TY - JOUR AB - The probability that an observed cancer was caused by radiation exposure is usually estimated using cancer rates and risk models from radioepidemiological cohorts and is called assigned share (AS). This definition implicitly assumes that an ongoing carcinogenic process is unaffected by the studied radiation exposure. However, there is strong evidence that radiation can also accelerate an existing clonal development towards cancer. In this work, we define different association measures that an observed cancer was newly induced, accelerated, or retarded. The measures were quantified exemplarily by Monte Carlo simulations that track the development of individual cells. Three biologically based two-stage clonal expansion (TSCE) models were applied. In the first model, radiation initiates cancer development, while in the other two, radiation has a promoting effect, i.e. radiation accelerates the clonal expansion of pre-cancerous cells. The parameters of the TSCE models were derived from breast cancer data from the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. For exposure at age 30, all three models resulted in similar estimates of AS at age 60. For the initiation model, estimates of association were nearly identical to AS. However, for the promotion models, the cancerous clonal development was frequently accelerated towards younger ages, resulting in associations substantially higher than AS. This work shows that the association between a given cancer and exposure in an affected person depends on the underlying biological mechanism and can be substantially larger than the AS derived from classic radioepidemiology. AU - Eidemüller, M. AU - Becker, J. AU - Kaiser, J.C. AU - Ulanowski, A. AU - Apostoaei, A.I.* AU - Hoffman, F.O.* C1 - 67209 C2 - 54220 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 1-15 TI - Concepts of association between cancer and ionising radiation: Accounting for specific biological mechanisms. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 62 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2023 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - A major challenge in modelling the decorporation of actinides (An), such as americium (Am), with DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) is the fact that standard biokinetic models become inadequate for assessing radionuclide intake and estimating the resulting dose, as DTPA perturbs the regular biokinetics of the radionuclide. At present, most attempts existing in the literature are empirical and developed mainly for the interpretation of one or a limited number of specific incorporation cases. Recently, several approaches have been presented with the aim of developing a generic model, one of which reported the unperturbed biokinetics of plutonium (Pu), the chelation process and the behaviour of the chelated compound An-DTPA with a single model structure. The aim of the approach described in this present work is the development of a generic model that is able to describe the biokinetics of Am, DTPA and the chelate Am-DTPA simultaneously. Since accidental intakes in humans present many unknowns and large uncertainties, data from controlled studies in animals were used. In these studies, different amounts of DTPA were administered at different times after contamination with known quantities of Am. To account for the enhancement of faecal excretion and reduction in liver retention, DTPA is assumed to chelate Am not only in extracellular fluids, but also in hepatocytes. A good agreement was found between the predictions of the proposed model and the experimental results for urinary and faecal excretion and accumulation and retention in the liver. However, the decorporation from the skeletal compartment could not be reproduced satisfactorily under these simple assumptions. AU - Kastl, M. AU - Gremy, O.* AU - Lamart, S.* AU - Giussani, A.* AU - Li, W.B. AU - Hoeschen, C.* C1 - 68659 C2 - 54864 SP - 483-495 TI - Modelling DTPA therapy following Am contamination in rats. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 62 IS - 4 PY - 2023 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Space radiation exposure from omnipresent Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) in interplanetary space poses a serious carcinogenic risk to astronauts due to the-limited or absent-protective effect of the Earth's magnetosphere and, in particular, the terrestrial atmosphere. The radiation risk is directly influenced by the quality of the radiation, i.e., its pattern of energy deposition at the micron/DNA scale. For stochastic biological effects, radiation quality is described by the quality factor, [Formula: see text], which can be defined as a function of Linear Energy Transfer (LET) or the microdosimetric lineal energy ([Formula: see text]). In the present work, the average [Formula: see text] of GCR for different mission scenarios was calculated using a modified version of the microdosimetric Theory of Dual Radiation Action (TDRA). NASA's OLTARIS platform was utilized to generate the radiation environment behind different aluminum shielding (0-30 g/cm2) for a typical mission scenario in low-earth orbit (LEO) and in deep space. The microdosimetric lineal energy spectra of ions ([Formula: see text]) in 1 μm liquid water spheres were calculated by a generalized analytical model which considers energy-loss fluctuations and δ-ray transport inside the irradiated medium. The present TDRA-based [Formula: see text]-values for the LEO and deep space missions were found to differ by up to 10% and 14% from the corresponding ICRP-based [Formula: see text]-values and up to 3% and 6% from NASA's [Formula: see text]-model. In addition, they were found to be in good agreement with the [Formula: see text]-values measured in the International Space Station (ISS) and by the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) which represent, respectively, a LEO and deep space orbit. AU - Papadopoulos, A.* AU - Kyriakou, I.* AU - Incerti, S.* AU - Santin, G.* AU - Nieminen, P.* AU - Daglis, I.A.* AU - Li, W.B. AU - Emfietzoglou, D.* C1 - 67603 C2 - 53910 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 221-234 TI - Space radiation quality factor for Galactic Cosmic Rays and typical space mission scenarios using a microdosimetric approach. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 62 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2023 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Ionising radiation has been used for over a century for peaceful purposes, revolutionising health care and promoting well-being through its application in industry, science, and medicine. For almost as long, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has promoted understanding of health and environmental risks of ionising radiation and developed a protection system that enables the safe use of ionising radiation in justified and beneficial practices, providing protection from all sources of radiation. However, we are concerned that a shortage of investment in training, education, research, and infrastructure seen in many sectors and countries may compromise society's ability to properly manage radiation risks, leading to unjustified exposure to or unwarranted fear of radiation, impacting the physical, mental, and social well-being of our peoples. This could unduly limit the potential for research and development in new radiation technologies (healthcare, energy, and the environment) for beneficial purposes. ICRP therefore calls for action to strengthen expertise in radiological protection worldwide through: (1) National governments and funding agencies strengthening resources for radiological protection research allocated by governments and international organisations, (2) National research laboratories and other institutions launching and sustaining long-term research programmes, (3) Universities developing undergraduate and graduate university programmes and making students aware of job opportunities in radiation-related fields, (4) Using plain language when interacting with the public and decision makers about radiological protection, and (5) Fostering general awareness of proper uses of radiation and radiological protection through education and training of information multipliers. The draft call was discussed with international organisations in formal relations with ICRP in October 2022 at the European Radiation Protection Week in Estoril, Portugal, and the final call announced at the 6th International Symposium on the System of Radiological Protection of ICRP in November 2022 in Vancouver, Canada. AU - Rühm, W. AU - Cho, K.* AU - Larsson, C.M.* AU - Wojcik, A.* AU - Clément, C.* AU - Applegate, K.* AU - Bochud, F.* AU - Bouffler, S.* AU - Cool, D.* AU - Hirth, G.* AU - Kai, M.* AU - Laurier, D.* AU - Liu, S.* AU - Romanov, S.* AU - Schneider, T.* C1 - 67666 C2 - 53973 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 175-180 TI - Vancouver call for action to strengthen expertise in radiological protection worldwide. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 62 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2023 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The outcome of the exposure of living organisms to ionizing radiation is determined by the distribution of the associated energy deposition at different spatial scales. Radiation proceeds through ionizations and excitations of hit molecules with an ~ nm spacing. Approaches such as nanodosimetry/microdosimetry and Monte Carlo track-structure simulations have been successfully adopted to investigate radiation quality effects: they allow to explore correlations between the spatial clustering of such energy depositions at the scales of DNA or chromosome domains and their biological consequences at the cellular level. Physical features alone, however, are not enough to assess the entity and complexity of radiation-induced DNA damage: this latter is the result of an interplay between radiation track structure and the spatial architecture of chromatin, and further depends on the chromatin dynamic response, affecting the activation and efficiency of the repair machinery. The heterogeneity of radiation energy depositions at the single-cell level affects the trade-off between cell inactivation and induction of viable mutations and hence influences radiation-induced carcinogenesis. In radiation therapy, where the goal is cancer cell inactivation, the delivery of a homogenous dose to the tumour has been the traditional approach in clinical practice. However, evidence is accumulating that introducing heterogeneity with spatially fractionated beams (mini- and microbeam therapy) can lead to significant advantages, particularly in sparing normal tissues. Such findings cannot be explained in merely physical terms, and their interpretation requires considering the scales at play in the underlying biological mechanisms, suggesting a systemic response to radiation. AU - Baiocco, G.* AU - Bartzsch, S. AU - Conte, V.* AU - Friedrich, T.* AU - Jakob, B.* AU - Tartas, A.* AU - Villagrasa, C.* AU - Prise, K.M.* C1 - 66444 C2 - 52948 SP - 545-559 TI - A matter of space: How the spatial heterogeneity in energy deposition determines the biological outcome of radiation exposure. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 61 IS - 4 PY - 2022 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Chen, J.* AU - Friedl, A.A.* AU - Nekolla, E.A.* AU - Rühm, W. AU - Walsh, L.* AU - Wojcik, A.* AU - Zitzelsberger, H. C1 - 66484 C2 - 53189 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 661-665 TI - Obituary: Prof. Dr. Albrecht M. Kellerer (1935-2022). JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 61 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2022 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The cohorts of people formerly living at the Techa River shoreline in the Southern Urals, Russia, are widely studied cohorts for the investigation of low-dose radiation effects to human health. The nuclear facilities of the Mayak Production Association (PA) discharged their radioactive effluents into the nearby Techa River, especially in the first years of operation. Health status of cohort member data is constantly being improved and updated. Consequently, there is a need to also improve and verify the underlying dosimetry, which gives information about the dose of cohort members. For the Techa River population, the dosimetry is handled in the Techa River Dosimetry System (TRDS). The present work shows results of a feasibility study to validate the TRDS at the location of the village of Metlino, a village just 7 km downstream from the Mayak PA. For this settlement there were two sources of external exposure, the contaminated banks of the Techa River and the contaminated shoreline of the nearby Metlinsky Pond. In the present study the north-western wall of a granary was used as a dose archive to validate dose estimates. Measurements of doses in brick accumulated over many decades and measurements of the current dose rate in bricks were combined with dose rate measurements in air above ground in front of the granary, historical contamination data and Monte-Carlo simulations. Air kerma estimates for 1949-1956 significantly different from zero could not be reconstructed for the Metlinsky Pond shoreline near the granary, but an upper dose limit could be estimated. Implications for TRDS-2016 are discussed. AU - Hiller, M.* AU - Woda, C. AU - Degteva, M.* AU - Bugrov, N.* AU - Shishkina, E.* AU - Pryakhin, E.* AU - Ivanov, O.* C1 - 63633 C2 - 51637 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 87–109 TI - External dose reconstruction at the shore of the Metlinsky Pond in the former village of Metlino (Techa River, Russia) based on environmental surveys, luminescence measurements and radiation transport modelling. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 61 PB - Springer PY - 2022 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Heterogeneity of dose distribution has been shown at different spatial scales in diagnostic nuclear medicine. In cancer treatment using new radiopharmaceuticals with alpha-particle emitters, it has shown an extensive degree of dose heterogeneity affecting both tumour control and toxicity of organs at risk. This review aims to provide an overview of generalized internal dosimetry in nuclear medicine and highlight the need of consideration of the dose heterogeneity within organs at risk. The current methods used for patient dosimetry in radiopharmaceutical therapy are summarized. Bio-distribution and dose heterogeneities of alpha-particle emitting pharmaceutical 223Ra (Xofigo) within bone tissues are presented as an example. In line with the strategical research agendas of the Multidisciplinary European Low Dose Initiative (MELODI) and the European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS), future research direction of pharmacokinetic modelling and dosimetry in patient radiopharmaceutical therapy are recommended. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Bouvier-Capely, C.* AU - Saldarriaga Vargas, C.* AU - Andersson, M.* AU - Madas, B.* C1 - 66494 C2 - 53194 SP - 579-596 TI - Heterogeneity of dose distribution in normal tissues in case of radiopharmaceutical therapy with alpha-emitting radionuclides. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 61 IS - 4 PY - 2022 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Despite decades of research to understand the biological effects of ionising radiation, there is still much uncertainty over the role of dose rate. Motivated by a virtual workshop on the "Effects of spatial and temporal variation in dose delivery" organised in November 2020 by the Multidisciplinary Low Dose Initiative (MELODI), here, we review studies to date exploring dose rate effects, highlighting significant findings, recent advances and to provide perspective and recommendations for requirements and direction of future work. A comprehensive range of studies is considered, including molecular, cellular, animal, and human studies, with a focus on low linear-energy-transfer radiation exposure. Limits and advantages of each type of study are discussed, and a focus is made on future research needs. AU - Lowe, D.* AU - Roy, L.* AU - Tabocchini, M.A.* AU - Rühm, W. AU - Wakeford, R.* AU - Woloschak, G.E.* AU - Laurier, D.* C1 - 66491 C2 - 53193 SP - 507-543 TI - Radiation dose rate effects: What is new and what is needed? JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 61 IS - 4 PY - 2022 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Partial body exposure and inhomogeneous dose delivery are features of the majority of medical and occupational exposure situations. However, mounting evidence indicates that the effects of partial body exposure are not limited to the irradiated area but also have systemic effects that are propagated outside the irradiated field. It was the aim of the "Partial body exposure" session within the MELODI workshop 2020 to discuss recent developments and insights into this field by covering clinical, epidemiological, dosimetric as well as mechanistic aspects. Especially the impact of out-of-field effects on dysfunctions of immune cells, cardiovascular diseases and effects on the brain were debated. The presentations at the workshop acknowledged the relevance of out-of-field effects as components of the cellular and organismal radiation response. Furthermore, their importance for the understanding of radiation-induced pathologies, for the discovery of early disease biomarkers and for the identification of high-risk organs after inhomogeneous exposure was emphasized. With the rapid advancement of clinical treatment modalities, including new dose rates and distributions a better understanding of individual health risk is urgently needed. To achieve this, a deeper mechanistic understanding of out-of-field effects in close connection to improved modelling was suggested as priorities for future research. This will support the amelioration of risk models and the personalization of risk assessments for cancer and non-cancer effects after partial body irradiation. AU - Pazzaglia, S.* AU - Eidemüller, M. AU - Lumniczky, K.* AU - Mancuso, M.* AU - Ramadan, R.* AU - Stolarczyk, L.* AU - Moertl, S.* C1 - 65989 C2 - 53012 SP - 485-504 TI - Out-of-field effects: Lessons learned from partial body exposure. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 61 IS - 4 PY - 2022 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Pazzaglia, S.* AU - Eidemüller, M. AU - Lumniczky, K.* AU - Mancuso, M.* AU - Ramadan, R.* AU - Stolarczyk, L.* AU - Moertl, S.* C1 - 66486 C2 - 53013 TI - Correction to: Out‑of‑field effects: Lessons learned from partial body exposure. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 61 PY - 2022 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rühm, W. AU - Friedl, A.A.* AU - Wojcik, A.* C1 - 64776 C2 - 52449 SP - 177-178 TI - A turning point in history: Thinking about the unthinkable. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 61 IS - 2 PY - 2022 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wojcik, A. AU - Friedl, A.A. AU - Rühm, W. C1 - 65701 C2 - 52460 SP - 339–340 TI - War in Ukraine: Handling of manuscripts from the Russian federation by radiation and environmental biophysics. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 61 PY - 2022 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - This document presents the ICRP's updated vision on "Areas of Research to Support the System of Radiological Protection", which have been previously published in 2017. It aims to complement the research priorities promoted by other relevant international organisations, with the specificity of placing them in the perspective of the evolution of the System of Radiological Protection. This document contributes to the process launched by ICRP to review and revise the System of Radiological Protection that will update the 2007 General Recommendations in ICRP Publication 103. AU - Laurier, D.* AU - Rühm, W. AU - Paquet, F.* AU - Applegate, K.E.* AU - Cool, D.* AU - Clément, C.* C1 - 63366 C2 - 51297 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 519-530 TI - Areas of research to support the system of radiological protection. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 60 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2021 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - This article presents nuclide-specific organ dose rate coefficients for environmental external exposures due to soil contamination assumed as a planar source at a depth of 0.5 g cm−2 in the soil and submersion to contaminated air, for a pregnant female and its fetus at the 24th week of gestation. Furthermore, air kerma free-in-air coefficient rates are listed. The coefficients relate the organ equivalent dose rates (Sv s−1) to the activity concentration of environmental sources, in Bq m−2 or Bq m−3, allowing to time-integrate over a particular exposure period. The environmental radiation fields were simulated with the Monte Carlo radiation transport codes PHITS and YURI. Monoenergetic organ dose rate coefficients were calculated employing the Monte Carlo code EGSnrc simulating the photon transport in the voxel phantom of a pregnant female and fetus. Photons of initial energies of 0.015–10 MeV were considered including bremsstrahlung. By folding the monoenergetic dose coefficients with the nuclide decay data, nuclide-specific organ doses were obtained. The results of this work can be employed for estimating the doses from external exposures to pregnant women and their fetus, until more precise data are available which include coefficients obtained for phantoms at different stages of pregnancy. AU - Petoussi-Henß, N. AU - Satoh, D.* AU - Schlattl, H. AU - Zankl, M. AU - Spielmann, V. C1 - 61399 C2 - 49818 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 93–113 TI - Organ doses of the fetus from external environmental exposures. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 60 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2021 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rühm, W. AU - Cool, D.* AU - Clément, C.* C1 - 63345 C2 - 51284 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 507-510 TI - Radiological protection revisited—the story continues. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 60 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2021 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Reliable data on the effects of chronic prenatal exposure to low dose (LD) of ionizing radiation in humans are missing. There are concerns about adverse long-term effects that may persist throughout postnatal life of the offspring. Due to their slow cell cycle kinetics and life-long residence time in the organism, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are more susceptible to low level genotoxic stress caused by extrinsic multiple LD events. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic, prenatal LD gamma irradiation to the biology of MSCs later in life. C3H mice were exposed in utero to chronic prenatal irradiation of 10 mGy/day over a period of 3 weeks. Two years later, MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow and analyzed in vitro for their radiosensitivity, for cellular senescence and for DNA double-strand break recognition after a second acute gamma-irradiation. In addition to these cellular assays, changes in protein expression were measured using HPLC-MS/MS and dysregulated molecular signaling pathways identified using bioinformatics. We observed radiation-induced proteomic changes in MSCs from the offspring of in utero irradiated mice (leading to ~ 9.4% of all detected proteins being either up- or downregulated) as compared to non-irradiated controls. The proteomic changes map to regulation pathways involved in the extracellular matrix, the response to oxidative stress, and the Wnt signaling pathway. In addition, chronic prenatal LD irradiation lead to an increased rate of in vitro radiation-induced senescence later in life and to an increased number of residual DNA double-strand breaks after 4 Gy irradiation, indicating a remarkable interaction of in vivo radiation in combination with a second acute dose of in vitro radiation. This study provides the first insight into a molecular mechanism of persistent MSC damage response by ionizing radiation exposure during prenatal time and will help to predict therapeutic safety and efficacy with respect to a clinical application of stem cells. AU - Schuster, M. AU - Tewary, G. AU - Bao, X. AU - Subedi, P. AU - Hauck, S.M. AU - Olson, A.K.* AU - Eide, D.M.* AU - Trott, K.R.* AU - Götz, S. AU - Atkinson, M.J. AU - Rosemann, M. C1 - 62650 C2 - 50985 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 397-410 TI - In vitro cellular and proteome assays identify Wnt pathway and CDKN2A-regulated senescence affected in mesenchymal stem cells from mice after a chronic LD gamma irradiation in utero. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 60 IS - 3 PB - Springer PY - 2021 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Authors would like to correct the typo in author name of the co-author. The author name is corrected from "Ann Karin Olson" to "Ann Karin Olsen" in the original publication. The original article has been corrected. AU - Schuster, M. AU - Tewary, G. AU - Bao, X. AU - Subedi, P. AU - Hauck, S.M. AU - Olsen, A.K.* AU - Eide, D.M.* AU - Trott, K.R.* AU - Götz, S. AU - Atkinson, M.J. AU - Rosemann, M. C1 - 63179 C2 - 51370 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States TI - Correction to: In vitro cellular and proteome assays identify Wnt pathway and CDKN2A-regulated senescence affected in mesenchymal stem cells from mice after a chronic LD gamma irradiation in utero. