 1.15 (95% CI 0.63-1.61), for lymphomas 1.03 (95% CI 0.55-1.76), for CNS tumors 0.65 (95% CI 0.34-1.14), for blastomas 1.77 (95% CI 0.91-2.91), for sarcomas 1.28 (95% CI 0.71-2.11) and for other solid tumors 2.38 (95% CI 1.14-4.38). Dose-response analysis using Poisson regression revealed no significant trend for dose groups. Results did not differ substantially with a latency period of 2 years for all cancer entities and 5 years for solid tumors in sensitivity analyses. Overall, the null results of the first follow-up were confirmed. Although an association between radiation exposure and a risk for certain solid tumors like thyroid cancer is known, the significantly increased SIR in the group of other solid tumors must be critically interpreted in the context of the small number of cases and the very low doses of radiation exposure in this group.
AU  - Baaken, D.P.*
AU  - Hammer, G.P.*
AU  - Seidenbusch, M.
AU  - Schneider, K.*
AU  - Spix, C.*
AU  - Blettner, M.*
AU  - Pokora, R.M.*
AU  - Lorenz, E.*
C1  - 56644
C2  - 47214
CY  - Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol Bs1 6be, England
SP  - 1074–1091 
TI  - Second follow-up of a German cohort on childhood cancer incidence after exposure to postnatal diagnostic x-ray.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 39
IS  - 4
PB  - Iop Publishing Ltd
PY  - 2019
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Scherb, H.
AU  - Mori, K.*
AU  - Hayashi, K.*
C1  - 56167
C2  - 46860
CY  - Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol Bs1 6be, England
SP  - 647-649
TI  - Comment on 'Perinatal mortality after the Fukushima accident'.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 39
IS  - 2
PB  - Iop Publishing Ltd
PY  - 2019
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The debate surrounding possible adverse health effects from the civil use of nuclear power under normal operating conditions has been on-going since its introduction. It was particularly intensified by the detection of three leukaemia clusters near nuclear installations, i.e. near the reprocessing plants in Sellafield and Dounreay, UK, and near the Krümmel nuclear power plant, Germany, the last of which commenced between 1990 and 1991 and was first described in 1992; it continued until 2003, and an elevated risk up to 2005 has been reported in the literature. A number of expert commissions and working groups were set up by the governments of the German federal states of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein to investigate possible causes of the cluster. An overview is given here of the many risk factors that were investigated as a possible explanation of the Krümmel cluster, focussing on radiation, but also including other risk factors. Further, results from related epidemiological and cytogenetic studies are described. In summary, the cause of the occurrence of the Krümmel cluster has to be considered as unknown. Further research on the causes of childhood leukaemia is needed, focussing on epigenetics and on gene-environment interaction. An update of the leukaemia incidence around the Krümmel site shows that the incidence rates are now comparable to the average rate in Germany.
AU  - Grosche, B.*
AU  - Kaatsch, P.*
AU  - Heinzow, B.G.J.*
AU  - Wichmann, H.-E.
C1  - 51899
C2  - 43556
CY  - Bristol
SP  - R43-R58
TI  - The Krümmel (Germany) Childhood Leukaemia Cluster: A review and update.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 37
IS  - 4
PB  - Iop Publishing Ltd
PY  - 2017
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Experiments have been carried out using the deposition-based Direct Thoron Progeny Sensors (DTPS) in a thoron experimental house. The objective was to study the thoron decay product characteristics such as the deposition velocities, spatial variability and dependence on aerosol particle concentrations. Since the deposition velocity is an important characteristic in the calibration of the DTPS, it is very important to study its dependence on aerosol concentration in a controlled environment. At low aerosol concentration (1500 particles/cm(3)) the mean effective deposition velocity was measured to be 0.159 +/- 0.045 m h(-1); at high aerosol concentration (30 000 particles/cm3) it decreased to 0.079 +/- 0.009 m h(-1). The deposition velocity for the attached fraction of the thoron decay products did not change with increasing aerosol concentration, showing measurement results of 0.048 +/- 0.005 m h(-1) and 0.043 +/- 0.014 m h(-1), respectively. At low particle concentration, the effective deposition velocity showed large scattering within the room at different distances from center. The attached fraction deposition velocity remained uniform at different distances from the wall. The measurements in the thoron experimental house can be used as a sensitivity test of the DTPS in an indoor environment with changing aerosol concentration. The uniform spatial distribution of thoron decay products was confirmed within the experimental house. This indicates that direct measurement of thoron decay product concentration should be carried out instead of inferring it from thoron gas concentration, which is very inhomogeneous within the experimental house.
AU  - Mishra, R.*
AU  - Joshi, M.*
AU  - Meisenberg, O.
AU  - Gierl, S.
AU  - Prajith, R.*
AU  - Kanse, S.D.*
AU  - Rout, R.*
AU  - Sapra, B.K.*
AU  - Mayya, Y.S.*
AU  - Tschiersch, J.
C1  - 51124
C2  - 42660
CY  - Bristol
SP  - 379-389
TI  - Deposition and spatial variation of thoron decay products in a thoron experimental house using the Direct Thoron Progeny Sensors.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 37
IS  - 2
PB  - Iop Publishing Ltd
PY  - 2017
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Two people were exposed to and contaminated with (241)Am. In vivo determinations of the incorporated (241)Am were performed using a whole-body counter and two partial-body counters for the skull and lung, respectively. Additionally, urine samples were analysed to estimate the systemic activity removed from the body. To improve the geometry of the skull measurements, an optimised detector configuration was used, a calibration with three physical phantoms of the human head was conducted, and the morphological variability between the individuals was also considered. The results of the measurements indicate that activity is not deposited in the deep tissues, rather in the skin tissues close to the body surface. Unfortunately, the many open questions relating to the actual circumstances during and after the incident make the interpretation of this case difficult if at all possible.
AU  - Giussani, A.*
AU  - Nogueira, P.
AU  - El-Faramawy, N.
AU  - Buchholz, W.*
AU  - Gerstmann, U.C.*
AU  - Hartmann, M.*
AU  - Meisenberg, O.*
AU  - Noßke, D.*
AU  - Rühm, W.
C1  - 48922
C2  - 41496
CY  - Bristol
SP  - 391-404
TI  - A puzzling case of contamination with 241Am.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 36
IS  - 3
PB  - Iop Publishing Ltd
PY  - 2016
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - When converting voxel phantoms to a surface format, the small intestine (SI), which is usually not accurately represented in a voxel phantom due to its complex and irregular shape on one hand and the limited voxel resolutions on the other, cannot be directly converted to a high-quality surface model. Currently, stylized pipe models are used instead, but they are strongly influenced by developer's subjectivity, resulting in unacceptable geometric and dosimetric inconsistencies. In this paper, we propose a new method for the construction of SI models based on the Monte Carlo approach. In the present study, the proposed method was tested by constructing the SI model for the polygon-mesh version of the ICRP reference male phantom currently under development. We believe that the new SI model is anatomically more realistic than the stylized SI models. Furthermore, our simulation results show that the new SI model, for both external and internal photon exposures, leads to dose values that are more similar to those of the original ICRP male voxel phantom than does the previously constructed stylized SI model.
AU  - Yeom, Y.S.*
AU  - Kim, H.S.*
AU  - Nguyen, T.T.*
AU  - Choi, C.*
AU  - Han, M.C.*
AU  - Kim, C.H.*
AU  - Lee, J.K.*
AU  - Zankl, M.
AU  - Petoussi-Henß, N.