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 60 PB - Springer PY - 2021 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - In breast cancer radiotherapy, substantial radiation exposure of organs other than the treated breast cannot be avoided, potentially inducing second primary cancer or heart disease. While distant organs and large parts of nearby ones receive doses in the mGy-Gy range, small parts of the heart, lung and bone marrow often receive doses as high as 50 Gy. Contemporary treatment planning allows for considerable flexibility in the distribution of this exposure. To optimise treatment with regards to long-term health risks, evidence-based risk estimates are required for the entire broad range of exposures. Here, we thus propose an approach that combines data from medical and epidemiological studies with different exposure conditions. Approximating cancer induction as a local process, we estimate organ cancer risks by integrating organ-specific dose-response relationships over the organ dose distributions. For highly exposed organ parts, specific high-dose risk models based on studies with medical exposure are applied. For organs or their parts receiving relatively low doses, established dose-response models based on radiation-epidemiological data are used. Joining the models in the intermediate dose range leads to a combined, in general non-linear, dose response supported by data over the whole relevant dose range. For heart diseases, a linear model consistent with high- and low-dose studies is presented. The resulting estimates of long-term health risks are largely compatible with rate ratios observed in randomised breast cancer radiotherapy trials. The risk models have been implemented in a software tool PASSOS that estimates long-term risks for individual breast cancer patients. AU - Simonetto, C. AU - Wollschläger, D.* AU - Kundrát, P. AU - Ulanowski, A. AU - Becker, J. AU - Castelletti, N. AU - Güthlin, D. AU - Shemiakina, E. AU - Eidemüller, M. C1 - 62561 C2 - 50910 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 459–474 TI - Estimating long-term health risks after breast cancer radiotherapy: Merging evidence from low and high doses. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 60 PB - Springer PY - 2021 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - An alternative approach that is particularly suitable for the radiation health risk assessment (HRA) of astronauts is presented. The quantity, Radiation Attributed Decrease of Survival (RADS), representing the cumulative decrease in the unknown survival curve at a certain attained age, due to the radiation exposure at an earlier age, forms the basis for this alternative approach. Results are provided for all solid cancer plus leukemia incidence RADS from estimated doses from theoretical radiation exposures accumulated during long-term missions to the Moon or Mars. For example, it is shown that a 1000-day Mars exploration mission with a hypothetical mission effective dose of 1.07 Sv at typical astronaut ages around 40 years old, will result in the probability of surviving free of all types of solid cancer and leukemia until retirement age (65 years) being reduced by 4.2% (95% CI 3.2; 5.3) for males and 5.8% (95% CI 4.8; 7.0) for females. RADS dose-responses are given, for the outcomes for incidence of all solid cancer, leukemia, lung and female breast cancer. Results showing how RADS varies with age at exposure, attained age and other factors are also presented. The advantages of this alternative approach, over currently applied methodologies for the long-term radiation protection of astronauts after mission exposures, are presented with example calculations applicable to European astronaut occupational HRA. Some tentative suggestions for new types of occupational risk limits for space missions are given while acknowledging that the setting of astronaut radiation-related risk limits will ultimately be decided by the Space Agencies. Suggestions are provided for further work which builds on and extends this new HRA approach, e.g., by eventually including non-cancer effects and detailed space dosimetry. AU - Walsh, L.* AU - Hafner, L.* AU - Straube, U.* AU - Ulanowski, A. AU - Fogtman, A.* AU - Durante, M.* AU - Weerts, G.* AU - Schneider, U.* C1 - 61962 C2 - 50538 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 213-231 TI - A bespoke health risk assessment methodology for the radiation protection of astronauts. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 60 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2021 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recently, several compilations of individual radiation epidemiology study results have aimed to obtain direct evidence on the magnitudes of dose-rate effects on radiation-related cancer risks. These compilations have relied on meta-analyses of ratios of risks from low dose-rate studies and matched risks from the solid cancer Excess Relative Risk models fitted to the acutely exposed Japanese A-bomb cohort. The purpose here is to demonstrate how choices of methodology for evaluating dose-rate effects on radiation-related cancer risks may influence the results reported for dose-rate effects. The current analysis is intended to address methodological issues and does not imply that the authors recommend a particular value for the dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor. A set of 22 results from one recent published study has been adopted here as a test set of data for applying the many different methods described here, that nearly all produced highly consistent results. Some recently voiced concerns, involving the recalling of the well-known theoretical point—the ratio of two normal random variables has a theoretically unbounded variance—that could potentially cause issues, are shown to be unfounded when aimed at the published work cited and examined in detail here. In the calculation of dose-rate effects for radiation protection purposes, it is recommended that meta-estimators should retain the full epidemiological and dosimetric matching information between the risks from the individual low dose-rate studies and the acutely exposed A-bomb cohort and that a regression approach can be considered as a useful alternative to current approaches. AU - Walsh, L.* AU - Shore, R.* AU - Azizova, T.V.* AU - Rühm, W. C1 - 62394 C2 - 50854 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 493-500 TI - On the choice of methodology for evaluating dose-rate effects on radiation-related cancer risks. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 60 IS - 3 PB - Springer PY - 2021 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Walsh, L.* AU - Shore, R.* AU - Azizova, T.V.* AU - Rühm, W. C1 - 63188 C2 - 51375 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 517–518 TI - Reply and explanation to Little et al. "Response to: On the choice of methodology for evaluating dose‑rate effects on radiation‑related cancer risks". JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 60 PB - Springer PY - 2021 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Tissue reactions and stochastic effects after exposure to ionising radiation are variable between individuals but the factors and mechanisms governing individual responses are not well understood. Individual responses can be measured at different levels of biological organization and using different endpoints following varying doses of radiation, including: cancers, non-cancer diseases and mortality in the whole organism; normal tissue reactions after exposures; and, cellular endpoints such as chromosomal damage and molecular alterations. There is no doubt that many factors influence the responses of people to radiation to different degrees. In addition to the obvious general factors of radiation quality, dose, dose rate and the tissue (sub)volume irradiated, recognized and potential determining factors include age, sex, life style (e.g., smoking, diet, possibly body mass index), environmental factors, genetics and epigenetics, stochastic distribution of cellular events, and systemic comorbidities such as diabetes or viral infections. Genetic factors are commonly thought to be a substantial contributor to individual response to radiation. Apart from a small number of rare monogenic diseases such as ataxia telangiectasia, the inheritance of an abnormally responsive phenotype among a population of healthy individuals does not follow a classical Mendelian inheritance pattern. Rather it is considered to be a multi-factorial, complex trait. AU - Applegate, K.E.* AU - Rühm, W. AU - Wojcik, A.* AU - Bourguignon, M.* AU - Brenner, A.* AU - Hamasaki, K.* AU - Imai, T.* AU - Imaizumi, M.* AU - Imaoka, T.* AU - Kakinuma, S.* AU - Kamada, T.* AU - Nishimura, N.* AU - Okonogi, N.* AU - Ozasa, K.* AU - Ruebe, C.E.* AU - Sadakane, A.* AU - Sakata, R.* AU - Shimada, Y.* AU - Yoshida, K.* AU - Bouffler, S.* C1 - 59046 C2 - 48493 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 185-209 TI - Individual response of humans to ionising radiation: Governing factors and importance for radiological protection. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 59 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2020 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Microbeam radiation therapy (MRT), a preclinical form of spatially fractionated radiotherapy, uses an array of microbeams of hard synchrotron X-ray radiation. Recently, compact synchrotron X-ray sources got more attention as they provide essential prerequisites for the translation of MRT into clinics while overcoming the limited access to synchrotron facilities. At the Munich compact light source (MuCLS), one of these novel compact X-ray facilities, a proof of principle experiment was conducted applying MRT to a xenograft tumor mouse model. First, subcutaneous tumors derived from the established squamous carcinoma cell line FaDu were irradiated at a conventional X-ray tube using broadbeam geometry to determine a suitable dose range for the tumor growth delay. For irradiations at the MuCLS, FaDu tumors were irradiated with broadbeam and microbeam irradiation at integral doses of either 3 Gy or 5 Gy and tumor growth delay was measured. Microbeams had a width of 50 µm and a center-to-center distance of 350 µm with peak doses of either 21 Gy or 35 Gy. A dose rate of up to 5 Gy/min was delivered to the tumor. Both doses and modalities delayed the tumor growth compared to a sham-irradiated tumor. The irradiated area and microbeam pattern were verified by staining of the DNA double-strand break marker γH2AX. This study demonstrates for the first time that MRT can be successfully performed in vivo at compact inverse Compton sources. AU - Dombrowsky, A. AU - Burger, K.* AU - Porth, A.K.* AU - Stein, M. AU - Dierolf, M.* AU - Günther, B.* AU - Achterhold, K.* AU - Gleich, B.* AU - Feuchtinger, A. AU - Bartzsch, S. AU - Beyreuther, E.* AU - Combs, S.E. AU - Pfeiffer, F.* AU - Wilkens, J.J.* AU - Schmid, T.E. C1 - 57206 C2 - 47611 SP - 111-120 TI - A proof of principle experiment for microbeam radiation therapy at the Munich compact light source. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 59 IS - 1 PY - 2020 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Friedl, A.A.* AU - Rühm, W. AU - Wojcik, A.* C1 - 58048 C2 - 48335 CY - 233 Spring St, New York, Ny 10013 Usa SP - 1 TI - Obituary Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Dorr (1959-2019) OBITUARY. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 59 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2020 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - This work presents an overview of the applications of retrospective dosimetry techniques in case of incorporation of radionuclides. The fact that internal exposures are characterized by a spatially inhomogeneous irradiation of the body, which is potentially prolonged over large periods and variable over time, is particularly problematic for biological and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dosimetry methods when compared with external exposures. The paper gives initially specific information about internal dosimetry methods, the most common cytogenetic techniques used in biological dosimetry and EPR dosimetry applied to tooth enamel. Based on real-case scenarios, dose estimates obtained from bioassay data as well as with biological and/or EPR dosimetry are compared and critically discussed. In most of the scenarios presented, concomitant external exposures were responsible for the greater portion of the received dose. As no assay is available which can discriminate between radiation of different types and different LETs on the basis of the type of damage induced, it is not possible to infer from these studies specific conclusions valid for incorporated radionuclides alone. The biological dosimetry assays and EPR techniques proved to be most applicable in cases when the radionuclides are almost homogeneously distributed in the body. No compelling evidence was obtained in other cases of extremely inhomogeneous distribution. Retrospective dosimetry needs to be optimized and further developed in order to be able to deal with real exposure cases, where a mixture of both external and internal exposures will be encountered most of the times. AU - Giussani, A.* AU - Lopez, M.A.* AU - Romm, H.* AU - Testa, A.* AU - Ainsbury, E.A.* AU - Degteva, M.* AU - Della Monaca, S.* AU - Etherington, G.* AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Guclu, I.* AU - Jaworska, A.* AU - Lloyd, D.C.* AU - Malatova, I.* AU - McComish, S.* AU - Melo, D.* AU - Ośko, J.* AU - Rojo, A.* AU - Roch-Lefevre, S.* AU - Roy, L.* AU - Shishkina, E.* AU - Sotnik, N.* AU - Tolmachev, S.Y.* AU - Wieser, A. AU - Woda, C. AU - Youngman, M.* C1 - 59175 C2 - 48613 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 357–387 TI - Eurados review of retrospective dosimetry techniques for internal exposures to ionising radiation and their applications. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 59 PB - Springer PY - 2020 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - At the tissue level, energy deposition in cells is determined by the microdistribution of alpha-emitting radionuclides in relation to sensitive target cells. Furthermore, the highly localized energy deposition of alpha particle tracks and the limited range of alpha particles in tissue produce a highly inhomogeneous energy deposition in traversed cell nuclei. Thus, energy deposition in cell nuclei in a given tissue is characterized by the probability of alpha particle hits and, in the case of a hit, by the energy deposited there. In classical microdosimetry, the randomness of energy deposition in cellular sites is described by a stochastic quantity, the specific energy, which approximates the macroscopic dose for a sufficiently large number of energy deposition events. Typical examples of the alpha-emitting radionuclides in internal microdosimetry are radon progeny and plutonium in the lungs, plutonium and americium in bones, and radium in targeted radionuclide therapy. Several microdosimetric approaches have been proposed to relate specific energy distributions to radiobiological effects, such as hit-related concepts, LET and track length-based models, effect-specific interpretations of specific energy distributions, such as the dual radiation action theory or the hit-size effectiveness function, and finally track structure models. Since microdosimetry characterizes only the initial step of energy deposition, microdosimetric concepts are most successful in exposure situations where biological effects are dominated by energy deposition, but not by subsequently operating biological mechanisms. Indeed, the simulation of the combined action of physical and biological factors may eventually require the application of track structure models at the nanometer scale. AU - Hofmann, W.* AU - Li, W.B. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Miller, B.W.* AU - Madas, B.* AU - Bardies, M.* AU - Balashazy, I.* C1 - 57784 C2 - 47901 CY - 233 Spring St, New York, Ny 10013 Usa SP - 29–62 TI - Internal microdosimetry of alpha-emitting radionuclides. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 59 PB - Springer PY - 2020 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Double tracer studies in healthy human volunteers with stable isotopes of cerium citrate were performed with the aim of investigating the gastro-intestinal absorption of cerium (Ce), its plasma clearance and urinary excretion. In the present work, results of the clearance of Ce in blood plasma are shown after simultaneous intravenous and oral administration of a Ce tracer. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine the tracer concentrations in plasma. The results show that about 80% of the injected Ce citrate cleared from the plasma within the 5 mins post-administration. The data obtained are compared to a revised biokinetic model of Ce, which was initially developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The measured plasma clearance of Ce citrate was mostly consistent with that predicted by the ICRP biokinetic model. Furthermore, in an effort to quantify the uncertainty of the model prediction, the laboratory animal data on which the ICRP biokinetic Ce model is based, was analyzed. The measured plasma clearance and its uncertainty was also compared to the plasma clearance uncertainty predicted by the model. It was found that the measured plasma clearance during the first 15 min after administration is in a good agreement with the modelled plasma clearance. In general, the measured clearance falls inside the 95% confidence interval predicted by the biokinetic model. AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Barkleit, A.* AU - Spielmann, V. AU - Li, W.B. C1 - 57484 C2 - 47802 CY - 233 Spring St, New York, Ny 10013 Usa SP - 121–130 TI - Measurement, model prediction and uncertainty quantification of plasma clearance of cerium citrate in humans. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 59 PB - Springer PY - 2020 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The paper includes a discussion of the reasoning behind current dose limits followed by a discussion of the detriment used by ICRP as a measure for stochastic health effects. Studies on radiation-induced cancer are reviewed because this endpoint represents the most important contribution to detriment. Recent findings on radiation-induced circulatory disease that are currently not included in detriment calculation are also reviewed. It appeared that for detriment calculations the contribution of circulatory diseases plays only a secondary role, although the uncertainties involved in their risk estimates are considerable. These discussions are complemented by a review of the procedures currently in use in Germany, or in discussion elsewhere, to define limits for genotoxic carcinogens. To put these concepts in perspective, actual occupational radiation exposures are exemplified with data from Germany, for the year 2012, and regulations in Germany are compared to the recommendations issued by ICRP. Conclusions include, among others, considerations on radiation protection concepts currently in use and recommendations of the SSK on the limitation of annual effective dose and effective dose cumulated over a whole working life. AU - Rühm, W. AU - Breckow, J.* AU - Dietze, G.* AU - Friedl, A.* AU - Greinert, R.* AU - Jacob, P. AU - Kistinger, S.* AU - Michel, R.* AU - Mueller, W.* AU - Otten, H.* AU - Streffer, C.* AU - Weiss, W.* C1 - 57338 C2 - 47700 CY - 233 Spring St, New York, Ny 10013 Usa SP - 9-27 TI - Dose limits for occupational exposure to ionising radiation and genotoxic carcinogens: A German perspective. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 59 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2020 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rühm, W. AU - Harrison, R.M.* C1 - 57732 C2 - 47981 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 3-7 TI - High CT doses return to the agenda. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 59 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2020 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recent analyses of the Canadian fluoroscopy cohort study reported significantly increased radiation risks of mortality from ischemic heart diseases (IHD) with a linear dose-response adjusted for dose fractionation. This cohort includes 63,707 tuberculosis patients from Canada who were exposed to low-to-moderate dose fractionated X-rays in 1930s-1950s and were followed-up for death from non-cancer causes during 1950-1987. In the current analysis, we scrutinized the assumption of linearity by analyzing a series of radio-biologically motivated nonlinear dose-response models to get a better understanding of the impact of radiation damage on IHD. The models were weighted according to their quality of fit and were then mathematically superposed applying the multi-model inference (MMI) technique. Our results indicated an essentially linear dose-response relationship for IHD mortality at low and medium doses and a supra-linear relationship at higher doses (> 1.5 Gy). At 5 Gy, the estimated radiation risks were fivefold higher compared to the linear no-threshold (LNT) model. This is the largest study of patients exposed to fractionated low-to-moderate doses of radiation. Our analyses confirm previously reported significantly increased radiation risks of IHD from doses similar to those from diagnostic radiation procedures. AU - Schöllnberger, H. AU - Kaiser, J.C. AU - Eidemüller, M. AU - Zablotska, L.B.* C1 - 57464 C2 - 47805 CY - 233 Spring St, New York, Ny 10013 Usa SP - 63-78 TI - Radio-biologically motivated modeling of radiation risks of mortality from ischemic heart diseases in the Canadian fluoroscopy cohort study. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 59 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2020 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Radioactive cerium and other lanthanides can be transported through the aquatic system into foodstuffs and then be incorporated by humans. Information on the uncertainty of reported dose coefficients for exposed members of the public is then needed for risk analysis. In this study, uncertainties of dose coefficients due to the ingestion of the radionuclides(141)Ce and(144)Ce were estimated. According to the schema of internal dose calculation, a general statistical method based on the propagation of uncertainty was developed. The method takes into account the uncertainties contributed by the biokinetic models and by the so-calledSvalues. These S-values were derived by using Monte Carlo radiation transport simulations with five adult non-reference voxel computational phantoms that have been developed at Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Germany. Random and Latin hypercube sampling techniques were applied to sample parameters of biokinetic models and S values. The uncertainty factors, expressed as the square root of the 97.5th and 2.5th percentile ratios, for organ equivalent dose coefficients of(141)Ce were found to be in the range of 1.2-5.1 and for(144)Ce in the range of 1.2-7.4. The uncertainty factor of the detriment-weighted dose coefficient for(141)Ce is 2.5 and for(144)Ce 3.9. It is concluded that a general statistical method for calculating the uncertainty of dose coefficients was developed and applied to the lanthanide cerium. The dose uncertainties obtained provide improved dose coefficients for radiation risk analysis of humans. Furthermore, these uncertainties can be used to identify those parameters most important in internal dose calculations by applying sensitivity analyses. AU - Spielmann, V. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Zankl, M. AU - Ramos, J.C.O.* AU - Petoussi-Henß, N. C1 - 60142 C2 - 49000 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 663–682 TI - Uncertainty analysis in internal dose calculations for cerium considering the uncertainties of biokinetic parameters and Svalues. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 59 PB - Springer PY - 2020 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - ProZES is a software tool for estimating the probability that a given cancer was caused by preceding exposure to ionising radiation. ProZES calculates this probability, the assigned share, for solid cancers and hematopoietic malignant diseases, in cases of exposures to low-LET radiation, and for lung cancer in cases of exposure to radon. User-specified inputs include birth year, sex, type of diagnosed cancer, age at diagnosis, radiation exposure history and characteristics, and smoking behaviour for lung cancer. Cancer risk models are an essential part of ProZES. Linking disease and exposure to radiation involves several methodological aspects, and assessment of uncertainties received particular attention. ProZES systematically uses the principle of multi-model inference. Models of radiation risk were either newly developed or critically re-evaluated for ProZES, including dedicated models for frequent types of cancer and, for less common diseases, models for groups of functionally similar cancer sites. The low-LET models originate mostly from the study of atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Risks predicted by these models are adjusted to be applicable to the population of Germany and to different time periods. Adjustment factors for low dose rates and for a reduced risk during the minimum latency time between exposure and cancer are also applied. The development of the methodology and software was initiated and supported by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) taking up advice by the German Commission on Radiological Protection (SSK, Strahlenschutzkommission). These provide the scientific basis to support decision making on compensation claims regarding malignancies following occupational exposure to radiation in Germany. AU - Ulanowski, A. AU - Shemiakina, E. AU - Güthlin, D. AU - Becker, J. AU - Preston, D.* AU - Apostoaei, A.I.* AU - Hoffman, F.O.* AU - Jacob, P. AU - Kaiser, J.C. AU - Eidemüller, M. C1 - 59965 C2 - 49147 CY - One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States SP - 601–629 TI - ProZES: The methodology and software tool for assessment of assigned share of radiation in probability of cancer occurrence. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 59 PB - Springer PY - 2020 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Exposure-lag-response associations shed light on the duration of pathogenesis for radiation-induced diseases. To investigate such relations for lung cancer mortality in the German uranium miners of the Wismut company, we apply distributed lag non-linear models (DLNMs) which offer a flexible description of the lagged risk response to protracted radon exposure. Exposure-lag functions are implemented with B-Splines in Cox models of proportional hazards. The DLNM approach yielded good agreement of exposure-lag-response surfaces for the German cohort and for the previously studied cohort of American Colorado miners. For both cohorts, a minimum lag of about 2year for the onset of risk after first exposure explained the data well, but possibly with large uncertainty. Risk estimates from DLNMs were directly compared with estimates from both standard radio-epidemiological models and biologically based mechanistic models. For age >45year, all models predict decreasing estimates of the Excess Relative Risk (ERR). However, at younger age, marked differences appear as DLNMs exhibit ERR peaks, which are not detected by the other models. After comparing exposure-responses for biological processes in mechanistic risk models with exposure-responses for hazard ratios in DLNMs, we propose a typical period of 15year for radon-related lung carcinogenesis. The period covers the onset of radiation-induced inflammation of lung tissue until cancer death. The DLNM framework provides a view on age-risk patterns supplemental to the standard radio-epidemiological approach and to biologically based modeling. AU - Aßenmacher, M.* AU - Kaiser, J.C. AU - Zaballa, I.* AU - Gasparrini, A.* AU - Küchenhoff, H.* C1 - 56373 C2 - 47051 CY - 233 Spring St, New York, Ny 10013 Usa SP - 321-336 TI - Exposure-lag-response associations between lung cancer mortality and radon exposure in German uranium miners. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 58 IS - 3 PB - Springer PY - 2019 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Supplementation with the antioxidant selenium is frequently performed in breast cancer patients to protect the normal tissue from radiation-induced side effects. However, concerns exist whether selenium also protects tumor cells from radiation-induced cell kill and thereby reduces the efficacy of radiotherapy. In this work, the effect of selenium administration on the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells was evaluated in vitro. Physiological relevant selenium concentrations (70 and 140 mu g/l) did not affect DNA double-strand breaks (gamma H2AX foci) after 4-Gy X-ray irradiation. Also apoptosis (caspase 3/7) after irradiation with 10Gy was not influenced by selenium treatment in MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells. Most importantly, selenium supplementation did not impair the clonogenic survival of the breast cancer cell lines after irradiation (0, 2, 4, 6, 8Gy). The data suggest that physiological relevant selenium concentrations administered in combination with radiation therapy do not deteriorate the efficacy of radiotherapy in breast cancer patients. However, randomized clinical trials comparing the effectiveness of radiotherapy and the associated side effects in patients with and without selenium supplementation are recommended. AU - Schilling, D. AU - Herold, B.* AU - Combs, S.E. AU - Schmid, T.E. C1 - 56335 C2 - 46997 CY - 233 Spring St, New York, Ny 10013 Usa SP - 433-438 TI - Selenium does not affect radiosensitivity of breast cancer cell lines. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 58 IS - 3 PB - Springer PY - 2019 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The article Dose-responses for mortality from cerebrovascular and heart diseases in atomic bomb survivors: 1950-2003, written by Helmut Schollnberger. AU - Schöllnberger, H. AU - Eidemüller, M. AU - Cullings, H.M.* AU - Simonetto, C. AU - Neff, F.* AU - Kaiser, J.C. C1 - 55573 C2 - 46227 CY - 233 Spring St, New York, Ny 10013 Usa SP - 303-303 TI - Dose-responses for mortality from cerebrovascular and heart diseases in atomic bomb survivors: 1950-2003 (vol 57, pg 17, 2018). JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 58 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2019 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The problem of expressing cumulative detrimental effect of radiation exposure is revisited. All conventionally used and computationally complex lifetime or time-integrated risks are based on current population and health statistical data, with unknown future secular trends, that are projected far into the future. It is shown that application of conventionally used lifetime or time-integrated attributable risks (LAR, AR) should be limited to exposures under 1Gy. More general quantities, such as excess lifetime risk (ELR) and, to a lesser extent, risk of exposure-induced death(REID), are free of dose constraints, but are even more computationally complex than LAR and AR and rely on the unknown total radiation effect on demographic and health statistical data. Appropriate assessment of time-integrated risk of a specific outcome following high-dose (more than 1Gy) exposure requires consideration of competing risks for other radiation-attributed outcomes and the resulting ELR estimate has an essentially non-linear dose response. Limitations caused by basing conventionally applied time-integrated risks on current population and health statistical data are that they are: (a) not well suited for risk estimates for atypical groups of exposed persons not readily represented by the general population; and (b) not optimal for risk projections decades into the future due to large uncertainties in developments of the future secular trends in the population-specific disease rates. Alternative disease-specific quantities, baseline and attributable survival fractions, based on reduction of survival chances are considered here and are shown to be very useful in circumventing most aspects of these limitations. Another main quantity, named as radiation-attributed decrease of survival (RADS), is recommended here to represent cumulative radiation risk conditional on survival until a certain age. RADS, historically known in statistical literature as cumulative risk, is only based on the radiation-attributed hazard and is insensitive to competing risks. Therefore, RADS is eminently suitable for risk projections in emergency situations and for estimating radiation risks for persons exposed after therapeutic or interventional medical applications of radiation or in other highly atypical groups of exposed persons, such as astronauts. AU - Ulanowski, A. AU - Kaiser, J.C. AU - Schneider, U.* AU - Walsh, L.* C1 - 55903 C2 - 46685 CY - 233 Spring St, New York, Ny 10013 Usa SP - 305-319 TI - On prognostic estimates of radiation risk in medicine and radiation protection. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 58 IS - 3 PB - Springer PY - 2019 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Current radiological emergency response recommendations have been provided by the International Commission on Radiological Protection and adopted by the International Atomic Energy Agency in comprehensive Safety Standards. These standards provide dose-based guidance for decision making (e.g., on sheltering or relocation) via generic criteria in terms of effective dose in the range from 20 mSv per year, during transition from emergency to existing exposure situation, to 100 mSv, acute or annual, in the urgent phase of a nuclear accident. The purpose of this paper was to examine how such dose reference levels directly translate into radiation-related risks of the main stochastic detrimental health effects (cancer). Methodologies, provided by the World Health Organization after the Fukushima accident, for calculating the lifetime and 20 year cancer risks and for attributing relevant organ doses from effective doses, have been applied here for this purpose with new software, designed to be available for use immediately after a nuclear accident. A new feature in this software is a comprehensive accounting for uncertainty via simulation technique, so that the risks may now be presented with realistic confidence intervals. The types of cancer risks considered here are time-integrated over lifetime and the first 20 years after exposure for all solid cancers and either the most radiation-sensitive types of cancer, i.e., leukaemia and female breast cancer, or the most radiation-relevant type of cancer occurring early in life, i.e., thyroid. It is demonstrated here how reference dose levels translate differently into specific cancer risk levels (with varying confidence interval sizes), depending on age at exposure, gender, time-frame at-risk and type of cancer considered. This demonstration applies German population data and considers external exposures. Further work is required to comprehensively extend this methodology to internal exposures that are likely to be important in the early stages of a nuclear accident. A discussion is provided here on the potential for such risk-based information to be used by decision makers, in the urgent and transition phases of nuclear emergencies, to identify protective measures (e.g., sheltering, evacuation) in a differential way (i.e., for particularly susceptible sub-groups of a population). AU - Walsh, L.* AU - Ulanowski, A. AU - Kaiser, J.C. AU - Woda, C. AU - Raskob, W.* C1 - 56652 C2 - 47242 CY - 233 Spring St, New York, Ny 10013 Usa SP - 539-552 TI - Risk bases can complement dose bases for implementing and optimising a radiological protection strategy in urgent and transition emergency phases. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 58 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2019 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Chernobyl reactor accident in 1986 has caused significant exposure to ionizing radiation of the Ukrainian population, in particular clean-up workers and evacuees from the exclusion zones. A study aiming at the discovery of radiation markers of the breast cancer was conducted from 2008 to 2015 within a collaborative project by HZM, LMU, and NRCRM. In this study, post-Chernobyl breast cancer cases both in radiation-exposed female patients diagnosed at age less than 60 from 1992 to 2014 and in non-exposed controls matched for residency, tumor type, age at diagnosis, TNM classification as well as tumor grading were investigated for molecular changes with special emphasis to copy number alterations and miRNA profiles. Cancer registry and clinical archive data were used to identify 435 breast cancer patients among female clean-up workers and 14 among evacuees from highly contaminated territories as candidates for the study. Of these, 129 breast cancer patients fit study inclusion criteria and were traced for individual reconstruction of the target organ (breast) doses. The doses were estimated for 71 exposed cases (clean-up workers and evacuees from which biomaterial was available for molecular studies and who agreed to participate in a dosimetric interview) by the use of the well-established RADRUE method, which was adjusted specifically for the assessment of breast doses. The results of 58 female clean-up workers showed a large inter-individual variability of doses in a range of about five orders of magnitude: from 0.03 to 929 mGy, with median of 5.8 mGy. The study provides the first quantitative estimate of exposures received by female clean-up workers, which represent a limited but very important group of population affected by the Chernobyl accident. The doses of 13 women evacuated after the accident who did not take part in the clean-up activities (from 4 to 45 mGy with median of 19 mGy) are in line with the previous estimates for the evacuees from Pripyat and the 30-km zone. AU - Chumak, V.V.* AU - Klymenko, S.V.* AU - Zitzelsberger, H. AU - Wilke, C. AU - Rybchenko, L.A.* AU - Bakhanova, E.V.* C1 - 53280 C2 - 44517 SP - 163–168 TI - Doses of Ukrainian female clean-up workers with diagnosed breast cancer. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 57 IS - 2 PY - 2018 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Because of the increasing application of ionizing radiation in medicine, quantitative data on effects of low-dose radiation are needed to optimize radiation protection, particularly with respect to cataract development. Using mice as mammalian animal model, we applied a single dose of 0, 0.063, 0.125 and 0.5 Gy at 10 weeks of age, determined lens opacities for up to 2 years and compared it with overall survival, cytogenetic alterations and cancer development. The highest dose was significantly associated with increased body weight and reduced survival rate. Chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells showed a dose-dependent increase 12 months after irradiation. Pathological screening indicated a dose-dependent risk for several types of tumors. Scheimpflug imaging of the lens revealed a significant dose-dependent effect of 1% of lens opacity. Comparison of different biological end points demonstrated long-term effects of low-dose irradiation for several biological end points. AU - Dalke, C. AU - Neff, F. AU - Bains, S.K.* AU - Bright, S.* AU - Lord, D.J.* AU - Reitmeir, P. AU - Rößler, U.* AU - Samaga, D.* AU - Unger, K. AU - Braselmann, H. AU - Wagner, F. AU - Greiter, M. AU - Gomolka, M.* AU - Hornhardt, S.* AU - Kunze, S. AU - Kempf, S.J.* AU - Garrett, L. AU - Hölter, S.M. AU - Wurst, W. AU - Rosemann, M. AU - Azimzadeh, O. AU - Tapio, S. AU - Aubele, M. AU - Theis, F.J. AU - Hoeschen, C. AU - Slijepcevic, P.* AU - Kadhim, M.* AU - Atkinson, M.J. AU - Zitzelsberger, H. AU - Kulka, U.* AU - Graw, J. C1 - 52720 C2 - 44166 SP - 99-113 TI - Lifetime study in mice after acute low-dose ionizing radiation: A multifactorial study with special focus on cataract risk. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 57 IS - 2 PY - 2018 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Tooth enamel samples from molar teeth of camel were prepared using a combined procedure of mechanical and chemical tooth treatment. Based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, the dose response of tooth enamel samples was examined and compared to that of human enamel. The EPR dose response of the tooth enamel samples was obtained through irradiation to gamma doses from 1 Gy up to 100 kGy. It was found that the radiation-induced EPR signal increased linearly with gamma dose for all studied tooth enamel samples, up to about 15 kGy. At higher doses, the dose response curve leveled off. The results revealed that the location of the native signal of camel tooth enamel was similar to that of enamel from human molars at 2.00644, but different from that of enamel from cows and goats. In addition, the peak-to-peak width (Delta H (pp)) for human and camel molar teeth was similar. It was also found that the response of camel enamel to gamma radiation was 36% lower than that of human enamel. In conclusion, the results indicate the suitability of camel teeth for retrospective gamma dosimetry. AU - El-Faramawy, N.A.* AU - El-Somany, I.* AU - Mansour, A.* AU - Maghraby, A.M.* AU - Eissa, H.* AU - Wieser, A. C1 - 52111 C2 - 43723 CY - New York SP - 63-68 TI - Camel molar tooth enamel response to gamma rays using EPR spectroscopy. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 57 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2018 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The scientific community faces important discussions on the validity of the linear no-threshold (LNT) model for radiation-associated cardiovascular diseases at low and moderate doses. In the present study, mortalities from cerebrovascular diseases (CeVD) and heart diseases from the latest data on atomic bomb survivors were analyzed. The analysis was performed with several radio-biologically motivated linear and nonlinear dose-response models. For each detrimental health outcome one set of models was identified that all fitted the data about equally well. This set was used for multi-model inference (MMI), a statistical method of superposing different models to allow risk estimates to be based on several plausible dose-response models rather than just relying on a single model of choice. MMI provides a more accurate determination of the dose response and a more comprehensive characterization of uncertainties. It was found that for CeVD, the dose-response curve from MMI is located below the linear no-threshold model at low and medium doses (0-1.4 Gy). At higher doses MMI predicts a higher risk compared to the LNT model. A sublinear dose-response was also found for heart diseases (0-3 Gy). The analyses provide no conclusive answer to the question whether there is a radiation risk below 0.75 Gy for CeVD and 2.6 Gy for heart diseases. MMI suggests that the dose-response curves for CeVD and heart diseases in the Lifespan Study are sublinear at low and moderate doses. This has relevance for radiotherapy treatment planning and for international radiation protection practices in general. AU - Schöllnberger, H. AU - Eidemüller, M. AU - Cullings, H.M.* AU - Simonetto, C. AU - Neff, F.* AU - Kaiser, J.C. C1 - 52511 C2 - 44048 CY - New York SP - 17-29 TI - Dose-responses for mortality from cerebrovascular and heart diseases in atomic bomb survivors: 1950-2003. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 57 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2018 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Internal dosimetry after incorporation of radionuclides requires standardized biokinetic and dosimetric models. The aim of the present work was to identify the parameters and the components of the models which contribute most to dosimetric uncertainty. For this a method was developed allowing for the calculation of the uncertainties of the absorbed dose coefficients. More specifically, the sampling-based regression method and the variance-based method were used to develop and apply a global method of sensitivity analysis. This method was then used to quantify the impact of various biokinetic and dosimetric parameters on the uncertainty of internal doses associated with the incorporation of seven common radiopharmaceuticals. It turned out that the correlation between biokinetic parameters and time-integrated activity or calculated absorbed dose is strongest when the source and target organ are identical, in accordance with the ICRP and the MIRD approach. According to the ICRP approach, the parameter Fswhich describes the fractional distribution of any incorporated radioactivity to organ S, has the greatest correlation with the time-integrated activity in the corresponding source organ or with the calculated dose in the corresponding target organ. In contrast, the MIRD approach suggested several biokinetic parameters with similar correlation. The dosimetric parameters usually contribute more to uncertainty in the calculated dose coefficients than the biokinetic parameters, in both approaches. The results obtained are helpful for the revision of biokinetic models for radiopharmaceuticals, because the most important parameters in clinical applications can now be identified and investigated in future studies. AU - Spielmann, V. AU - Li, W. AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 53736 C2 - 44968 SP - 277-284 TI - Finding sensitive parameters in internal dose calculations for radiopharmaceuticals commonly used in clinical nuclear medicine. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 57 IS - 3 PY - 2018 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Balonov, M.I.* AU - Berkovskyy, V.* AU - Bouville, A.* AU - Anspaugh, L.R.* AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 51132 C2 - 42782 CY - New York SP - 201-202 TI - In memoriam Ilya Aronovich Likhtarev (1935-2017). JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 56 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2017 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the first years of its operation, the Mayak Production Association, a facility part of the Soviet nuclear weapons program in the Southern Urals, Russia, discharged large amounts of radioactively contaminated effluent into the nearby Techa River, thus exposing the people living at this river to external and internal radiations. The Techa River Cohort is a cohort intensely studied in epidemiology to investigate the correlation between low-dose radiation and health effects on humans. For the individuals in the cohort, the Techa River Dosimetry System describes the accumulated dose in human organs and tissues. In particular, organ doses from external exposure are derived from estimates of dose rate in air on the Techa River banks which were estimated from measurements and Monte Carlo modelling. Individual doses are calculated in accordance with historical records of individuals' residence histories, observational data of typical lifestyles for different age groups, and age-dependent conversion factors from air kerma to organ dose. The work here describes an experimentally independent assessment of the key input parameter of the dosimetry system, the integral air kerma, for the former village of Metlino, upper Techa River region. The aim of this work was thus to validate the Techa River Dosimetry System for the location of Metlino in an independent approach. Dose reconstruction based on dose measurements in bricks from a church tower and Monte Carlo calculations was used to model the historic air kerma accumulated in the time from 1949 to 1956 at the shoreline of the Techa River in Metlino. Main issues are caused by a change in the landscape after the evacuation of the village in 1956. Based on measurements and published information and data, two separate models for the historic pre-evacuation geometry and for the current geometry of Metlino were created. Using both models, a value for the air kerma was reconstructed, which agrees with that obtained in the Techa River Dosimetry System within a factor of two. AU - Hiller, M. AU - Woda, C. AU - Bougrov, N.G.* AU - Degteva, M.O.* AU - Ivanov, O.* AU - Ulanowski, A. AU - Romanov, S.* C1 - 50856 C2 - 42822 CY - New York SP - 139-159 TI - External dose reconstruction for the former village of Metlino (Techa River, Russia) based on environmental surveys, luminescence measurements, and radiation transport modelling. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 56 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2017 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Tracer kinetics in healthy human volunteers was studied applying stable isotopes of cerium citrate to obtain biokinetic human data for the urinary excretion of cerium. These data were then used to compare and validate the biokinetic model for lanthanides (cerium) proposed by Taylor and Leggett (Radiat Prot Dosim 105:193–198, 2003), which is substantially improved and more realistic than the biokinetic model currently recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP Publication 67, 1993); both models are primarily based on animal data. In the present study, 16 adults were investigated and two cerium tracers were simultaneously administered, both intravenously and/or orally. The cerium concentrations in urine were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Ingested cerium citrate was poorly absorbed, and its low excretion was similar to the prediction of the biokinetic model of Taylor and Leggett. In contrast, after injection of cerium citrate its urinary excretion was rapidly increased, and the model underestimated the experimental results. These results suggest that urinary excretion of cerium may be dependent on the administered chemical form of cerium (speciation). AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Michalke, B. C1 - 50225 C2 - 42104 SP - 1-8 TI - Biokinetic measurements and modelling of urinary excretion of cerium citrate in humans. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 56 IS - 1 PY - 2017 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rühm, W. AU - Friedl, A.A.* AU - Wojcik, A.* C1 - 52581 C2 - 44157 CY - New York SP - 1-4 TI - Coordinated radiation protection research in Europe: Is it the beginning of a new era? JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 57 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2017 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) based on the induction of dicentrics in any cell type is principally an important information for the increasing application of high-LET radiation in cancer therapy. Since the standard system of human lymphocytes for measuring dicentrics are not compatible with our microbeam irradiation setup where attaching cells are essential, we used human–hamster hybrid AL cells which do attach on foils and fulfil the special experimental requirement for microbeam irradiations. In this work, the dose–response of AL cells to photons of different energy, 70 and 200 kV X-rays and 60Co γ-rays, is characterized and compared to human lymphocytes. The total number of induced dicentrics in AL cells is approximately one order of magnitude smaller. Despite the smaller α and β parameters of the measured linear–quadratic dose–response relationship, the α/β-ratio versus photon energy dependence is identical within the accuracy of measurement for AL cells and human lymphocytes. Thus, the influence of the reference radiation used for RBE determination is the same. For therapy relevant doses of 2 Gy (60Co equivalent), the difference in RBE is around 20% only. These findings indicate that the biological effectiveness in AL cells can give important information for human cells, especially for studies where attaching cells are essential. AU - Schmid, T.E. AU - Greubel, C.