AU  - Bolch, W.E.*
AU  - Lee, C.*
AU  - Chung, B.S.*
C1  - 48747
C2  - 41312
CY  - Bristol
SP  - 230-245
TI  - New small-intestine modeling method for surface-based computational human phantoms.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 36
IS  - 2
PB  - Iop Publishing Ltd
PY  - 2016
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - MELODI is the European platform dedicated to low-dose radiation risk research. From 7 October through 10 October 2013 the Fifth MELODI Workshop took place in Brussels, Belgium. The workshop offered the opportunity to 221 unique participants originating from 22 countries worldwide to update their knowledge and discuss radiation research issues through 118 oral and 44 poster presentations. In addition, the MELODI 2013 workshop was reaching out to the broader radiation protection community, rather than only the low-dose community, with contributions from the fields of radioecology, emergency and recovery preparedness, and dosimetry. In this review, we summarise the major scientific conclusions of the workshop, which are important to keep the MELODI strategic research agenda up-to-date and which will serve to establish a joint radiation protection research roadmap for the future.
AU  - Aerts, A.M.*
AU  - Impens, N.R.E.N.*
AU  - Baatout, S.*
AU  - Benotmane, M.A.*
AU  - Camps, J.*
AU  - Dabin, J.M.*
AU  - Derradji, H.*
AU  - Grosche, B.*
AU  - Horemans, N.*
AU  - Jourdain, J.R.*
AU  - Moreels, M.*
AU  - Perko, T.*
AU  - Quintens, R.*
AU  - Repussard, J.*
AU  - Rühm, W.
AU  - Schneider, T.*
AU  - Struelens, L.*
AU  - Hardeman, F.*
C1  - 42992
C2  - 35937
SP  - 931-956
TI  - Joint research towards a better radiation protection : Highlights of the fifth MELODI workshop.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 34
IS  - 4
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Salomaa, S.*
AU  - Prise, K.M.*
AU  - Atkinson, M.J.
AU  - Wojcik, A.*
AU  - Auvinen, A.*
AU  - Grosche, B.*
AU  - Sabatier, L.*
AU  - Jourdain, J.R.*
AU  - Salminen, E.*
AU  - Baatout, S.*
AU  - Kulka, U.*
AU  - Rabus, H.*
AU  - Blanchardon, E.*
AU  - Averbeck, D.*
AU  - Weiss, W.*
C1  - 31703
C2  - 34664
CY  - Bristol
SP  - 253-272
TI  - Reply to 'State of the art in research into the risk of low dose radiation exposure'.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 34
IS  - 1
PB  - Iop Publishing Ltd
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The fourth workshop of the Multidisciplinary European Low Dose Initiative (MELODI) was organised by STUK-Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority of Finland. It took place from 12 to 14 September 2012 in Helsinki, Finland. The meeting was attended by 179 scientists and professionals engaged in radiation research and radiation protection. We summarise the major scientific findings of the workshop and the recommendations for updating the MELODI Strategic Research Agenda and Road Map for future low dose research activities.
AU  - Salomaa, S.*
AU  - Prise, K.M.*
AU  - Atkinson, M.J.