* AU - Dollinger, G.* AU - Schmid, E.* C1 - 50476 C2 - 42476 SP - 79-87 TI - The influence of reference radiation photon energy on high-LET RBE: Comparison of human peripheral lymphocytes and human–hamster hybrid AL cells. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 56 IS - 1 PY - 2017 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Blettner, M.* AU - Jacob, P. AU - Rühm, W. AU - Salomaa, S.* C1 - 47615 C2 - 39427 CY - New York SP - 1-2 TI - Obituary William F. Morgan (23 December 1952 - 13 November 2015). JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 55 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2016 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - ICRP suggested a strategy based on the distinction between a protection approach for dwellings and one for workplaces in the previous recommendations on radon. Now, the Commission recommends an integrated approach for the protection against radon exposure in all buildings irrespective of their purpose and the status of their occupants. The strategy of protection in buildings, implemented through a national action plan, is based on the application of the optimisation principle below a derived reference level in concentration (maximum 300 Bq m(-3)). A problem, however, arises that due to new epidemiological findings and application of dosimetric models, ICRP 115 (Ann ICRP 40, 2010) presents nominal probability coefficients for radon exposure that are approximately by a factor of 2 larger than in the former recommendations of ICRP 65 (Ann ICRP 23, 1993). On the basis of the so-called epidemiological approach and the dosimetric approach, the doubling of risk per unit exposure is represented by a doubling of the dose coefficients, while the risk coefficient of ICRP 103 (2007) remains unchanged. Thus, an identical given radon exposure situation with the new dose coefficients would result in a doubling of dose compared with the former values. This is of serious conceptual implications. A possible solution of this problem was presented during the workshop. AU - Müller, W.U.* AU - Giussani, A.* AU - Rühm, W. AU - Lecomte, J.F.* AU - Harrison, J.D.* AU - Kreuzer, M.* AU - Sobotzki, C.* AU - Breckow, J.* C1 - 48880 C2 - 41483 CY - New York SP - 267-280 TI - Current knowledge on radon risk: Implications for practical radiation protection? Radon workshop, 1/2 December 2015, Bonn, BMUB (Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit; Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety). JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 55 IS - 3 PB - Springer PY - 2016 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Scherb, H. AU - Grech, V.* AU - Kusmierz, R. AU - Voigt, K. C1 - 47605 C2 - 39431 CY - New York SP - 3-4 TI - Letter to the editor "Radiation and Environmental Biophysics" : Comment on "Sex ratio at birth: scenario from normal- and high-level natural radiation areas of Kerala coast in south-west India" by Koya PK, Jaikrishan G, Sudheer KR, Andrews VJ, Madhusoodhanan M, Jagadeesan CK, Das B. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2015 Sep 5 [Epub ahead of print]. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 55 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2016 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - This study summarizes the 20-year efforts for dose reconstruction in tooth enamel of the Techa riverside residents exposed to ionizing radiation as a result of radionuclide releases into the river in 1949-1956. It represents the first combined analysis of all the data available on EPR dosimetry with teeth of permanent residents of the Techa riverside territory. Results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements of 302 teeth donated by 173 individuals living permanently in Techa riverside settlements over the period of 1950-1952 were analyzed. These people were residents of villages located at the free-flowing river stream or at the banks of stagnant reservoirs such as ponds or blind river forks. Cumulative absorbed doses measured using EPR are from several sources of exposure, viz., background radiation, internal exposure due to bone-seeking radionuclides ((89)Sr, (90)Sr/(90)Y), internal exposure due to (137)Cs/(137m)Ba incorporated in soft tissues, and anthropogenic external exposure. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of different sources of enamel exposure and to deduce external doses to be used for validation of the Techa River Dosimetry System (TRDS). Since various EPR methods were used, harmonization of these methods was critical. Overall, the mean cumulative background dose was found to be 63 ± 47 mGy; cumulative internal doses due to (89)Sr and (90)Sr/(90)Y were within the range of 10-110 mGy; cumulative internal doses due to (137)Cs/(137m)Ba depend on the distance from the site of releases and varied from 1 mGy up to 90 mGy; mean external doses were maximum for settlements located at the banks of stagnant reservoirs (~500 mGy); in contrast, external doses for settlements located along the free-flowing river stream did not exceed 160 mGy and decreased downstream with increasing distance from the site of release. External enamel doses calculated using the TRDS code and derived from the EPR measurements were found to be in good agreement. AU - Shishkina, E.A.* AU - Volchkova, A.Y.* AU - Timofeev, Y.S.* AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Wieser, A. AU - Ivanov, D.V.* AU - Krivoschapov, V.A.* AU - Zalyapin, V.I.* AU - Della Monaca, S.* AU - de Coste, V.* AU - Degteva, M.O.* AU - Anspaugh, L.R.* C1 - 49388 C2 - 41809 CY - New York SP - 1-23 TI - External dose reconstruction in tooth enamel of Techa riverside residents. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 55 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2016 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Lung cancer mortality after radon exposure in the Wismut cohort was analyzed using the two-stage clonal expansion (TSCE) model. A total of 2996 lung cancer deaths among the 58,695 male workers were observed during the follow-up period between 1946 and 2003. Adjustment to silica exposure was performed to find a more accurate estimation of the risk of radon exposure. An additional analysis with the descriptive excess relative risk (ERR) model was carried out for comparison. The TSCE model that best describes the data is nonlinear in the clonal expansion with radon exposure and has a saturation level at an exposure rate of [Formula: see text]. The excess relative risk decreases with age and shows an inverse exposure rate effect. In comparison with the ERR model, the TSCE model predicts a considerably larger risk for low exposures rates below [Formula: see text]. Comparison to other mechanistic studies of lung cancer after exposure to alpha particles using the TSCE model reveals an extraordinary consistency in the main features of the exposure response, given the diversity in the characteristics of the cohorts and the exposure across different studies. This suggests that a nonlinear response mechanism in the clonal expansion, with some level of saturation at large exposure rates, may be playing a crucial role in the development of lung cancer after alpha particle irradiation. AU - Zaballa, I. AU - Eidemüller, M. C1 - 48881 C2 - 41482 CY - New York SP - 299-315 TI - Mechanistic study on lung cancer mortality after radon exposure in the Wismut cohort supports important role of clonal expansion in lung carcinogenesis. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 55 IS - 3 PB - Springer PY - 2016 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Waterborne radioactive releases into the Techa River from the Mayak Production Association in Russia during 1949–1956 resulted in significant doses to about 30,000 persons who lived in downstream settlements. The residents were exposed to internal and external radiation. Two methods for reconstruction of the external dose are considered in this paper, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements of teeth, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) measurements of chromosome translocations in circulating lymphocytes. The main issue in the application of the EPR and FISH methods for reconstruction of the external dose for the Techa Riverside residents was strontium radioisotopes incorporated in teeth and bones that act as a source of confounding local exposures. In order to estimate and subtract doses from incorporated 89,90Sr, the EPR and FISH assays were supported by measurements of 90Sr-body burdens and estimates of 90Sr concentrations in dental tissues by the luminescence method. The resulting dose estimates derived from EPR to FISH measurements for residents of the upper Techa River were found to be consistent: The mean values vary from 510 to 550 mGy for the villages located close to the site of radioactive release to 130–160 mGy for the more distant villages. The upper bound of individual estimates for both methods is equal to 2.2–2.3 Gy. The EPR- and FISH-based dose estimates were compared with the doses calculated for the donors using the most recent Techa River Dosimetry System (TRDS). The TRDS external dose assessments are based on the data on contamination of the Techa River floodplain, simulation of air kerma above the contaminated soil, age-dependent lifestyles and individual residence histories. For correct comparison, TRDS-based doses were calculated from two sources: external exposure from the contaminated environment and internal exposure from 137Cs incorporated in donors’ soft tissues. It is shown here that the TRDS-based absorbed doses in tooth enamel and muscle are in agreement with EPR- and FISH-based estimates within uncertainty bounds. Basically, this agreement between the estimates has confirmed the validity of external doses calculated with the TRDS. AU - Degteva, M.O.* AU - Shagina, N.B.* AU - Shishkina, E.A.* AU - Vozilova, A.V.* AU - Volchkova, A.Y.* AU - Vorobiova, M.I.* AU - Wieser, A. AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Della Monaca, S.* AU - Ainsbury, E.A.* AU - Moquet, J.* AU - Anspaugh, L.R.* AU - Napier, B.A.* C1 - 46813 C2 - 37841 SP - 433-444 TI - Analysis of EPR and FISH studies of radiation doses in persons who lived in the upper reaches of the Techa River. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 54 IS - 4 PY - 2015 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The biological effects on humans of low-dose and low-dose-rate exposures to ionizing radiation have always been of major interest. The most recent concept as suggested by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is to extrapolate existing epidemiological data at high doses and dose rates down to low doses and low dose rates relevant to radiological protection, using the so-called dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF). The present paper summarizes what was presented and discussed by experts from ICRP and Japan at a dedicated workshop on this topic held in May 2015 in Kyoto, Japan. This paper describes the historical development of the DDREF concept in light of emerging scientific evidence on dose and dose-rate effects, summarizes the conclusions recently drawn by a number of international organizations (e.g., BEIR VII, ICRP, SSK, UNSCEAR, and WHO), mentions current scientific efforts to obtain more data on low-dose and low-dose-rate effects at molecular, cellular, animal and human levels, and discusses future options that could be useful to improve and optimize the DDREF concept for the purpose of radiological protection. AU - Rühm, W. AU - Woloschak, G.E.* AU - Shore, R.E.* AU - Azizova, T.V.* AU - Grosche, B.* AU - Niwa, O.* AU - Akiba, S.* AU - Ono, T.* AU - Suzuki, K.* AU - Iwasaki, T.* AU - Ban, N.* AU - Kai, M.* AU - Clement, C.H.* AU - Bouffler, S.* AU - Toma, H.* AU - Hamada, N.* C1 - 46739 C2 - 37790 SP - 379-401 TI - Dose and dose-rate effects of ionizing radiation: A discussion in the light of radiological protection. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 54 IS - 4 PY - 2015 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The aim of the present study was to determine the internal dose in humans after the ingestion of soil highly contaminated with uranium. Therefore, an in vitro solubility assay was performed to estimate the bioaccessibility of uranium for two types of soil. Based on the results, the corresponding bioavailabilities were assessed by using a recently published method. Finally, these bioavailability data were used together with the biokinetic model of uranium to assess the internal doses for a hypothetical but realistic scenario characterized by a daily ingestion of 10 mg of soil over 1 year. The investigated soil samples were from two former uranium mining sites of Germany with (238)U concentrations of about 460 and 550 mg/kg. For these soils, the bioavailabilities of (238)U were quantified as 0.18 and 0.28 % (geometric mean) with 2.5th percentiles of 0.02 and 0.03 % and 97.5th percentiles of 1.48 and 2.34 %, respectively. The corresponding calculated annual committed effective doses for the assumed scenario were 0.4 and 0.6 µSv (GM) with 2.5th percentiles of 0.2 and 0.3 µSv and 97.5th percentiles of 1.6 and 3.0 µSv, respectively. These annual committed effective doses are similar to those from natural uranium intake by food and drinking water, which is estimated to be 0.5 µSv. Based on the present experimental data and the selected ingestion scenario, the investigated soils-although highly contaminated with uranium-are not expected to pose any major health risk to humans related to radiation. AU - Träber, S.C. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Nebelung, K.* AU - Michalke, B. AU - Rühm, W. AU - Oeh, U. C1 - 44891 C2 - 37169 CY - New York SP - 265-272 TI - Calculation of internal dose from ingested soil-derived uranium in humans: Application of a new method. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 54 IS - 3 PB - Springer PY - 2015 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The main contribution of radiation dose to the human lungs from natural exposure originates from short-lived radon progeny. In the present work, the inhalation doses from indoor short-lived radon progeny, i.e., (218)Po, (214)Pb, (214)Bi, and (214)Po, to different age groups of members of the public were calculated. In the calculations, the age-dependent systemic biokinetic models of polonium, bismuth, and lead published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) were adopted. In addition, the ICRP human respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract models were applied to determine the deposition fractions in different regions of the lungs during inhalation and exhalation, and the absorption fractions of radon progeny in the alimentary tract. Based on the calculated contribution of each progeny to equivalent dose and effective dose, the dose conversion factor was estimated, taking into account the unattached fraction of aerosols, attached aerosols in the nucleation, accumulation and coarse modes, and the potential alpha energy concentration fraction in indoor air. It turned out that for each progeny, the equivalent doses to extrathoracic airways and the lungs are greater than those to other organs. The contribution of (214)Po to effective dose is much smaller compared to that of the other short-lived radon progeny and can thus be neglected in the dose assessment. In fact, 90 % of the effective dose from short-lived radon progeny arises from (214)Pb and (214)Bi, while the rest is from (218)Po. The dose conversion factors obtained in the present study are 17 and 18 mSv per working level month (WLM) for adult female and male, respectively. This compares to values ranging from 6 to 20 mSv WLM(-1) calculated by other investigators. The dose coefficients of each radon progeny calculated in the present study can be used to estimate the radiation doses for the population, especially for small children and women, in specific regions of the world exposed to radon progeny by measuring their concentrations, aerosol sizes, and unattached fractions. AU - Brudecki, K. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Meisenberg, O. AU - Tschiersch, J. AU - Hoeschen, C. AU - Oeh, U. C1 - 31293 C2 - 34318 CY - New York SP - 535-549 TI - Age-dependent inhalation doses to members of the public from indoor short-lived radon progeny. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 53 IS - 3 PB - Springer PY - 2014 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper presents the results of an interlaboratory comparison of retrospective dosimetry using the electron paramagnetic resonance method. The test material used in this exercise was glass coming from the touch screens of smart phones that might be used as fortuitous dosimeters in a large-scale radiological incident. There were 13 participants to whom samples were dispatched, and 11 laboratories reported results. The participants received five calibration samples (0, 0.8, 2, 4, and 10 Gy) and four blindly irradiated samples (0, 0.9, 1.3, and 3.3 Gy). Participants were divided into two groups: for group A (formed by three participants), samples came from a homogeneous batch of glass and were stored in similar setting; for group B (formed by eight participants), samples came from different smart phones and stored in different settings of light and temperature. The calibration curves determined by the participants of group A had a small error and a critical level in the 0.37-0.40-Gy dose range, whereas the curves determined by the participants of group B were more scattered and led to a critical level in the 1.3-3.2-Gy dose range for six participants out of eight. Group A were able to assess the dose within 20 % for the lowest doses (<1.5 Gy) and within 5 % for the highest doses. For group B, only the highest blind dose could be evaluated in a reliable way because of the high critical values involved. The results from group A are encouraging, whereas the results from group B suggest that the influence of environmental conditions and the intervariability of samples coming from different smart phones need to be further investigated. An alongside conclusion is that the protocol was easily transferred to participants making a network of laboratories in case of a mass casualty event potentially feasible. AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Trompier, F.* AU - Wieser, A. AU - Brai, M.* AU - Ciesielski, B.* AU - de Angelis, C.* AU - Monaca, S.D.* AU - Garcia, T.* AU - Gustafsson, H.* AU - Hole, E.O.* AU - Juniewicz, M.* AU - Krefft, K.* AU - Longo, A.* AU - Leveque, P.* AU - Lund, E.* AU - Marrale, M.* AU - Michalec, B.* AU - Mierzwińska, G.* AU - Rao, J.L.* AU - Romanyukha, A.A.* AU - Tuner, H.* C1 - 30966 C2 - 36324 CY - New York SP - 311-320 TI - EPR dosimetry intercomparison using smart phone touch screen glass. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 53 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2014 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Thyroid cancer is one of the major health concerns after the accident in the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power station (NPS). Currently, ultrasonography surveys are being performed for persons residing in the Fukushima Prefecture at the time of the accident with an age of up to 18 years. Here, the expected thyroid cancer prevalence in the Fukushima Prefecture is assessed based on an ultrasonography survey of Ukrainians, who were exposed at an age of up to 18 years to (131)I released during the Chernobyl NPS accident, and on differences in equipment and study protocol in the two surveys. Radiation risk of thyroid cancer incidence among survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and preliminary estimates of thyroid dose due to the Fukushima accident were used for the prediction of baseline and radiation-related thyroid cancer risks. We estimate a prevalence of thyroid cancer of 0.027 % (95 % CI 0.010 %; 0.050 %) for the first screening campaign in the Fukushima Prefecture. Compared with the incidence rate in Japan in 2007, the ultrasonography survey is predicted to increase baseline thyroid cancer incidence by a factor of 7.4 (95 % CI 0.95; 17.3). Under the condition of continued screening, thyroid cancer during the first fifty years after the accident is predicted to be detected for about 2 % of the screened population. The prediction of radiation-related thyroid cancer in the most exposed fraction (a few ten thousand persons) of the screened population of the Fukushima Prefecture has a large uncertainty with the best estimates of the average risk of 0.1-0.3 %, depending on average dose. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Kaiser, J.C. AU - Ulanowski, A. C1 - 28929 C2 - 33582 CY - New York SP - 391-401 TI - Ultrasonography survey and thyroid cancer in the Fukushima prefecture. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 53 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2014 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jacob, P. AU - Kaiser, J.C. AU - Ulanowski, A. C1 - 32711 C2 - 35582 SP - 403 TI - Erratum: Ultrasonography survey and thyroid cancer in the Fukushima Prefecture (Radiat. Environ. Biophys. DOI 10.1007/s00411-013-0508-3). JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 53 IS - 2 PY - 2014 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The present study has been inspired by the results of earlier dose measurements in tissue-equivalent materials adjacent to thin foils of aluminum, copper, tin, gold, and lead. Large dose enhancements have been observed in low-Z materials near the interface when this ensemble was irradiated with X-rays of qualities known from diagnostic radiology. The excess doses have been attributed to photo-, Compton, and Auger electrons released from the metal surfaces. Correspondingly, high enhancements of biological effects have been observed in single cell layers arranged close to gold surfaces. The objective of the present work is to systematically survey, by calculation, the values of the dose enhancement in low-Z media facing backscattering materials with a variety of atomic numbers and over a large range of photon energies. Further parameters to be varied are the distance of the point of interest from the interface and the kind of the low-Z material. The voluminous calculations have been performed using the PHOTCOEF algorithm, a proven set of interpolation functions fitted to long-established Monte Carlo results, for primary photon energies between 5 and 250 keV and for atomic numbers varying over the periodic system up to Z = 100. The calculated results correlate well with our previous experimental results. It is shown that the values of the dose enhancement (a) vary strongly in dependence upon Z and photon energy; (b) have maxima in the energy region from 40 to 60 keV, determined by the K and L edges of the backscattering materials; and (c) are valued up to about 130 for "International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) soft tissue" (soft tissue composition recommended by the ICRP) as the adjacent low-Z material. Maximum dose enhancement associated with the L edge occurs for materials with atomic numbers between 50 and 60, e.g., barium (Z = 56) and iodine (Z = 53). Such materials typically serve as contrast media in medical X-ray diagnostics. The gradual reduction in the dose enhancement with increasing distance from the material interface, owed to the limited ranges of the emitted secondary electrons, has been documented in detail. The discussion is devoted to practical radiological aspects of the dose enhancement phenomenon. Cytogenetic effects in cell layers closely proximate to surfaces of medium-Z materials might vary over two orders of magnitude, because the dose enhancement is accompanied by the earlier observed about twofold increase in the low-dose RBEM at a tissue-to-gold interface. AU - Seidenbusch, M.* AU - Harder, D.* AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 31516 C2 - 34531 CY - New York SP - 437-453 TI - Systematic survey of the dose enhancement in tissue-equivalent materials facing medium- and high-Z backscatterers exposed to X-rays with energies from 5 to 250 keV. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 53 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2014 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - This article focuses on the study of (90)Sr in the tooth tissues of Techa riverside residents 60 years after intake. The Techa River was contaminated by radioactive wastes in the 1950s. Contamination of the river system, including water, bottom sediment, floodplain soil, and grass, depended on the distance from the source of releases. Therefore, the average (90)Sr intake was different in different settlements located downstream the river. An additional factor influencing (90)Sr accumulation in the teeth is the rate of tissue mineralization at the time of intake which depended on the donor's age at the time of releases. Measurements of (90)Sr concentration in various dental tissues (enamel, crown, and root dentin) of 166 teeth were performed about 60 years after the main intake using the method of thermoluminescence passive beta detection. The paper presents the current levels of tooth tissue contamination, and the tooth-to-tooth variability of (90)Sr concentration in tooth tissues was assessed for the tissues which were matured at the time of massive liquid radioactive waste releases into the Techa River. A model describing the expected levels of (90)Sr in matured dental tissues depending on age and intake has been elaborated for the population under study. The results obtained will be used for calculation of internal dose in enamel and for interpretation of tooth doses measured by means of the electron paramagnetic resonance method, among the population of the Techa River region. AU - Shishkina, E.A.* AU - Tolstykh, E.I.* AU - Verdi, E. AU - Volchkova, A.Y.* AU - Veronese, I.* AU - El-Faramawy, N.A. AU - Göksu, H.Y. AU - Degteva, M.O.