AU  - Wojcik, A.*
AU  - Auvinen, A.*
AU  - Grosche, B.*
AU  - Sabatier, L.*
AU  - Jourdain, J.R.*
AU  - Salminen, E.*
AU  - Baatout, S.*
AU  - Kulka, U.*
AU  - Rabus, H.*
AU  - Blanchardon, E.*
AU  - Averbeck, D.*
AU  - Weiss, W.*
C1  - 27526
C2  - 32716
SP  - 589-603
TI  - State of the art in research into the risk of low dose radiation exposure - findings of the fourth MELODI workshop.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 33
IS  - 3
PB  - Iop Publishing
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of different shielding materials in protective clothing using dicentric frequency in human peripheral lymphocytes as a marker of radiation-induced damage. Blood samples from a healthy donor were exposed to 70 kV x-rays behind shielding materials lead (Pb), tin/antimony (Sn + Sb) and bismuth barrier/tin/tungsten (Bi + Sn + W) with the same nominal lead equivalent value of 0.35 mm lead. Irradiation was performed either in contact (exposure position A, containing secondary radiation) or at a distance of 19 cm behind the shielding materials (exposure position B, containing only the unaffected transmitted photons). Using shielding material Sn + Sb, a significantly higher dicentric yield was determined at exposure position A relative to position B, whereas no significant differences were found between the exposure positions using shielding materials Pb or Bi + Sn + W. For doses up to 434.4 mGy at exposure position A, the slopes of the linear dose-response curves for dicentrics obtained behind shielding materials Pb and Bi + Sn + W were not significantly different, whereas a significantly higher slope was determined behind Sn + Sb relative to Pb and Bi + Sn + W. Using moderately filtered 220 kV x-rays as a reference, maximum RBE values at low doses (RBE(M)) of 1.22 ± 0.10, 2.28 ± 0.19 and 1.03 ± 0.12 were estimated immediately behind shielding materials Pb, Sn + Sb and Bi + Sn + W, respectively. These findings indicate a significantly higher RBE(M) of 70 kV x-rays behind shielding material Sn + Sb with respect to Pb or Bi + Sn + W. Using previous dicentric data obtained for exposure of blood from the same donor to x-rays at energies lower than 70 kV, it can be assumed that the increased RBE(M) of the broad spectrum of 70 kV x-rays (mean energy of 44.1 keV) may be attributed predominately to secondary (mainly fluorescence) radiation generated in the shielding material Sn + Sb that is able to leave the shielding material. Even if it is uncertain whether the marked dependency of the RBE at low doses on photon energy for chromosome aberrations is also representative for late radiation effects in healthy subjects, it should be taken into account that several prospective cohort studies have shown positive associations between higher chromosome aberrations in lymphocytes of healthy subjects and increased cancer incidence. Thus, it can be concluded that any additional biological damage by radiation exposure of healthy subjects, e.g. by using certain non-lead based shielding materials of protective clothing, should be avoided.
AU  - Schmid, E.*
AU  - Panzer, W.
AU  - Schlattl, H.
AU  - Eder, H.*
C1  - 8378
C2  - 30088
SP  - N129-N139
TI  - Emission of fluorescent x-radiation from non-lead based shielding materials of protective clothing: A radiobiological problem?
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 32
IS  - 3
PB  - IOP Publishing Ltd.
PY  - 2012
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The increased indoor thoron level in Europe, North America and Asia has shown that the exposure to thoron and its decay products cannot be ignored in some environments. The contribution of thoron and its progeny can be a significant component of the total exposure from radon and thoron. In the present paper, radiation dose assessment of members of the public of different age and sex exposed to 220Rn progeny under different daily life activities is performed through a dosimetric approach. Dose conversion coefficients under typical indoor conditions were estimated to be in the range of 107 nSv (Bq h m−3)−1 for infant to 81.7 nSv (Bq h m−3)−1 for adult. The results of this work emphasized that small children receive a radiation dose of 25% more than adults under the same conditions, and people performing exercise receive a radiation dose 100% more than when sleeping. The results of this work are appropriate to the risk assessment of thoron exposure to members of the public who live in areas with high radon and thoron concentrations.
AU  - Bi, L.
AU  - Li, W.B.
AU  - Tschiersch, J.
AU  - Li, J.L.*
C1  - 3974
C2  - 27820
SP  - 639-658
TI  - Age and sex dependent inhalation doses to members of the public from indoor thoron progeny.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 30
IS  - 4
PB  - IOP Publishing Ltd.
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - 26 April 2006 marks the 20th anniversary of the Chernobyl accident. On this occasion, the World Health Organization (WHO), within the UN Chernobyl Forum initiative, convened an Expert Group to evaluate the health impacts of Chernobyl. This paper summarises the findings relating to cancer. A dramatic increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer has been observed among those exposed to radioactive iodines in childhood and adolescence in the most contaminated territories. Iodine deficiency may have increased the risk of developing thyroid cancer following exposure to radioactive iodines, while prolonged stable iodine supplementation in the years after exposure may reduce this risk. Although increases in rates of other cancers have been reported, much of these increases appear to be due to other factors, including improvements in registration, reporting and diagnosis. Studies are few, however, and have methodological limitations. Further, because most radiation-related solid cancers continue to occur decades after exposure and because only 20 years have passed since the accident, it is too early to evaluate the full radiological impact of the accident. Apart from the large increase in thyroid cancer incidence in young people, there are at present no clearly demonstrated radiation-related increases in cancer risk. This should not, however, be interpreted to mean that no increase has in fact occurred: based on the experience of other populations exposed to ionising radiation, a small increase in the relative risk of cancer is expected, even at the low to moderate doses received. Although it is expected that epidemiological studies will have difficulty identifying such a risk, it may nevertheless translate into a substantial number of radiation-related cancer cases in the future, given the very large number of individuals exposed. © 2006 IOP Publishing Ltd.
AU  - Cardis, E.*
AU  - Howe, G.*
AU  - Bebeshko, V.*
AU  - Bogdanova, T.*
AU  - Bouville, A.*
AU  - Carr, Z.*
AU  - Chumak, V.*
AU  - Davis, S.*
AU  - Demidchik, Y.*
AU  - Drozdovitch, V.*
AU  - Gentner, N.*
AU  - Gudzenko, N.*
AU  - Hatch, M.*
AU  - Ivanov, V.*
AU  - Jacob, P.
AU  - Kapitonova, E.*
AU  - Kenigsberg, Y.*
AU  - Kesminiene, A.*
AU  - Kopecky, K.J.*
AU  - Kryuchkov, V.*
AU  - Loos, A.*
AU  - Pinchera, A.*
AU  - Reiners, C.*
AU  - Repachol, M.*
AU  - Shibata, Y.*
AU  - Shore, R.E.*
AU  - Thomas, G.*
AU  - Tirmarche, M.*
AU  - Yamashita, S.*
AU  - Zvonova, I.*
C1  - 2856
C2  - 23579
SP  - 127-140
TI  - Cancer consequences of the Chernobyl accident: 20 years on.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 26
IS  - 2
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The BIOMOSA (BIOsphere MOdels for Safety Assessment of radioactive waste disposal) project was part of the EC fifth framework research programme. The main goal of this project was to improve the scientific basis for the application of biosphere models in the framework of long-term safety studies of radioactive waste disposal facilities and to enhance the confidence in using biosphere models for performance assessments. The study focused on the development and application of a generic biosphere tool BIOGEM (BIOsphere GEneric Model) using the IAEA BIOMASS reference biosphere methodology, and the comparison between BIOGEM and five site-specific biosphere models. The site-specific models and the generic model were applied to five typical locations in Europe, resulting in estimates of the annual effective individual doses to the critical groups and the ranking of the importance of the exposure pathways for each of the sites. Uncertainty in the results was also estimated by means of stochastic calculations based on variation of the site-specific parameter values. This paper describes the generic model and the deterministic and stochastic results obtained when it was applied to the five sites. Details of the site-specific models and the corresponding results are described in two companion papers. This paper also presents a comparison of the results between the generic model and site-specific models. In general, there was an acceptable agreement of the BIOGEM for both the deterministic and stochastic results with the results from the site-specific models. © 2006 IOP Publishing Ltd.
AU  - Chen, Q.*
AU  - Kowe, R.*
AU  - Mobbs, S.F.*
AU  - Pröhl, G.
AU  - Olyslaegers, G.*
AU  - Zeevaert, T.*
AU  - Kanyar, B.*
AU  - Pinedo, P.*
AU  - Simon, I.*
AU  - Bergström, U.*
AU  - Hallberg, B.*
AU  - Jones, J.A.*
AU  - Oatway, W.B.*
AU  - Watson, S.J.*
C1  - 5117
C2  - 24008
SP  - 161-187
TI  - Application of a generic biosphere model for dose assessment to five European sites.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 26
IS  - 2
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Jacob, P.