* C1 - 28603 C2 - 33475 CY - New York SP - 159-173 TI - Concentrations of 90Sr in the tooth tissues 60 years after intake: Results of TL measurements and applications for Techa River dosimetry. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 53 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2014 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Doses due to external exposure of terrestrial biota are assessed using differential air kerma from radioactive sources in soil and energy-dependent 'absorbed dose-per-air kerma' conversion factors computed for spherical tissue-equivalent bodies. The presented approach allows computing average whole body absorbed dose for terrestrial organisms with body masses from 1 mg to 1,000 kg located at heights from 10 cm to 500 m above ground. Radioactive sources in soil emitting photons with energies from 10 keV to 10 MeV have been considered. Interpolation of the computed quantities over source energy, body mass, and height above ground results in plausible estimates of whole body average absorbed doses for non-human terrestrial biota from gamma-radiation emitted by any radionuclides in contaminated terrain. AU - Ulanowski, A. C1 - 31954 C2 - 34895 CY - New York SP - 729-737 TI - Absorbed doses in tissue-equivalent spheres above radioactive sources in soil. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 53 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2014 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wieser, A. AU - Darroudi, F.* C1 - 30866 C2 - 33990 CY - New York SP - 217-220 TI - EPRBioDose 2013: EPR applications and biological dosimetry. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 53 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2014 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - In 1945, within the frame of the Uranium Project for the production of nuclear weapons, the Mayak nuclear facilities were constructed at the Lake Irtyash in the Southern Urals, Russia. The nuclear workers of the Mayak Production Association (MPA), who lived in the city of Ozyorsk, are the focus of epidemiological studies for the assessment of health risks due to protracted exposure to ionising radiation. Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements of absorbed dose in tooth enamel have already been used in the past, in an effort to validate occupational external doses that were evaluated in the Mayak Worker Dosimetry System. In the present study, 229 teeth of Ozyorsk citizens not employed at MPA were investigated for the assessment of external background exposure in Ozyorsk. The annually absorbed dose in tooth enamel from natural background radiation was estimated to be (0.7 ± 0.3) mGy. For citizens living in Ozyorsk during the time of routine noble gas releases of the MPA, which peaked in 1953, the average excess absorbed dose in enamel above natural background was (36 ± 29) mGy, which is consistent with the gamma dose obtained by model calculations. In addition, there were indications of possible accidental gaseous MPA releases that affected the population of Ozyorsk, during the early and late MPA operation periods, before 1951 and after 1960. AU - Wieser, A. AU - Vasilenko, E.* AU - Aladova, E.* AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Semiochkina, N. AU - Smetanin, M.* C1 - 30877 C2 - 33982 CY - New York SP - 321-333 TI - Electron paramagnetic resonance measurements of absorbed dose in teeth from citizens of Ozyorsk. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 53 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2014 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Rapidly developing postgenome research has made proteins an attractive target for biological analysis. The well-established term of proteome is defined as the complete set of proteins expressed in a given cell, tissue or organism. Unlike the genome, a proteome is rapidly changing as it tends to adapt to microenvironmental signals. The systematic analysis of the proteome at a given time and state is referred to as proteomics. This technique provides information on the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate physiology and pathophysiology of the cell. Applications of proteome profiling in radiation research are increasing. However, the large-scale proteomics data sets generated need to be integrated into other fields of radiation biology to facilitate the interpretation of radiation-induced cellular and tissue effects. The aim of this review is to introduce the most recent developments in the field of radiation proteomics. AU - Azimzadeh, O. AU - Atkinson, M.J. AU - Tapio, S. C1 - 27778 C2 - 32808 CY - New York SP - 31-38 TI - Proteomics in radiation research: Present status and future perspectives. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 53 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2013 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Epidemiological studies establish that children and young adults are especially susceptible to radiation-induced cardiovascular disease (CVD). The biological mechanisms behind the elevated CVD risk following exposure at young age remain unknown. The present study aims to elucidate the long-term effects of ionizing radiation by studying the murine cardiac proteome after exposure to low and moderate radiation doses. NMRI mice received single doses of total body (60)Co gamma-irradiation on postnatal day 10 and were sacrificed 7 months later. Changes in cardiac protein expression were quantified using isotope-coded protein label and tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 32, 31, 66, and 34 significantly deregulated proteins after doses of 0.02, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 Gy, respectively. The four doses shared 9 deregulated proteins. Bioinformatics analysis showed that most of the deregulated proteins belonged to a limited set of biological categories, including metabolic processes, inflammatory response, and cytoskeletal structure. The transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha was predicted as a common upstream regulator of several deregulated proteins. This study indicates that both adaptive and maladaptive responses to the initial radiation damage persist well into adulthood. It will contribute to the understanding of the long-term consequences of radiation-induced injury and developmental alterations in the neonatal heart. AU - Bakshi, M.V. AU - Barjaktarovic, Z. AU - Azimzadeh, O. AU - Kempf, S.J. AU - Merl, J. AU - Hauck, S.M. AU - Eriksson, P.* AU - Buratovic, S.* AU - Atkinson, M.J. AU - Tapio, S. C1 - 26062 C2 - 32050 SP - 451-461 TI - Long-term effects of acute low-dose ionizing radiation on the neonatal mouse heart: A proteomic study. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 52 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2013 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - In this pilot study we compared for the first time the radiation sensitivity of mouse lens epithelial cells (LECs) and mouse lymphocytes. We freshly prepared LECs and lymphocytes and irradiated them with gamma-rays (Cs-137; doses ranging from 0.25 to 2 Gy). DNA damage and repair were evaluated by alkaline comet assay and gamma H2AX foci assay. Using the comet assay, we observed a dose-dependent increase in DNA damage in both cell types. The faster formation of single- and double-strand breaks in LECs of C57BL/6 mice at doses below 1 Gy needs to be confirmed in other mouse strains. Immunofluorescence for gamma H2AX foci showed a higher degree of lesions in LECs from C57BL/6J mice compared to those of JF1 mice and to lymphocytes of both strains. Correspondingly, repair of DNA damage proceeded faster in LECs of C57BL/6J mice compared to LECs of JF1 mice and lymphocytes of both strains. It is obvious that the lymphocytes of both strains repaired DNA lesions more slowly than the corresponding LECs. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that LECs of C57Bl/6 mice show a steeper dose-response than lymphocytes in both types of experiments. It shows that both test systems are able to be used also at doses below 0.25 Gy. The observed difference in DNA repair between the LECs from C57BL/6J mice compared to the LECs from JF1 mice and to the lymphocytes of both strains warrants further experiments to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. AU - Bannik, K. AU - Rössler, U.* AU - Faus-Kessler, T. AU - Gomolka, M.* AU - Hornhardt, S.* AU - Dalke, C. AU - Klymenko, O. AU - Rosemann, M. AU - Trott, K.-R.* AU - Atkinson, M.J. AU - Kulka, U.* AU - Graw, J. C1 - 24685 C2 - 31640 SP - 279-286 TI - Are mouse lens epithelial cells more sensitive to γ-irradiation than lymphocytes? JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 52 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2013 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - High doses of ionising radiation significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the vascular endothelium representing one of the main targets. Whether radiation doses lower than 500 mGy induce cardiovascular damage is controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate radiation-induced expression changes on protein and microRNA (miRNA) level in primary human coronary artery endothelial cells after a single 200 mGy radiation dose (Co-60). Using a multiplex gel-based proteomics technology (2D-DIGE), we identified 28 deregulated proteins showing more than ±1.5-fold expression change in comparison with non-exposed cells. A great majority of the proteins showed up-regulation. Bioinformatics analysis indicated "cellular assembly and organisation, cellular function and maintenance and molecular transport" as the most significant radiation-responsive network. Caspase-3, a central regulator of this network, was confirmed to be up-regulated using immunoblotting. We also analysed radiation-induced alterations in the level of six miRNAs known to play a role either in CVD or in radiation response. The expression of miR-21 and miR-146b showed significant radiation-induced deregulation. Using miRNA target prediction, three proteins found differentially expressed in this study were identified as putative candidates for miR-21 regulation. A negative correlation was observed between miR-21 levels and the predicted target proteins, desmoglein 1, phosphoglucomutase and target of Myb protein. This study shows for the first time that a low-dose exposure has a significant impact on miRNA expression that is directly related to protein expression alterations. The data presented here may facilitate the discovery of low-dose biomarkers of radiation-induced cardiovascular damage. AU - Barjaktarovic, Z. AU - Anastasov, N. AU - Azimzadeh, O. AU - Sriharshan, A. AU - Sarioglu, H. AU - Ueffing, M. AU - Tammio, H.* AU - Hakanen, A.* AU - Leszczynski, D.* AU - Atkinson, M.J. AU - Tapio, S. C1 - 22982 C2 - 30967 SP - 87-98 TI - Integrative proteomic and microRNA analysis of primary human coronary artery endothelial cells exposed to low-dose gamma radiation. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 52 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2013 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Friedl, A.A.* AU - Rühm, W. C1 - 24680 C2 - 31643 SP - 171-174 TI - 50 years of Radiation and Environmental Biophysics: What were the hallmark papers? JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 52 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2013 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - A recent analysis of leukaemia mortality in Japanese A-bomb survivors has applied descriptive models, collected together from previous studies, to derive a joint excess relative risk estimate (ERR) by multi-model inference (MMI) (Walsh and Kaiser in Radiat Environ Biophys 50:21-35, 2011). The models use a linear-quadratic dose response with differing dose effect modifiers. In the present study, a set of more than 40 models has been submitted to a rigorous statistical selection procedure which fosters the parsimonious deployment of model parameters based on pairwise likelihood ratio tests. Nested models were consequently excluded from risk assessment. The set comprises models of the excess absolute risk (EAR) and two types of non-standard ERR models with sigmoidal responses or two line spline functions with a changing slope at a break point. Due to clearly higher values of the Akaike Information Criterion, none of the EAR models has been selected, but two non-standard ERR models qualified for MMI. The preferred ERR model applies a purely quadratic dose response which is slightly damped by an exponential factor at high doses and modified by a power function for attained age. Compared to the previous analysis, the present study reports similar point estimates and confidence intervals (CI) of the ERR from MMI for doses between 0.5 and 2.5 Sv. However, at lower doses, the point estimates are markedly reduced by factors between two and five, although the reduction was not statistically significant. The 2.5 % percentiles of the ERR from the preferred quadratic-exponential model did not fall below zero risk in exposure scenarios for children, adolescents and adults at very low doses down to 10 mSv. Yet, MMI produced risk estimates with a positive 2.5 % percentile only above doses of some 300 mSv. Compared to CI from a single model of choice, CI from MMI are broadened in cohort strata with low statistical power by a combination of risk extrapolations from several models. Reverting to MMI can relieve the dilemma of needing to choose between models with largely different consequences for risk assessment in public health. AU - Kaiser, J.C. AU - Walsh, L.* C1 - 11356 C2 - 30625 SP - 17-27 TI - Independent analysis of the radiation risk for leukaemia in children and adults with mortality data (1950-2003) of Japanese A-bomb survivors. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 52 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2013 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - There is no clear evidence proving or disproving that ionising radiation is causally linked with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. However, it is known that high doses of ionising radiation to the head (20-50 Gy) lead to severe learning and memory impairment which is characteristical for Alzheimer's. The cumulative doses of ionising radiation to the Western population are accruing, mostly due to the explosive growth of medical imaging procedures. Children are in particular prone to ionising radiation as the molecular processes within the brain are not completely finished. Furthermore, they have a long lifespan under risk. We wish to open a debate if such low doses of radiation exposure may lead to delayed long-term cognitive and other defects, albeit at a lower frequency than those observed during application of high doses. Further, we want to sensitise the society towards the risks of ionising radiation. To achieve these aims, we will recapitulate the known symptoms of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's on the molecular level and incorporate data of mainly low- and moderate-ionising radiation (<5 Gy). Thus, we want to highlight in general the potential similarities of both the neurodegenerative and radiation-induced pathways. We will propose a mechanistic model for radiation-induced neurodegeneration pointing out mitochondria as a key element. This includes effects of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation-all fundamental players of neurodegenerative diseases. AU - Kempf, S.J. AU - Azimzadeh, O. AU - Atkinson, M.J. AU - Tapio, S. C1 - 22984 C2 - 30966 SP - 5-16 TI - Long-term effects of ionising radiation on the brain: Cause for concern? JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 52 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2013 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Little, M.P.* AU - Azizova, T.V.* AU - Bazyka, D.* AU - Bouffler, S.D.* AU - Cardis, E.* AU - Chekin, S.* AU - Chumak, V.V.* AU - Cucinotta, F.A.* AU - de Vathaire, F.* AU - Hall, P.* AU - Harrison, J.D.* AU - Hildebrandt, G.* AU - Ivanov, V.* AU - Kashcheev, V.V.* AU - Klymenko, S.V.* AU - Laurent, O.* AU - Ozasa, K.* AU - Tapio, S. AU - Taylor, A.M.* AU - Tzoulaki, I.* AU - Vandoolaeghe, W.L.* AU - Wakeford, R.* AU - Zablotska, L.* AU - Zhang, W.* AU - Lipshultz, S.E.* C1 - 22980 C2 - 30968 SP - 157-159 TI - Comment on "Dose-responses from multi-model inference for the non-cancer disease mortality of atomic bomb survivors" (Radiat. Environ. Biophys (2012) 51:165-178) by Schöllnberger et al. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 52 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2013 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rühm, W. AU - Friedl, A.A.* C1 - 23519 C2 - 31203 SP - 1-3 TI - Fifty years ago .... JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 52 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2013 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schöllnberger, H. AU - Kaiser, J.C. AU - Walsh, L.* AU - Jacob, P. C1 - 23521 C2 - 31204 SP - 161-163 TI - Reply to Little et al.: Dose-responses from multi-model inference for the non-cancer disease mortality of atomic bomb survivors. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 52 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2013 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The application of a microchannel proton irradiation was compared to homogeneous irradiation in a three-dimensional human skin model. The goal is to minimize the risk of normal tissue damage by microchannel irradiation, while preserving local tumor control through a homogeneous irradiation of the tumor that is achieved because of beam widening with increasing track length. 20 MeV protons were administered to the skin models in 10- or 50-μm-wide irradiation channels on a quadratic raster with distances of 500 μm between each channel (center to center) applying an average dose of 2 Gy. For comparison, other samples were irradiated homogeneously at the same average dose. Normal tissue viability was significantly enhanced after microchannel proton irradiation compared to homogeneous irradiation. Levels of inflammatory parameters, such as Interleukin-6, TGF-Beta, and Pro-MMP1, were significantly lower in the supernatant of the human skin tissue after microchannel irradiation than after homogeneous irradiation. The genetic damage as determined by the measurement of micronuclei in keratinocytes also differed significantly. This difference was quantified via dose modification factors (DMF) describing the effect of each irradiation mode relative to homogeneous X-ray irradiation, so that the DMF of 1.21 ± 0.20 after homogeneous proton irradiation was reduced to 0.23 ± 0.11 and 0.40 ± 0.12 after microchannel irradiation using 10- and 50-μm-wide channels, respectively. Our data indicate that proton microchannel irradiation maintains cell viability while significantly reducing inflammatory responses and genetic damage compared to homogeneous irradiation, and thus might improve protection of normal tissue after irradiation. AU - Zlobinskaya, O.* AU - Girst, S.* AU - Greubel, C.* AU - Hable, V.* AU - Siebenwirth, C.* AU - Walsh, D.W.* AU - Multhoff, G. AU - Wilkens, J.J.* AU - Schmid, T.E.* AU - Dollinger, G.* C1 - 11680 C2 - 30758 SP - 123-133 TI - Reduced side effects by proton microchannel radiotherapy: Study in a human skin model. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 52 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2013 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - We explore the potential for the biologically based two-stage clonal expansion model to make statements about the influence of genetic factors on the steps in the model. We find evidence that the different susceptibility of BALB/C and CBA/Ca mice to bone cancer after (227)Thorium injection may be mostly due to different promotional responses to radiation. In BALB/C × CBA/Ca back-crossed mice, we analyzed the specific contribution of two individual loci in the carcinogenic process. This analysis suggests that the two high- or low-risk alleles are acting on promotion or on the background parameters, but not on radiation-induced initiation. Taken together with the comparison of CBA/Ca and BALB/C mice, this hints at the possibility that the two loci are candidates for modifying radiation-induced promotion. AU - Heidenreich, W.F. AU - Rosemann, M. C1 - 7485 C2 - 29745 SP - 179-185 TI - Genetic background and 227Thorium as risk factors in biologically based models for induction of bone cancer in mice. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 51 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2012 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The biologically based two-stage clonal expansion (TSCE) model is used to analyze lung cancer mortality of European miners from the Czech Republic, France, and Germany. All three cohorts indicate a highly significant action of exposure to radon and its progeny on promotion. The action on initiation is not significant in the French cohort. An action on transformation was tested but not found significant. In a pooled analysis, the results based on the French and German datasets do not differ significantly in any of the used parameters. For the Czech dataset, only lag time and two parameters that determine the clonal expansion without exposure and with low exposure rates (promotion) are consistent with the other studies. For low exposure rates, the resulting relative risks are quite similar. Exposure estimates for each calendar year are used. A model for random errors in each of these yearly exposures is presented. Depending on the used technique of exposure estimate, Berkson and classical errors are used. The consequences for the model parameters are calculated and found to be mostly of minor importance, except that the large difference in the exposure-induced initiation between the studies is decreased substantially. AU - Heidenreich, W.F. AU - Tomasek, L.* AU - Grosche, B.* AU - Leuraud, K.* AU - Laurier, D.* C1 - 8498 C2 - 30274 SP - 263-275 TI - Lung cancer mortality in the European uranium miners cohorts analyzed with a biologically based model taking into account radon measurement error. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 51 IS - 3 PB - Springer PY - 2012 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Breast cancer risk from radiation exposure has been analyzed in the cohort of Japanese a-bomb survivors using empirical models and mechanistic two-step clonal expansion (TSCE) models with incidence data from 1958 to 1998. TSCE models rely on a phenomenological representation of cell transition processes on the path to cancer. They describe the data as good as empirical models and this fact has been exploited for risk assessment. Adequate models of both types have been selected with a statistical protocol based on parsimonious parameter deployment and their risk estimates have been combined using multi-model inference techniques. TSCE models relate the radiation risk to cell processes which are controlled by age-increasing rates of initiating mutations and by changes in hormone levels due to menopause. For exposure at young age, they predict an enhanced excess relative risk (ERR) whereas the preferred empirical model shows no dependence on age at exposure. At attained age 70, the multi-model median of the ERR at 1 Gy decreases moderately from 1.2 Gy(-1) (90% CI 0.72; 2.1) for exposure at age 25 to a 30% lower value for exposure at age 55. For cohort strata with few cases, where model predictions diverge, uncertainty intervals from multi-model inference are enhanced by up to a factor of 1.6 compared to the preferred empirical model. Multi-model inference provides a joint risk estimate from several plausible models rather than relying on a single model of choice. It produces more reliable point estimates and improves the characterization of uncertainties. The method is recommended for risk assessment in practical radiation protection. AU - Kaiser, J.C. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Meckbach, R. AU - Cullings, H.M.* C1 - 7267 C2 - 29627 SP - 1-14 TI - Breast cancer risk in atomic bomb survivors from multi-model inference with incidence data 1958-1998. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 51 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2012 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - In order to provide fundamental data required for dose evaluation due to environmental exposures, effective dose conversion coefficients, that is, the effective dose rate per unit activity per unit area, were calculated for a number of potentially important radionuclides, assuming an exponential distribution in ground, over a wide range of relaxation depths. The conversion coefficients were calculated for adults and a new-born baby on the basis of dosimetric methods that the authors and related researchers have previously developed, using Monte Carlo simulations and anthropomorphic computational phantoms. The differences in effective dose conversion coefficients due to body size between the adult and baby phantoms were found to lie within 50 %, for most cases; however, for some low energies, differences could amount to a factor of 3. The effective dose per unit source intensity per area was found to decrease by a factor of 2-5, for increasing relaxation depths from 0 to 5 g/cm(2), above a source energy of 50 keV. It is also shown that implementation of the calculated coefficients into the computation of the tissue weighting factors and the adult reference computational phantoms of ICRP Publication 103 does not significantly influence the effective dose conversion coefficients of the environment. Consequently, the coefficients shown in this paper could be applied for the evaluation of effective doses, as defined according to both recommendations of ICRP Publications 103 and 60. AU - Saito, K.* AU - Ishigure, N.