AU  - Bogdanova, T.I.*
AU  - Buglova, E.*
AU  - Chepurniy, M.*
AU  - Demidchik, Y.*
AU  - Gavrilin, Y.*
AU  - Kenigsberg, J.*
AU  - Kruk, J.*
AU  - Schotola, C.
AU  - Shinkarev, S.*
AU  - Tronko, M.D.*
C1  - 2047
C2  - 23577
SP  - 51-67
TI  - Thyroid cancer among Ukrainians and Belarusians who were children or adolescents at the time of the Chernobyl accident.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 26
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - In the framework of the BioMoSA project for the development of biosphere assessment models for radioactive waste disposal the Reference Biosphere Methodology developed in the IAEA programme BIOMASS was applied to five locations, situated in different European countries. Specific biosphere models were applied to assess the hypothetical contamination of a range of agricultural and environmental pathways and the dose to individuals, following contamination of well water. The results of these site-specific models developed by the different BioMoSA partners, and the individual normalised dose to the exposure groups were compared against each other. Ingestion of drinking water, fruit and vegetables were found to be among the most important pathways for almost all radionuclides. Stochastic calculations revealed that consumption habits, transfer factors, irrigation rates and distribution coefficients (Kd s) were the most important parameters that influence the end results. Variations in the confidence intervals were found to be higher for sorbing elements (e.g. 36Cl, 237Np, 99Tc, 238U, 129I) than for mobile elements (e.g. 226Ra, 79Se, 135Cs, 231Pa, 239Pu). The influence of daughter products, for which the distribution into the biosphere was calculated individually, was also shown to be important. This paper gives a brief overview of the deterministic and stochastic modelling results and the parameter sensitivity. A screening methodology was introduced to identify the most important pathways, simplify a generic biosphere tool and refine the existing models. © 2005 IOP Publishing Ltd.
AU  - Olyslaegers, G.*
AU  - Zeevaert, T.*
AU  - Pinedo, P.*
AU  - Simon, I.*
AU  - Pröhl, G.
AU  - Kowe, R.*
AU  - Chen, Q.*
AU  - Mobbs, S.*
AU  - Bergström, U.*
AU  - Hallberg, B.*
AU  - Katona, T.*
C1  - 127
C2  - 23179
SP  - 375-391
TI  - A comparative radiological assessment of five European biosphere systems in the context of potential contamination of well water from the hypothetical disposal of radioactive waste.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 25
IS  - 4
PY  - 2005
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Pröhl, G.
AU  - Olyslaegers, G.*
AU  - Kanyar, B.*
AU  - Pinedo, P.*
AU  - Bergström, U.*
AU  - Mobbs, S.*
C1  - 4605
C2  - 23180
SP  - 343-373
TI  - Development and comparison of five site-specific biosphere models for safety assessment of radioactive waste disposal.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 25
PY  - 2005
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - El-Faramawy, N.A.
AU  - Göksu, H.Y.
AU  - Panzer, W.
C1  - 1734
C2  - 22023
SP  - 273-282
TI  - Thermoluminescence dosimetric properties of a new thin beta detector (Lif:Mg, Cu, P; GR-200F) in comparison with highly sensitive Al2O3:C beta dosimeters.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 24
PY  - 2004
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Gómez-Ros, J.M.*
AU  - Pröhl, G.
AU  - Taranenko, V.*
C1  - 3451
C2  - 22305
SP  - 79-88
TI  - Estimation of internal and external exposures of terrestrial reference organisms to natural radionuclides in the environment.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 24
PY  - 2004
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Heidenreich, W.F.
AU  - Bogdanova, T.I.*
AU  - Biryokov, A.G.*
AU  - Tronko, N.D.*
C1  - 3430
C2  - 21991
SP  - 283-293
TI  - Time trends of thyroid cancer incidence in Ukraine after the Chernobyl accident.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 24
PY  - 2004
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Taranenko, V.
AU  - Pröhl, G.
AU  - Gómez-Ros, J.M.*
C1  - 3452
C2  - 22306
SP  - 35-62
TI  - Absorbed dose rate conversion coefficients for reference terrestrial biota for external photon and internal exposures.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 24
PY  - 2004
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The two-stage clonal expansion model allows us in principle to separate the initiating and promoting action of radiation. Features of the relative risk functions which indicate the action of promotion most clearly are identified for acute and for protracted exposures. They are compared with data: for acute exposure, some results of a preliminary analysis of the atomic-bomb survivor data are given; for protracted exposure, patterns in the fatal lung tumours of radon-exposed rats are discussed.
AU  - Heidenreich, W.F.
C1  - 10033
C2  - 20307
SP  - 71-74
TI  - Signals for a promoting action of radiation in cancer incidence data.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 222
PB  - IOP Publ.
PY  - 2002
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Increased radioresistance for exposures to low-LET radiation with doses exceeding a few hundred milligray is a well established fact for cell inactivation in vitro and in vivo. Cell inactivation and the subsequent replacement by intermediate cells is a possible mechanism for a radiation-induced increase of the number of intermediate cells in carcinogenesis in an irradiated organ. In the present work this mechanism has been implemented in the two-step clonal expansion model for carcinogenesis in the lung in addition to the conventionally assumed radiation-induced initiation. Compared with the original TSCE model, the new model has the same number of parameters and fits the lung cancer incidence data for the atomic bomb survivors slightly better. The resulting estimate of the lung cancer risk after low-dose exposures of persons with an age of 20 or 40 years is similar in the two models; however, it is higher by about an order of magnitude in the new model for an age-at-exposure of 60 years. Age-at-exposure dependence and risk estimates at low dose turn out to be closer to best estimates obtained with a constant-excess-relative-risk
AU  - Jacob, P.
AU  - Prokic, V.
C1  - 10035
C2  - 20433
SP  - 51-55
TI  - Increased radioresistance, modelling of carcinogenesis and low-dose risk estimation.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 22
PB  - IOP Publ
PY  - 2002
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The two-stage clonal expansion model of cancer induction is tested on recorded and simulated cohort data of radon-exposed rats. Unfortunately, different versions of the model, for which radiation acts on different biological processes, can provide a good description of the data. This is the case for an initiation-transformation and an initiation-promotion model when they are applied to lung tumour data of radon-exposed rats and all malignant tumours are assumed to be incidental. However, if one were able to use information on fatal tumours as well, the two models could be separated by their deviances.
AU  - Kaiser, J.C.
AU  - Heidenreich, W.F.
C1  - 10034
C2  - 20313
SP  - 57-60
TI  - Identifying dose dependences of the two-stage clonal expansion model with simulated cohorts.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 22
PB  - IOP Publ.
PY  - 2002
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Kellerer, A.M.
C1  - 10036
C2  - 20577
SP  - 1-10
TI  - Radiation risk-historical perspective and current issues.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 22
PY  - 2002
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Rosemann, M.
AU  - Kuosaite, V.
AU  - Nathrath, M.
AU  - Atkinson, M.J.
C1  - 21947
C2  - 20462
SP  - 113-116
TI  - The genetics of radiation-induced and sporadic osteosarcoma : A unifying theory ?.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 22
PY  - 2002
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Veronese, I.*
AU  - Giussani, A.*
AU  - Cantone, M.C.*
AU  - de Bartolo, D.*
AU  - Roth, P.
AU  - Werner, E.
C1  - 21908
C2  - 20193
SP  - 31-38
TI  - Kinetics of systemic ruthenium in human blood using a stable tracer.
JO  - J. Radiol. Prot.
VL  - 21
PY  - 2001
SN  - 0952-4746
ER  -