* AU - Petoussi-Henß, N. AU - Schlattl, H. C1 - 11099 C2 - 30562 SP - 411-423 TI - Effective dose conversion coefficients for radionuclides exponentially distributed in the ground. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 51 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2012 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The non-cancer mortality data for cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and cardiovascular diseases from Report 13 on the atomic bomb survivors published by the Radiation Effects Research Foundation were analysed to investigate the dose-response for the influence of radiation on these detrimental health effects. Various parametric and categorical models (such as linear-no-threshold (LNT) and a number of threshold and step models) were analysed with a statistical selection protocol that rated the model description of the data. Instead of applying the usual approach of identifying one preferred model for each data set, a set of plausible models was applied, and a sub-set of non-nested models was identified that all fitted the data about equally well. Subsequently, this sub-set of non-nested models was used to perform multi-model inference (MMI), an innovative method of mathematically combining different models to allow risk estimates to be based on several plausible dose-response models rather than just relying on a single model of choice. This procedure thereby produces more reliable risk estimates based on a more comprehensive appraisal of model uncertainties. For CVD, MMI yielded a weak dose-response (with a risk estimate of about one-third of the LNT model) below a step at 0.6 Gy and a stronger dose-response at higher doses. The calculated risk estimates are consistent with zero risk below this threshold-dose. For mortalities related to cardiovascular diseases, an LNT-type dose-response was found with risk estimates consistent with zero risk below 2.2 Gy based on 90% confidence intervals. The MMI approach described here resolves a dilemma in practical radiation protection when one is forced to select between models with profoundly different dose-responses for risk estimates. AU - Schöllnberger, H. AU - Kaiser, J.C. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Walsh, L.* C1 - 7473 C2 - 29733 SP - 165-178 TI - Dose-responses from multi-model inference for the non-cancer disease mortality of atomic bomb survivors. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 51 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2012 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - no Abstract AU - Walsh, L.* AU - Kaiser, J.C. AU - Schöllnberger, H. AU - Jacob, P. C1 - 7279 C2 - 29639 SP - 97-100 TI - Response to "model averaging in the analysis of leukaemia mortality among Japanese A-bomb survivors" by Richardson and Cole. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 51 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2012 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - A pilot study was performed to evaluate a new concept for a radiation biodosimetry method. Proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) was used to find out whether radiation induces changes in the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the headspace of in vitro cultured cells. Two different cell lines, retinal pigment epithelium cells hTERT-RPE1 and lung epithelium cells A-549, were irradiated with gamma radiation at doses of 4 Gy and 8 Gy. For measuring the cell-specific effects, the VOC concentrations in the headspace of flasks containing cells plus medium, as well as of flasks containing pure medium were analyzed for changes before and after irradiation. No significant radiation-induced alterations in VOC concentrations in the headspace could be observed after irradiation. AU - Brunner, C. AU - Szymczak, W. AU - Li, W. AU - Hoeschen, C. AU - Mörtl, S. AU - Eckardt-Schupp, F. AU - Oeh, U. C1 - 4540 C2 - 27947 SP - 209-217 TI - Headspace measurements of irradiated in vitro cultured cells using PTR-MS. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 50 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2011 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Osteosarcoma is the most frequent secondary malignancy following radiotherapy of patients with bilateral retinoblastoma. This suggests that the Rb1 tumour suppressor gene might confer genetic susceptibility towards radiation-induced osteosarcoma. To define the contribution of the Rb1 pathway in the multistep process of radiation carcinogenesis, we evaluated somatic allelic changes affecting the Rb1 gene itself as well as its upstream regulator p16 in murine osteosarcoma induced by (227)Th incorporation. To distinguish between the contribution of germline predisposition and the effect of a 2-hit allelic loss, two mouse models harbouring heterozygote germline Rb1 and p16 defects were tested for the incidence and latency of osteosarcoma following irradiation. We could show that all tumours arising in BALB/c × CBA/CA hybrid mice (wild-type for Rb1 and for p16) carried a somatic allelic loss of either the Rb1 gene (76.5%) or the p16 gene (59%). In none of the tumours, we found concordant retention of heterozygosity at both loci. Heterozygote knock-out mice for Rb1 exhibit a significant increase in the incidence of osteosarcoma following (227)Th incorporation (22/24 in Rb1+/- vs. 2/18 in Rb1+/+, p = 4 × 10(-5)), without affecting tumour latency. In contrast, heterozygote knock-out mice for p16 had no significant change in tumour incidence, but a pronounced reduction of latency (LT(50%) = 355 days in p16+/- vs. 445 days in p16+/+, p = 8 × 10(-3)). These data suggest that Rb1 germline defects influence early steps of radiation osteosarcomagenesis, whereas alterations in p16 mainly affect later stages of tumour promotion and growth. AU - González-Vasconcellos, I.M. AU - Domke, T.A.J. AU - Kuosaite, V. AU - Esposito, I. AU - Sanli-Bonazzi, B. AU - Nathrath, M. AU - Atkinson, M.J. AU - Rosemann, M. C1 - 4541 C2 - 27948 SP - 135-141 TI - Differential effects of genes of the Rb1 signalling pathway on osteosarcoma incidence and latency in alpha-particle irradiated mice. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 50 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2011 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - High doses of ionising radiation damage the heart by an as yet unknown mechanism. A concern for radiological protection is the recent epidemiological data indicating that doses as low as 100-500 mGy may induce cardiac damage. The aim of this study was to identify potential molecular targets and/or mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of low-dose radiation-induced cardiovascular disease. The vascular endothelium plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cardiac function and is therefore a potential target tissue. We report here that low-dose radiation induced rapid and time-dependent changes in the cytoplasmic proteome of the human endothelial cell line EA.hy926. The proteomes were investigated at 4 and 24 h after irradiation at two different dose rates (Co-60 gamma ray total dose 200 mGy; 20 mGy/min and 190 mGy/min) using 2D-DIGE technology. Differentially expressed proteins were identified, after in-gel trypsin digestion, by MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometry, and peptide mass fingerprint analyses. We identified 15 significantly differentially expressed proteins, of which 10 were up-regulated and 5 down-regulated, with more than ± 1.5-fold difference compared with unexposed cells. Pathways influenced by the low-dose exposures included the Ran and RhoA pathways, fatty acid metabolism and stress response. AU - Pluder, F. AU - Barjaktarovic, Z. AU - Azimzadeh, O. AU - Mörtl, S. AU - Krämer, A. AU - Steininger, S. AU - Sarioglu, H. AU - Leszczynski, D.* AU - Nylund, R.* AU - Hakanen, A.* AU - Sriharshan, A. AU - Atkinson, M.J. AU - Tapio, S. C1 - 4921 C2 - 28134 SP - 155-166 TI - Low-dose irradiation causes rapid alterations to the proteome of the human endothelial cell line EA.hy926. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 50 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2011 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - In a previous paper, Takamiya et al. calculated (63)Ni production in copper samples exposed to the Hiroshima atomic bomb. More specifically, they used their experimental cross-section values of the (63)Cu(n,p)(63)Ni reaction and compared the result with that of the corresponding calculation in the radiation dosimetry system DS02, which used another set of cross-section values. These results were different, and the following two reasons were found: typographical errors in several energy boundary values in the DS02 report that was also used in the calculation by Takamiya et al. and an inappropriate assumption on the cross-section values of the low neutron energy region in the calculation by Takamiya et al. These two issues are described and amended in the present report. AU - Takamiya, K.* AU - Imanaka, T.* AU - Egbert, S.D.* AU - Rühm, W. C1 - 6201 C2 - 28564 SP - 329-333 TI - Amendments to 63Ni production calculation for Hiroshima by Takamiya et al. and DS02 fluence data by Egbert et al. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 50 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2011 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Radioactive contamination of the environment following the Chernobyl accident still provide a substantial impact on the population of affected territories in Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. Reduction of population exposure can be achieved by performing remediation activities in these areas. Resulting from the IAEA Technical Co-operation Projects with these countries, the program ReSCA (Remediation Strategies after the Chernobyl Accident) has been developed to provide assistance to decision makers and to facilitate a selection of an optimized remediation strategy in rural settlements. The paper provides in-depth description of the program, its algorithm, and structure. AU - Ulanowski, A. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Fesenko, S.* AU - Bogdevitch, I.* AU - Kashparov, V.* AU - Sanzharova, N. C1 - 6411 C2 - 28627 SP - 67-83 TI - ReSCA: Decision support tool for remediation planning after the Chernobyl accident. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 50 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2011 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Some relatively new issues that augment the usual practice of ignoring model uncertainty, when making inference about parameters of a specific model, are brought to the attention of the radiation protection community here. Nine recently published leukaemia risk models, developed with the Japanese A-bomb epidemiological mortality data, have been included in a model-averaging procedure so that the main conclusions do not depend on just one type of model or statistical test. The models have been centred here at various adult and young ages at exposure, for some short times since exposure, in order to obtain specially computed childhood Excess Relative Risks (ERR) with uncertainties that account for correlations in the fitted parameters associated with the ERR dose-response. The model-averaged ERR at 1 Sv was not found to be statistically significant for attained ages of 7 and 12 years but was statistically significant for attained ages of 17, 22 and 55 years. Consequently, such risks when applied to other situations, such as children in the vicinity of nuclear installations or in estimates of the proportion of childhood leukaemia incidence attributable to background radiation (i.e. low doses for young ages and short times since exposure), are only of very limited value, with uncertainty ranges that include zero risk. For example, assuming a total radiation dose to a 5-year-old child of 10 mSv and applying the model-averaged risk at 10 mSv for a 7-year-old exposed at 2 years of age would result in an ERR = 0.33, 95% CI: -0.51 to 1.22. One model (United Nations scientific committee on the effects of atomic radiation report. Volume 1. Annex A: epidemiological studies of radiation and cancer, United Nations, New York, 2006) weighted model-averaged risks of leukaemia most strongly by half of the total unity weighting and is recommended for application in future leukaemia risk assessments that continue to ignore model uncertainty. However, on the basis of the analysis presented here, it is generally recommended to take model uncertainty into account in future risk analyses. AU - Walsh, L. AU - Kaiser, J.C. C1 - 5667 C2 - 27681 CY - Berlin [u.a.] SP - 21-35 TI - Multi-model inference of adult and childhood leukaemia excess relative risks based on the Japanese A-bomb survivors mortality data (1950-2000). JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 50 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2011 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the present paper, analysis of solid cancer mortality and incidence risk after radiation exposure in the Techa River Cohort in the Southern Urals region of Russia is described. Residents along the Techa River received protracted exposure to ionizing radiation in the 1950s due to the releases of radioactive materials from the Mayak Production Association. The current follow-up through December 2003 includes individuals exposed on the Techa riverside within the Chelyabinsk and Kurgan oblasts using mortality data, and within the Chelyabinsk oblast using incidence data. The analysis was performed by means of the biologically based two-stage clonal expansion (TSCE) model and conventional excess relative risk models. For the mortality and incidence cohorts, central estimates of the excess relative risk per dose of 0.85 Gy(-1) (95% CI 0.36; 1.38) and 0.91 Gy(-1) (95% CI 0.35; 1.52) were found, respectively. For both the mortality and incidence cohorts, the best description of the radiation risk was achieved with the same TSCE model including a lifelong radiation effect on the promotion rate of initiated cells. An increase in the excess risk with attained age was observed, whereas no significant change of risk with age at exposure was seen. Direct comparison of the mortality and incidence cohorts showed that the excess relative risk estimates agreed very well in both cohorts, as did the excess absolute risk and the hazard after correction for the different background rates. AU - Eidemüller, M. AU - Ostroumova, E.* AU - Krestinina, L.* AU - Epiphanova, S.* AU - Akleyev, A.* AU - Jacob, P. C1 - 1086 C2 - 27516 SP - 477-490 TI - Comparison of mortality and incidence solid cancer risk after radiation exposure in the Techa River cohort. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 49 IS - 3 PB - Springer PY - 2010 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - All recent analyses of the data on solid cancer incidence of the atomic bomb survivors are corrected for migration and random dose errors. In the usual treatment with grouped data and regression calibration, the calibration of doses depends on the used dose response. For solid cancers, it usually is linear. Here, an individual likelihood is presented which works without further adjustment for all dose responses. When the same assumptions are made as in the usual Poisson regression, equivalent results are obtained. But, the individual likelihood has the potential to use more detailed models for dose errors and to estimate non-linear dose responses without recalibration. As an example for the potential of the individual data set for the analysis of risk at low doses, signals for a saturating bystander effect are investigated. AU - Heidenreich, W.F. AU - Cullings, H.M.* C1 - 1320 C2 - 26749 SP - 39-46 TI - Use of the individual data of the a-bomb survivors for biologically based cancer models. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 49 IS - 1 PY - 2010 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - no Abstract AU - Jacob, P. AU - Ron, E.* C1 - 5372 C2 - 27182 CY - New York SP - 109-110 TI - Late health effects of ionizing radiation: Bridging the experimental and epidemiological divide. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 49 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2010 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although the link between high doses of ionizing radiation and damage to the heart and coronary arteries has been well established for some time, the association between lower-dose exposures and late occurring cardiovascular disease has only recently begun to emerge, and is still controversial. In this paper, we extend an earlier systematic review by Little et al. on the epidemiological evidence for associations between low and moderate doses of ionizing radiation exposure and late occurring blood circulatory system disease. Excess relative risks per unit dose in epidemiological studies vary over at least two orders of magnitude, possibly a result of confounding and effect modification by well-known (but unobserved) risk factors, and there is statistically significant (p < 0.00001) heterogeneity between the risks. This heterogeneity is reduced, but remains significant, if adjustments are made for the effects of fractionated delivery or if there is stratification by endpoint (cardiovascular disease vs. stroke, morbidity vs. mortality). One possible biological mechanism is damage to endothelial cells and subsequent induction of an inflammatory response, although it seems unlikely that this would extend to low-dose and low-dose-rate exposure. A recent paper of Little et al. proposed an arguably more plausible mechanism for fractionated low-dose effects, based on monocyte cell killing in the intima. Although the predictions of the model are consistent with the epidemiological data, the experimental predictions made have yet to be tested. Further epidemiological and biological evidence will allow a firmer conclusion to be drawn. AU - Little, M.P.* AU - Tawn, E.J.* AU - Tzoulaki, I.* AU - Wakeford, R.* AU - Hildebrandt, G.* AU - Paris, F.* AU - Tapio, S. AU - Elliott, P.* C1 - 4542 C2 - 27949 SP - 139-153 TI - Review and meta-analysis of epidemiological associations between low/moderate doses of ionizing radiation and circulatory disease risks, and their possible mechanisms. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 49 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2010 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Without Abstract AU - Tapio, S. AU - Hornhardt, S.* AU - Gomolka, M.* AU - Leszczynski, D.* AU - Posch, A. AU - Thalhammer, S. AU - Atkinson, M.J. C1 - 298 C2 - 27029 CY - Berlin SP - 1-4 TI - Use of proteomics in radiobiological research: Current state of the art. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 49 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2010 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - In this article scenarios have been developed, which simulate screening effects in ecological and cohort studies of thyroid cancer incidence among Ukrainians, whose thyroids have been exposed to I-131 in the aftermath of the Chernobyl accident. If possible, the scenarios were based on directly observed data, such as the population size, dose distributions and thyroid cancer cases. Two scenarios were considered where the screening effect on baseline cases is either equal to or larger than that of radiation-related thyroid cancer cases. For ecological studies in settlements with more than ten measurements of the I-131 activity in the human thyroid in May-June 1986, the screening bias appeared small (< 19%) for all risk quantities. In the cohort studies, the excess absolute risk per dose was larger by a factor of 4 than in the general population. For an equal screening effect on baseline and radiation-related cancer (Scenario 1) the excess relative risk was about the same as in the general population. However, a differential screening effect (Scenario 2) produced a risk smaller by a factor of 2.5. A comparison with first results of the Ukrainian-US-American cohort study did not give any indication that a differential screening effect has a marked influence on the risk estimates. The differences in the risk estimates from ecological studies and cohort studies were explained by the different screening patterns in the general population and in the much smaller cohort. The present investigations are characterized by dose estimates for many settlements which are very weakly correlated with screening, the confounding variable. The results show that under these conditions ecological studies may provide risk estimates with an acceptable bias. AU - Kaiser, J.C. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Blettner, M.* AU - Vavilov, S.* C1 - 1576 C2 - 26222 SP - 169-179 TI - Screening effects in risk studies of thyroid cancer after the Chernobyl accident. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 48 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2009 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the present work, a systematic analysis of the impact of spatial and temporal proximity of ion tracks on the yield of higher-order radiolytic species as well as of DNA damage patterns is presented. This potential impact may be of concern when laser-driven particle accelerators are used for ion radiation therapy. The biophysical Monte Carlo track structure code PARTRAC was used and, to this end, extended in two aspects: first, the temporal information about track evolution has been included in the track structure module and, second, the simulation code has been modified to enable parallel multiple track processing during simulation of subsequent modelling stages. Depending on the spatial and temporal separation between ion-track pairs, the yield of chemical species has been calculated for incident protons with start energies of 20 MeV, for He2+ ions with start energies of 1 and 20 MeV, and for 60 MeV C6+ ions. Provided the overlap of the considered ion tracks is sufficient in all four dimensions (space and time), the yield of hydroxyl radicals was found to be reduced compared to that of single tracks, for all considered ion types. The biological endpoints investigated were base damages, single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and clustered lesions for incident pairs of protons and He2+ ions, each with start energies of 20 MeV. The yield of clustered lesions produced by 20 MeV protons turned out to be influenced by the spatial separation of the proton pair; in contrast, no influence was found for different start times of the protons. The yield of single-strand breaks and base hits was found neither to depend on the spatial separation nor on the temporal separation between the incident protons. For incident 20 MeV He2+ ions, however, a dependence on the spatial and temporal separation of the ion pair was found for all considered biological endpoints. Nevertheless, spatial proximity conditions where such intertrack effects were obtained are not met in the case of tumour radiation therapy; thus, no impact on radiation effects due to short pulse duration of laser-driven accelerators can be expected from alterations during the chemical stage. AU - Kreipl, M.S. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 262 C2 - 26990 CY - New York SP - 349-359 TI - Interaction of ion tracks in spatial and temporal proximity. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 48 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2009 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Time-dependent yields of the most important products of water radiolysis E(aq)(-), (*)OH, H(*), H(3)O(+), H(2), OH(-) and H(2)O(2) have been calculated for (60)Co-photons, electrons, protons, helium- and carbon-ions incident onto water. G values have been evaluated for the interval from 1 ps to 1 mus after initial energy deposition as a function of time, as well as after 1 ns and at the end of the chemical stage as a function of linear energy transfer (LET), covering an interval from approximately 0.2 up to 750 keV/microm by means of different particle types. In this work, the modules of the biophysical Monte Carlo track structure code PARTRAC dealing with the simulation of prechemical and chemical stages have been improved to extend interaction data sets for heavier ions. Among other newly selected parameter values, the thermalisation distance between the point of generation and hydration of subexcitation electrons has been adopted from recent data in the literature. As far as data from the literature are available, good agreement has been found with the calculated time- and LET-dependent yields in this work, supporting the selection of the revised parameter values. AU - Kreipl, M.S. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 1038 C2 - 25976 SP - 11-20 TI - Time- and space-resolved Monte Carlo study of water radiolysis for photon, electron and ion irradiation. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 48 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2009 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Pröhl, G. AU - Ulanowski, A. C1 - 2259 C2 - 26223 SP - 243-244 TI - On the calculation of external radiation doses from ¹³⁷Cs to frog phantoms in a wetland area. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 48 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2009 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Air crew members and airline passengers are continuously exposed to cosmic radiation during their flights. Particles ejected by the sun during so-called solar particle events (SPEs) in periods of high solar activity can contribute to this exposure. In rare cases the dose from a single SPE might even exceed the annual dose limit of 1 mSv above which dose monitoring of air crews is legally required in Germany. Measurements performed by means of neutron monitors have already shown that the relative intensity of secondary neutrons from cosmic radiation is enhanced during an SPE, particularly at regions close to the magnetic poles of the Earth where shielding of the cosmic radiation by the geomagnetic field is low. Here we describe a Bonner sphere spectrometer installed at the Koldewey station at 79A degrees N, i.e. about 1,000 km from the geographic North pole, which is designed to provide first experimental data on the time-dependent energy spectrum of neutrons produced in the atmosphere during an SPE. This will be important to calculate doses from these neutrons to air crew members. The system is described in detail and first results are shown that were obtained during quiet periods of sun activity. AU - Rühm, W. AU - Mares, V. AU - Pioch, C. AU - Weitzenegger, E. AU - Vockenroth, R.* AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 945 C2 - 26248 SP - 125-133 TI - Measurements of secondary neutrons from cosmic radiation with a Bonner sphere spectrometer at 79A degrees N. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 48 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2009 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - We performed an epidemiological study on 1,471 ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with repeated intravenous injections of the short lived alpha-emitter Ra-224 (excluding radiation therapy with X-rays) between 1948 and 1975. These patients have been followed together with a control group of 1,324 ankylosing spondylitis patients treated neither with radioactive drugs nor with X-rays. The mean follow-up time was 26.3 years in the exposed and 24.6 years in the control group. To date, causes of death have been ascertained for 1,006 exposed patients and 1,072 controls. Special emphasis was placed on the reporting of malignant diseases. Expected numbers of cases were computed for the age, sex and calendar year distribution of both groups using cancer registry incidence rates. In the exposed group 18 cases of kidney cancer (vs. 9.1 cases expected, P < 0.01) and 4 malignant thyroid tumours (vs. 1.2 cases expected, P = 0.03) were observed. In the control group the observed cases for these tumours were not significantly elevated. The most striking observation, however, were the 21 cases of leukaemia in the exposed group (vs. 6.8 cases expected, P < 0.001) compared to 12 cases of leukaemia in the control group (vs. 7.5 cases expected). Further sub-classification of the leukaemias demonstrated a high increase of myeloid leukaemia in the exposed group (12 cases observed vs. 2.9 cases expected, P < 0.001), and out of these, especially a high excess of acute myeloid leukaemias (7 cases observed vs. 1.8 expected, P = 0.003). In the controls the observed cases are within the expected range (4 myeloid leukaemias vs. 3.1 cases). This increase in total leukaemias as well as particularly in myeloid leukaemias is significant in direct comparison between the exposed and control groups too (P < 0.05). The enhanced leukaemia incidence in the exposed group is in line with the observation of increased leukaemia incidence in mice injected with Ra-224. AU - Wick, R.R. AU - Atkinson, M.J. AU - Nekolla, E.A.* C1 - 2147 C2 - 27125 SP - 287-294 TI - Incidence of leukaemia and other malignant diseases following injections of the short-lived α-emitter ²²⁴Ra into man. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 48 IS - 3 PB - Springer PY - 2009 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recently discovered historical documents indicate that large releases of noble gases (mainly (41)Ar and radioactive isotopes of Kr and Xe) from the Mayak Production Association (MPA) over the period from 1948 to 1956 may have caused considerable external exposures of both, inhabitants of Ozyorsk and former inhabitants of villages at the upper Techa River. To quantify this exposure, seven brick samples from three buildings in Ozyorsk, located 8-10 km north-northwest from the radioactive gas release points, were taken. The absorbed dose in brick was measured in a depth interval of 3-13 mm below the exposed surface of the bricks by means of the thermoluminescence (TL) and the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) method. Generally, luminescence properties using TL were more favorable for precise dose determination than using OSL, but within their uncertainties the results from both methods agree well with each other. The absorbed dose due to natural radiation was assessed and subtracted under the assumption of the bricks to be completely dry. The weighted average of the anthropogenic dose for all samples measured by TL and OSL is 10 +/- 9 and 1 +/- 9 mGy, respectively. An upper limit for a possible anthropogenic dose in brick that would not be detected due to the measurement uncertainties is estimated at 24 mGy. This corresponds to an effective dose of about 21 mSv. A similar range of values is obtained in recently published dispersion calculations that were based on reconstructed MPA releases. It is concluded that the release of radioactive noble gases from the radiochemical and reactor plants at Mayak PA did not lead to a significant external exposure of the population of Ozyorsk. In addition, the study demonstrates the detection limit for anthropogenic doses in ca. 60-year-old bricks to be about 24 mGy, if luminescence methods are used. AU - Woda, C. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Ulanowski, A. AU - Fiedler, I. AU - Mokrov, Y.* AU - Rovny, S.* C1 - 1612 C2 - 26595 CY - Berlin/Heidelberg SP - 405-417 TI - Evaluation of external exposures of the population of Ozyorsk, Russia, with luminescence measurements of bricks. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 48 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2009 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper presents the results of an effort to evaluate anthropogenic doses in bricks from old buildings located on the banks of the Techa River. The river area was contaminated in 1949-1956 as a result of radioactive waste releases by the Mayak plutonium facility (Southern Urals, Russia). Absorbed doses were determined by luminescence measurements of quartz extracted from the near-surface layers of bricks sampled in 1991-1997 from three remained buildings (a mill, a granary and a church). These buildings are located in the former residence area of Metlino, which was the settlement located closest to the release site (residents of Metlino were relocated from the contaminated river in 1956). The measured anthropogenic dose in the three buildings was found to be comparable: minimum values were equal to 0.5-0.9 Gy and maximum values amounted to about 3-4 Gy. Unfortunately, the geometry of gamma-exposure of the brick samples changed significantly in 1956 as a result of creation of an artificial reservoir downstream of the Metlinsky pond. Since luminescence data provide absorbed dose in the investigated samples accumulated over the whole period of irradiation, for interpretation of the data obtained it is important to know the exposure geometry for the period of maximal exposure, which was in the early 1950s. In 2005, archival data describing configuration of contaminated water streams and shorelines (which were the main sources of gamma-irradiation) were published. Comparison of these data with the results of the luminescence study presented here showed that the bricks with the highest thermoluminescence (TL)-based doses faced contaminated shores and were located close to them. In contrast, the bricks with lower values of measured dose were opposite to contaminated shores and/or being shielded. This demonstrates that the luminescence method allowed reconstruction of the anthropogenic dose distribution in the former settlement center. The obtained results suggest new options for further luminescence studies in Metlino aimed at the reconstruction of the external exposures of the affected population. AU - Degteva, M.O.* AU - Bougrov, N.G.* AU - Vorobiova, M.I. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Göksu, H.Y. C1 - 4514 C2 - 25794 SP - 469-479 TI - Evaluation of anthropogenic dose distribution amongst building walls at the Metlino area of the upper Techa River region. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 47 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2008 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - For the understanding of radiation action on biological systems like cellular macromolecules (e.g., DNA in its higher structures) a synergistic approach of experiments and quantitative modelling of working hypotheses is necessary. Further on, the influence on calculated results of certain assumptions in such working hypotheses must critically be evaluated. In the present work, this issue is highlighted in two aspects for the case of DNA damage in single cells. First, yields of double-strand breaks and frequency distributions of DNA fragment lengths after ion irradiation were calculated using different assumptions on the DNA target model. Compared to a former target model now a moderate effect due to the inclusion of a spherical chromatin domain model has been found. Second, the influence of assumptions on particular geometric chromosome models on calculated chromosome aberration data is illustrated with two target-modelling approaches for this end point. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Paretzke, H.G. AU - Ballarini, F.* AU - Ottolenghi, A.* AU - Kreth, G.* AU - Cremer, C.* C1 - 2280 C2 - 25479 SP - 49-61 TI - First steps towards systems radiation biology studies concerned with DNA and chromosome structure within living cells. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 47 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2008 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Ingestion and inhalation of corrosion products covering weathered penetrators made of depleted uranium (DU) represent potential radiological exposure pathways. In order to study the bioavailability of these corrosion products, their solubility was determined using simulated gastric and pulmonary juices. About 75 and 36% of the uranium in the corrosion products were found to be soluble in simulated gastric and pulmonary juices, respectively. The effective dose coefficient for adults after ingestion was calculated to be 0.61 muSv mg(-1) DU. This compares to an effective dose coefficient for an adult of 0.71 muSv mg(-1) for DU materials given by the World Health Organization (WHO). The effective dose coefficient for inhalation was calculated to be 3.7 x 10(-6 )Sv Bq(-1) for workers and 5.3 x 10(-6 )Sv Bq(-1) for members of the public, respectively, which is between those of particles of Types M and S as defined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The speciation of the corrosion products was investigated by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). The mean oxidation state of uranium was found to be 4.6, which suggests that the uranium in the corrosion products consists of a mixture of U(IV) and U(VI) species. AU - Gerstmann, U.C. AU - Szymczak, W. AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Roth, P. AU - Schramel, P. AU - Takenaka, S. AU - Oeh, U. C1 - 3728 C2 - 25228 SP - 205-212 TI - Investigations on the solubility of corrosion products on depleted uranium projectiles by simulated body fluids and the consequences on dose assessment. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 47 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2008 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The two-stage clonal expansion (TSCE) model of carcinogenesis has been applied to cancer mortality data from the atomic bomb survivors, to examine the possible influence of radiation-induced cell inactivation on excess relative risk (ERR) and excess absolute risk (EAR) estimates. Cell survival curve forms being either conventional or allowing for low-dose hypersensitivity (LDH) were investigated. Quality-of-fit tests for non-nested models were used in comparisons with the types of empirical risk models applied at the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) in Hiroshima. In general the TSCE model was found to represent the data more economically (i.e., with fewer parameters for a similarly good description of the data) than the empirical risk model. However, the data are not strong enough to give a clear preference to one of the very different model types used. Central ERR and EAR estimates (at 1 Sv, for age at exposure 30 and age attained 70) from TSCE and empirical models were in good agreement with each other and with previously published estimates. However, the TSCE models including radiation-induced cell inactivation resulted in a lower estimate of the relative risk at young ages at exposure (0-15 years) than the empirical model. Also the TSCE model allowing for radiation-induced cell inactivation with a conventional cell survival curve resulted at 0.2 Sv in significantly lower risk estimates than the model with LDH. These model differences have been used here to suggest risk estimates which include model uncertainty as well as the usual statistical uncertainty. Model uncertainties were small for central estimates and larger for other values of the variables. Applying the proposed method to excess risk for all solid cancer at 1 Sv, age at exposure 10 and age attained 70, results in total uncertainty ranges that are wider than the pure statistical uncertainty range by about 30% for both ERR and EAR. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Walsh, L. AU - Eidemüller, M. C1 - 1557 C2 - 25480 SP - 375-388 TI - Modeling of cell inactivation and carcinogenesis in the atomic bomb survivors with applications to the mortality from all solid, stomach and liver cancer. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 47 IS - 3 PB - Springer PY - 2008 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The objective of the present work is to apply the plasma clearance parameters to strontium, previously determined in our laboratory, to improve the biokinetic and dosimetric models of strontium-90 ((90)Sr) used in radiological protection; and also to apply this data for the estimation of the radiation doses from strontium-89 ((89)Sr) after administration to patients for the treatment of the painful bone metastases. Plasma clearance and urinary excretion of stable strontium tracers of strontium-84 ((84)Sr) and strontium-86 ((86)Sr) were measured in GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health (GSF) in 13 healthy German adult subjects after intravenous injection and oral administration. The biological half-life of strontium in plasma was evaluated from 49 plasma concentration data sets following intravenous injections. This value was used to determine the transfer rates from plasma to other organs and tissues. At the same time, the long-term retention of strontium in soft tissue and whole body was constrained to be consistent with measured values available. A physiological urinary path was integrated into the biokinetic model of strontium. Parameters were estimated using our own measured urinary excretion values. Retention and excretion of strontium were modeled using compartmental transfer rates published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the SENES Oak Ridge Inc. (SENES), and the Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine (TBM). The results were compared with values calculated by applying our GSF parameters (GSF). For the dose estimation of (89)Sr, a bone metastases model (GSF-M) was developed by adding a compartment, representing the metastases, into the strontium biokinetic model. The related parameters were evaluated based on measured data available in the literature. A set of biokinetic parameters was optimized to represent not only the early plasma kinetics of strontium but also the long-term retention measured in soft tissue and whole body. The ingestion dose coefficients of (90)Sr were computed and compared with different biokinetic model parameters. The ingestion dose coefficients were calculated as 2.8 x 10(-8), 2.1 x 10(-8), 2.5 x 10(-8) and 3.8 x 10(-8) Sv Bq(-1) for ICRP, SENES, TBM and GSF model parameters, respectively. Moreover, organ absorbed dose for the radiopharmaceutical of (89)Sr in bone metastases therapy was estimated based on the GSF and ICRP biokinetic model parameters. The effective doses were 3.3, 1.8 and 1.2 mSv MBq(-1) by GSF, GSF-M, and ICRP Publication 67 model parameters, respectively, compared to the value of 3.1 mSv MBq(-1) reported by ICRP Publication 80. The absorbed doses of red bone marrow and bone surface, 17 and 21 mGy MBq(-1) calculated by GSF parameters, and 7.1 and 8.8 mGy MBq(-1) by GSF-M parameters, are comparable to the clinical results of 3-19 mGy MBq(-1) for bone marrow and 16 mGy MBq(-1) for bone surface. Based on the GSF-M model, the absorbed dose of (89)Sr to metastases was estimated to be 434 mGy MBq(-1). The strontium clearance half-life of 0.25 h from the plasma obtained in the present study is obviously faster than the value of 1.1 h recommended by ICRP. There are no significant changes for ingestion dose coefficients of (90)Sr using different model parameters. A model including the metastases was particularly developed for dose estimation of (89)Sr treatment for the pain of bone metastases. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Roth, P. AU - Oeh, U. C1 - 632 C2 - 25227 SP - 225-239 TI - Influence of human biokinetics of strontium on internal ingestion dose of 90Sr and absorbed dose of 89Sr to organs and metastases. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 47 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2008 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The mysterious death of Mr. Alexander Litvinenko who was most possibly poisoned by Polonium-210 ((210)Po) in November 2006 in London attracted the attention of the public to the kinetics, dosimetry and the risk of this high radiotoxic isotope in the human body. In the present paper, the urinary excretion of seven persons who were possibly exposed to traces of (210)Po was monitored. The values measured in the GSF Radioanalytical Laboratory are in the range of natural background concentration. To assess the effective dose received by those persons, the time-dependence of the organ equivalent dose and the effective dose after acute ingestion and inhalation of (210)Po were calculated using the biokinetic model for polonium (Po) recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the one recently published by Leggett and Eckerman (L&E). The daily urinary excretion to effective dose conversion factors for ingestion and inhalation were evaluated based on the ICRP and L&E models for members of the public. The ingestion (inhalation) effective dose per unit intake integrated over one day is 1.7 x 10(-8) (1.4 x 10(-7)) Sv Bq(-1), 2.0 x 10(-7) (9.6 x 10(-7)) Sv Bq(-1) over 10 days, 5.2 x 10(-7) (2.0 x 10(-6)) Sv Bq(-1) over 30 days and 1.0 x 10(-6) (3.0 x 10(-6)) Sv Bq(-1) over 100 days. The daily urinary excretions after acute ingestion (inhalation) of 1 Bq of (210)Po are 1.1 x 10(-3) (1.0 x 10(-4)) on day 1, 2.0 x 10(-3) (1.9 x 10(-4)) on day 10, 1.3 x 10(-3) (1.7 x 10(-4)) on day 30 and 3.6 x 10(-4) (8.3 x 10(-5)) Bq d(-1) on day 100, respectively. The resulting committed effective doses range from 2.1 x 10(-3) to 1.7 x 10(-2) mSv by an assumption of ingestion and from 5.5 x 10(-2) to 4.5 x 10(-1) mSv by inhalation. For the case of Mr. Litvinenko, the mean organ absorbed dose as a function of time was calculated using both the above stated models. The red bone marrow, the kidneys and the liver were considered as the critical organs. Assuming a value of lethal absorbed dose of 5 Gy to the bone marrow, 6 Gy to the kidneys and 8 Gy to the liver, the amount of (210)Po which Mr. Litvinenko might have ingested is therefore estimated to range from 27 to 1,408 MBq, i.e 0.2-8.5 mug, depending on the modality of intake and on different assumptions about blood absorption. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Gerstmann, U. AU - Giussani, A.* AU - Oeh, U. AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 3794 C2 - 25132 SP - 101-110 TI - Internal dose assessment of (210)Po using biokinetic modeling and urinary excretion measurement. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 47 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2008 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper summarises the five presentations at the First International Workshop on Systems Radiation Biology that were concerned with mechanistic models for carcinogenesis. The mathematical description of various hypotheses about the carcinogenic process, and its comparison with available data is an example of systems biology. It promises better understanding of effects at the whole body level based on properties of cells and signalling mechanisms between them. Of these five presentations, three dealt with multistage carcinogenesis within the framework of stochastic multistage clonal expansion models, another presented a deterministic multistage model incorporating chromosomal aberrations and neoplastic transformation, and the last presented a model of DNA double-strand break repair pathways for second breast cancers following radiation therapy. AU - Little, M.P.* AU - Heidenreich, W.F. AU - Moolgavkar, S.H.* AU - Schöllnberger, H.* AU - Thomas, D.C.* C1 - 3304 C2 - 25238 SP - 39-47 TI - Systems biological and mechanistic modelling of radiation-induced cancer. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 47 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2008 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Field-grown maize hybrids were assessed for variability in (137)Cs accumulation in vegetative parts of young and mature maize shoots and grains during 2 years with contrasting climatic conditions. Trials were carried out at different sites in the Tula region of Russia, which is characterized by a highly homogenous soil classified as Luvic Chernozem according to FAO/UNESCO, and average contamination levels of about 509-564 Bq (137)Cs kg(-1) soil. In the first year, 19 hybrids were tested. The two hybrids with the highest and the two with the lowest (137)Cs concentration ratios (C (r)) were also tested in the second year, together with another 11 hybrids. All samples were additionally assessed for their potassium content. In both investigation periods (137)Cs accumulation in vegetative shoots and grains was found to vary up to more than twofold between hybrids. However, C (r) values of those hybrids that showed a relatively low (137)Cs accumulation in the first year were not necessarily low in the second year, and the ratio between the (137)Cs C (r) of low- and high-accumulating hybrids was much smaller than in the year before. In both vegetative shoots and grains the variance caused by the different years was larger than the genotypic variance, thus indicating the limits of genotype selection for this trait. Significant correlations were determined between the (40)K and (137)Cs C (r) values in the same tissue, but for one hybrid indications for uncoupling of the two traits were found. Average Cs/K ratios in young shoots, mature shoots and grains were 0.06, 0.05 and 0.02, respectively, indicating tissue- and stage-specific regulation of accumulation within each plant. The findings are discussed with respect to new approaches towards a better understanding of (137)Cs accumulation and its potential reduction in plants. AU - Schneider, K. AU - Kuznetzov, V.K.* AU - Sanzharova, N.I.* AU - Kanter, U. AU - Telikh, K.M.* AU - Khlopuk, M.S.* C1 - 1574 C2 - 25467 SP - 241-252 TI - Soil-to-plant and soil-to-grain transfer of (137)Cs in field-grown maize hybrids during two contrasting seasons: Assessing the phenotypic variability and its genetic component. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 47 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2008 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Alpha track detectors used in a previous investigation of the US National Cancer Institute and the China Ministry of Health on indoor radon ((222)Rn) in Gansu, China, proved to be influenced by (220)Rn (thoron), thus overestimating the (222)Rn level. Therefore, the detector was improved used in the previous survey. The new detectors allow discrimination between the two isotopes without any disturbance of the (222)Rn measurement. With this detector, a semi-annual study was conducted in 49 traditional dwellings of a village in Gansu. The arithmetic (AM) and geometric (GM) mean (222)Rn concentrations were 120 +/- 61 and 105 Bq m(-3) (with geometric standard deviation GSD = 1.8), respectively, while the mean (220)Rn concentrations at 2.5 cm wall distance were 430 +/- 210 Bq m(-3) (AM) and 350 Bq m(-3) (GM) with GSD = 2.3. The high thoron concentrations demonstrate the importance of the (220)Rn contribution to radiation exposure, in the investigated area. The actual level of indoor (222)Rn was about three times lower than that in the previous investigation which was affected by (220)Rn. A correction method for the radon results of the previous study is proposed, which provides (222)Rn and (220)Rn values comparable with those obtained in the study presented here. AU - Shang, B.* AU - Tschiersch, J. AU - Cui, H.* AU - Xia, Y.* C1 - 1556 C2 - 25476 SP - 367-373 TI - Radon survey in dwellings of Gansu, China: The influence of thoron and an attempt for correction. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 47 IS - 3 PB - Springer PY - 2008 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Radiobiological archives have not been overwhelmed by applications to use their stored tissue materials, in part because of lack of technologies to conduct quantitative analysis of the tissues. Over the last decade, advances in methodology have made it possible to routinely extract both DNA and RNA from archival materials. The quantitative analysis of gene expression by reverse transcription real-time PCR (QRT-PCR), and of gene copy number by array-based CGH (aCGH), are now firmly established methods for the study of tissue samples stored as paraffin blocks. More recent developments in proteomic technology have enabled the extraction of proteins from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. These protein extracts have been used to produce quantitative data by Western blotting and even to identify proteins through LC/MS analysis. The development of applications using gel-based proteomics (2D/MS) is still a future challenge. This report gives an overview of the methodology already applicable on FFPE tissue, as well as the novel technologies to be used in the future research. Our goal is to collect existing animal and human tissue samples for use by the radiation biology community, to test new technologies for preparation of material from tissue samples, and to actively pursue materials arising from ongoing research. AU - Tapio, S. AU - Atkinson, M.J. C1 - 1233 C2 - 26318 CY - Berlin [u.a.] SP - 211-228 TI - Molecular information obtained from radiobiological tissue archives: Achievements of the past and visions of the future. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 133 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2008 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Dose conversion coefficients (DCCs) for assessment of internal and external radiation exposures to terrestrial and aquatic biota are compiled for 75 radionuclides, for 14 terrestrial and 22 aquatic reference organisms. DCC values for internal exposure are calculated based on a homogeneous distribution of the radionuclides in both types of organisms. DCC values for external exposure of aquatic organisms are calculated for complete immersion in water. For external exposure of terrestrial organisms the soil is considered as a planar and homogenously contaminated volume source with a surface roughness of 3 mm and a thickness of 10 cm, respectively. For in-soil-organisms, DCC values for external exposure are given assuming that these organisms live in the middle of a uniformly contaminated 50 cm-thick soil layer. The tables can be used for assessment of exposures of animals and plants living in various habitats. The list of considered organisms covers the Reference Animals and Plants as adopted by the ICRP. AU - Ulanowski, A. AU - Pröhl, G. C1 - 2285 C2 - 25484 SP - 195-203 TI - Tables of dose conversion coefficients for estimating internal and external radiation exposures to terrestrial and aquatic biota. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 47 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2008 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Lung cancer mortality in the period of 1948-2002 has been analysed for 6,293 male workers of the Mayak Production Association, for whose information on smoking, annual external doses and annual lung doses due to plutonium exposures was available. Individual likelihoods were maximized for the two-stage clonal expansion (TSCE) model of carcinogenesis and for an empirical risk model. Possible detrimental and protective bystander effects on mutation and malignant transformation rates were taken into account in the TSCE model. Criteria for non-nested models were used to evaluate the quality of fit. Data were found to be incompatible with the model including a detrimental bystander effect. The model with a protective bystander effect did not improve the quality of fit over models without a bystander effect. The preferred TSCE model was sub-multiplicative in the risks due to smoking and internal radiation, and more than additive. Smoking contributed 57% to the lung cancer deaths, the interaction of smoking and radiation 27%, radiation 10%, and others cause 6%. An assessment of the relative biological effectiveness of plutonium was consistent with the ICRP recommended value of 20. At age 60 years, the excess relative risk (ERR) per lung dose was 0.20 (95% CI: 0.13; 0.40) Sv(-1), while the excess absolute risk (EAR) per lung dose was 3.2 (2.0; 6.2) per 10(4) PY Sv. With increasing age attained the ERR decreased and the EAR increased. In contrast to the atomic bomb survivors, a significant elevated lung cancer risk was also found for age attained younger than 55 years. For cumulative lung doses below 5 Sv, the excess risk depended linearly on dose. The excess relative risk was significantly lower in the TSCE model for ages attained younger than 55 than that in the empirical model. This reflects a model uncertainty in the results, which is not expressed by the standard statistical uncertainty bands. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Meckbach, R. AU - Sokolnikov, M.* AU - Khokhryakov, V.V.* AU - Vasilenk, E.* C1 - 569 C2 - 24760 SP - 383-394 TI - Lung cancer risk of Mayak workers: modelling of carcinogenesis and bystander effect. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 46 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2007 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Those inhabitants of Hiroshima and Nagasaki who were affected by the A-bomb explosions, were exposed to a mixed neutron and gamma radiation field. Few years later about 120,000 survivors of both cities were selected, and since then radiation-induced late effects such as leukemia and solid tumors are being investigated in this cohort. When the present study was initiated, the fast neutron fluences that caused the neutron doses of these survivors had never been determined experimentally. In principle, this would have been possible if radioisotopes produced by fast neutrons from the A-bomb explosions had been detected in samples from Hiroshima and Nagasaki at distances where the inhabitants survived. However, no suitable radioisotope had so far been identified. As a contribution to a large international effort to re-evaluate the A-bomb dosimetry, the concentration of the radionuclide (63)Ni (half-life 100.1 years) has been measured in copper samples from Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These measurements were mainly performed at the Maier-Leibnitz-Laboratory in Munich, Germany, by means of accelerator mass spectrometry. Because the (63)Ni had been produced in these samples by fast A-bomb neutrons via the reaction (63)Cu(n,p)(63)Ni, these measurements allow direct experimental validation of calculated neutron doses to the members of the LSS cohort, for the first time. The results of these efforts have already been published in a compact form. A more detailed discussion of the methodical aspects of these measurements and their results are given in the present paper. Eight copper samples that had been significantly exposed to fast neutrons from the Hiroshima A-bomb explosion were investigated. In general, measured (63)Ni concentrations decreased in these samples with increasing distance to the hypocenter, from 4 x 10(6 ) (63)Ni nuclei per gram copper at 391 m, to about 1 x 10(5 ) (63)Ni nuclei per gram copper at about 1,400 m. Additional measurements performed on three large-distant copper samples from Hiroshima (distance to the hypocenter 1,880-7,500 m) and on three large-distant copper samples from Nagasaki (distance to the hypocenter 3,931-4,428 m) that were not exposed significantly to A-bomb neutrons, suggest a typical background concentration of about 8 x 10(4 ) (63)Ni nuclei per gram copper. If the observed background is accounted for, the results are consistent with state-of-the-art neutron transport calculations for Hiroshima, in particular for those distances where the victims survived and were included in the life span study cohort. AU - Rühm, W. AU - Carroll, K.L.* AU - Egbert, S.D.* AU - Faestermann, T.* AU - Knie, K.* AU - Korschinek, G.* AU - Martinelli, R.E.* AU - Marchetti, A.A.* AU - McAninch, J.E.* AU - Rugel, G.* AU - Straume, T.* AU - Wallner, A.* AU - Wallner, C.* AU - Fujita, S.* AU - Hasai, H.* AU - Hoshi, M.* AU - Shizuma, K.* C1 - 1177 C2 - 24632 SP - 327-338 TI - Neutron-induced 63Ni in copper samples from Hiroshima and Nagasaki: A comprehensive presentation of results obtained at the Munich Maier-Leibnitz Laboratory. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 46 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2007 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Corrosion and leaching of depleted uranium (DU) was investigated for 3 years using six DU munitions (145–264 g DU) each buried in a column with a soil core of about 3.3 kg dry soil mass. The columns were installed in an air-conditioned laboratory. Each week they were irrigated and 238U was determined in the effluents by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In addition, 235U was measured occasionally to assure that the 238U was predominantly from the DU munition. On average, 14.5 g corresponding to 7.9% of the initial DU mass was corroded after 3 years, indicating an increased corrosion as compared to the first year of observation. The leaching rates increased much stronger than the corrosion rates by factors of more than 100, resulting in a mean total amount of leached 238U of 13 mg as compared to 0.03 mg after the first year. Uranium species identified in the seepage water by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy were mainly hydroxo and carbonate compounds, while those in the corroded material were phosphate compounds. It is concluded that the dramatic increase of the leaching and its large temporal variability do not allow any extrapolation for the future. However, the high 238U concentrations observed in the seepage water highlight the need for further investigations on the transport of 238U through soil, in particular with regard to the potential future 238U contamination of groundwater in areas affected by DU weapons. AU - Schimmack, W. AU - Gerstmann, U.C. AU - Schultz, W. AU - Geipel, G.* C1 - 5356 C2 - 24512 SP - 221-227 TI - Long-term corrosion and leaching of depleted uranium (DU) in soil. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 46 IS - 3 PB - Springer PY - 2007 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Radiation-induced adaptive response belongs to the group of non-targeted effects that do not require direct exposure of the cell nucleus by radiation. It is described as the reduced damaging effect of a challenging radiation dose when induced by a previous low priming dose. Adaptive responses have been observed in vitro and in vivo using various indicators of cellular damage, such as cell lethality, chromosomal aberrations, mutation induction, radiosensitivity, and DNA repair. Adaptive response can be divided into three successive biological phenomena, the intracellular response, the extracellular signal, and the maintenance. The intracellular response leading to adaptation of a single cell is a complex biological process including induction or suppression of gene groups. An extracellular signal, the nature of which is unknown, may be sent by the affected cell to neighbouring cells causing them to adapt as well. This occurs either by a release of diffusible signalling molecules or by gap-junction intercellular communication. Adaptive response can be maintained for periods ranging from of a few hours to several months. Constantly increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or nitric oxide (NO) have been observed in adapted cells and both factors may play a role in the maintenance process. Although adaptive response seems to function by an on/off principle, it is a phenomenon showing a high degree of inter- and intraindividual variability. It remains to be seen to what extent adaptive response is functional in humans at relevant dose and dose-rate exposures. A better understanding of adaptive response and other non-targeted effects is needed before they can be confirmed as risk estimate factors for the human population at low levels of ionising radiation. AU - Tapio, S.* AU - Jacob, V. C1 - 5301 C2 - 24327 SP - 1-12 TI - Radioadaptive response revisited. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 46 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2007 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Dose conversion coefficients for teeth of children were computed for external photon sources by means of Monte Carlo methods using a modified MIRD-type mathematical phantom of a 5-year-old child. The tooth region is separated into eight smaller regions that represent incisors, canines, first and second molars. Each of these sub-regions is separated into enamel and dentin parts. Dose conversion coefficients were computed as ratio of absorbed dose in the enamel and air kerma. They are given for unidirectional (AP, PA, RLAT, LLAT), rotational (ROT) and isotropic (ISO) photon sources in the energy range from 10 keV to 10 MeV. All computations were performed with the MCNP4 code including coupled electron-photon transport. The computed coefficients demonstrate a significant non-linearity versus photon energy, which is more pronounced than that observed for adult phantoms. Due to this non-linearity, use of the EPR-measured doses in human teeth requires information on the incident photon fluence spectra. The data presented can be used for assessment of public exposure. AU - Ulanowski, A. AU - Wieser, A. C1 - 567 C2 - 24756 SP - 339-348 TI - External exposure of deciduous tooth enamel to photons: Dose conversion coefficients for standard radiation fields. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 46 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2007 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - A number of approaches have been proposed to estimate the exposure of non-human biota to ionizing radiation. This paper reports an inter-comparison of the unweighted absorbed dose rates for the whole organism (compared as dose conversion coefficients, or DCCs) for both internal and external exposure, estimated by 11 of these approaches for selected organisms from the Reference Animals and Plants geometries as proposed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Inter-comparison results indicate that DCCs for internal exposure compare well between the different approaches, whereas variation is greater for external exposure DCCs. Where variation among internal DCCs is greatest, it is generally due to different daughter products being included in the DCC of the parent. In the case of external exposures, particularly to low-energy beta-emitters, variations are most likely to be due to different media densities being assumed. On a radionuclide-by-radionuclide basis, the different approaches tend to compare least favourably for (3)H, (14)C and the alpha-emitters. This is consistent with models with different source/target geometry assumptions showing maximum variability in output for the types of radiation having the lowest range across matter. The intercomparison demonstrated that all participating approaches to biota dose calculation are reasonably comparable, despite a range of different assumptions being made. AU - Vives, i, Batlle, J.* AU - Balonov, M.* AU - Beaugelin-Seiller, K.* AU - Beresford, N.A.* AU - Brown, J.* AU - Cheng, J.J.* AU - Copplestone, D.* AU - Doi, M.* AU - Filistovic, V.* AU - Golikov, V.* AU - Horyna, J.* AU - Hosseini, A.* AU - Howard, B.J.* AU - Jones, S.R.* AU - Kamboj, S.* AU - Kryshev, A.* AU - Nedveckaite, T.* AU - Olyslaegers, G.* AU - Pröhl, G. AU - Sazykina, T.* AU - Ulanowski, A. AU - Vives, Lynch, S.* AU - Yankovich, T.* AU - Yu, C.* C1 - 568 C2 - 24758 SP - 349-373 TI - Inter-comparison of absorbed dose rates for non-human biota. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 46 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2007 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - A common type of statistical challenge, widespread across many areas of research, involves the selection of a preferred model to describe the main features and trends in a particular data set. The objective of model selection is to balance the quality of fit to data against the complexity and predictive ability of the model achieving that fit. Several model selection techniques, including two information criteria, which aim to determine which set of model parameters the data best support, are reviewed here. The techniques rely on computing the probabilities of the different models, given the data, rather than considering the allowed values of the fitted parameters. Such information criteria have only been applied to the field of radiation epidemiology recently, even though they have longer traditions of application in other areas of research. The purpose of this review is to make two information criteria more accessible by fully detailing how to calculate them in a practical way and how to interpret the resulting values. This aim is supported with the aid of some examples involving the computation of risk models for radiation-induced solid cancer mortality fitted to the epidemiological data from the Japanese A-bomb survivors. These examples illustrate that the Bayesian information criterion is particularly useful in concluding that the weight of evidence is in favour of excess relative risk models that depend on age-at-exposure and excess relative risk models that depend on age-attained. AU - Walsh, L. C1 - 1429 C2 - 24761 SP - 205-213 TI - A short review of model selection techniques for radiation epidemiology. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 46 IS - 3 PB - Springer PY - 2007 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - El-Faramawy, N. AU - Wieser, A. C1 - 2433 C2 - 23575 SP - 273-277 TI - The use of deciduous molars in EPR dose reconstruction. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 44 PB - Springer PY - 2006 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Garger, E.K.* AU - Kashpur, V.A.* AU - Li, W.B. AU - Tschiersch, J. C1 - 4290 C2 - 23726 SP - 105-114 TI - Radioactive aerosols released from the Chernobyl shelter into the immediate environment. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 45 PB - Springer PY - 2006 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gerstmann, U.C. AU - Schimmack, W. C1 - 2602 C2 - 23750 SP - 187-194 TI - Soil-to-grain transfer of fallout 90Sr for 28 winter wheat cultivars. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 45 PB - Springer PY - 2006 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Heidenreich, W.F. C1 - 3326 C2 - 23735 SP - 33-37 TI - Heterogeneity of cancer risk due to stochastic effects: Emphasis on radiation-induced effects. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 45 PB - Springer PY - 2006 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Oeh, U. C1 - 3327 C2 - 23743 SP - 179-185 TI - Human biokinetics of strontium-part II: Final data evaluation of intestinal absorption and urinary excretion of strontium in human subjects after stable tracer administration. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 45 PB - Springer PY - 2006 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Li, W.B. AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Roth, P. AU - Oeh, U. C1 - 3328 C2 - 23744 SP - 115-124 TI - Human biokinetics of strontium. Part I: Intestinal absorption rate and its impact on the dose coefficient of 90Sr after ingestion. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 45 PB - Springer PY - 2006 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Nolte, E.* AU - Rühm, W. AU - Loosli, H.H.* AU - Tolstikhin, I.* AU - Kato, K.* AU - Huber, T.C.* AU - Egbert, S.D.* C1 - 1424 C2 - 23999 SP - 261-271 TI - Measurements of fast neutrons in Hiroshima by use of 39Ar. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 44 PB - Springer PY - 2006 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schmid, E.* AU - Selbach, H.-J.* AU - Voth, M.* AU - Pinkert, J.* AU - Gildehaus, F.J.* AU - Klett, R.* AU - Haney, M. C1 - 387 C2 - 23733 SP - 93-98 TI - The effect of the ß-emitting yttrium-90 citrate on the dose-response of dicentric chromosomes in human lymphocytes: A basis for biological dosimetry after radiosynoviorthesis. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 45 PB - Springer PY - 2006 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Radiological impact assessment for flora and fauna requires adequate dosimetric data. Due to the variability of habitats, shapes, and masses of the non-human biota, assessment of doses is a challenging task. External and internal dose conversion coefficients for photons and electrons have been systematically calculated by Monte Carlo methods for spherical and ellipsoidal shapes in water medium. An interpolation method has been developed to approximate absorbed fractions for elliptical shape organisms from absorbed fractions for spherical shapes with reasonable accuracy. The method allows an evaluation of dose conversion coefficients for arbitrary ellipsoids for photon and electron sources with energies from 10 keV to 5 MeV, and for organism masses in the range from 10−6 to 103 kg. As an example of the application of the method, a set of dose coefficients for aquatic organisms discussed as reference animals and plants in a draft of an up-coming publication of the International Commission on Radiological Protection has been determined. AU - Ulanowski, A. AU - Pröhl, G. C1 - 3504 C2 - 23969 SP - 203-214 TI - A practical method for assessment of dose conversion coefficients for aquatic biota. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 45 IS - 3 PB - Springer PY - 2006 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Mayak worker cohort is one of the major sources of information on health risks due to protracted exposures to plutonium and external ionizing radiation. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements in tooth enamel in combination with personal dose monitoring can help to improve external dose assessment for this cohort. Here, the occupational lifetime external exposure was evaluated individually for 44 nuclear workers of three plants of the Mayak Production Association by EPR measurements of absorbed doses in collected tooth enamel samples. Analysis included consideration of individual background doses in enamel and dose conversion coefficients specific for photon spectra at selected work areas. As a control, background doses were assessed for various age groups by EPR measurements on teeth from non-occupationally exposed Ozyorsk residents. Differences in occupational lifetime doses estimated from the film badges and from enamel for the Mayak workers were found to depend on the type of film badge and the selected plant. For those who worked at the radiochemical processing plant and who were monitored with IFK film badges, the dose was on average 570 mGy larger than estimated from the EPR measurements. However, the average difference was found to be only -4 and 6 mGy for those who were monitored with IFKU film badges and worked at the reactor and the isotope production plant respectively. The discrepancies observed in the dose estimates are attributed to a bias in film badge evaluation. AU - Wieser, A. AU - Vasilenko, E.* AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Bayankin, S.* AU - El-Faramawy, N. AU - Ivanov, D.* AU - Jacob, P. AU - Knyazev, V.* AU - Onori, S.* AU - Pressello, M.C.* AU - Romanyukha, A.* C1 - 2432 C2 - 23574 SP - 279-288 TI - Comparison of EPR occupational lifetime external dose assessments for Mayak nuclear workers and film badge dose data. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 44 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2006 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Büermann, L.* AU - Krumrey, M.* AU - Haney, M. AU - Schmid, E. C1 - 768 C2 - 22634 SP - 17-22 TI - Is there reliable experimental evidence for different dicentric yields in human lymphocytes produced by mammography X-rays free-in-air and within a phantom? JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 44 PB - Springer PY - 2005 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Heidenreich, W.F. AU - Müller, W.A. AU - Paretzke, H.G. AU - Rosemann, M. C1 - 603 C2 - 22641 SP - 61-67 TI - Bone cancer risk in mice exposed to 224Ra: Protraction effects from promotion. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 44 PB - Springer PY - 2005 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Huber, T.* AU - Rühm, W. AU - Kato, K.* AU - Egbert, S.D.* AU - Kubo, F.* AU - Lazarev, V.* AU - Nolte, E.* C1 - 2454 C2 - 23294 SP - 75-86 TI - The Hiroshima thermal-neutron discrepancy for 36CI at large distances. Part I: New 36 CI measurements in granite samples exposed to A-bomb neutrons. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 44 PB - Springer PY - 2005 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jacob, V. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Meckbach, R. AU - Romanov, S.A.* AU - Vasilenko, E.K.* C1 - 1961 C2 - 23390 SP - 119-129 TI - Lung Cancer in Mayak workers: Interaction of smoking and plutonium exposure. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 44 PB - Springer PY - 2005 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Li, W.B. AU - Roth, P. AU - Wahl, W. AU - Oeh, U. AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 767 C2 - 22630 SP - 29-40 TI - Biokinetic modeling of uranium in man after injection and ingestion. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 44 PB - Springer PY - 2005 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Nolte, E.* AU - Huber, T.* AU - Rühm, W. AU - Kato, K.* AU - Lazarev, V.* AU - Schultz, L.* C1 - 2574 C2 - 23292 SP - 87-96 TI - The Hiroshima thermal-neutron discrepancy for 36CI at large distances. Part II: Natural in situ production as a source. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 44 PB - Springer PY - 2005 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Nolte, R.* AU - Mühlbradt, K.-H.* AU - Meulders, J.P.* AU - Stephan, G.* AU - Haney, M. AU - Schmid, E.* C1 - 2575 C2 - 23226 SP - 201-209 TI - RBE of quasi-monoenergetic 60MeV neutron radiation for induction of dicentric chromosomes in human lymphocytes. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 44 PB - Springer PY - 2005 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schimmack, W. AU - Gerstmann, U. AU - Oeh, U. AU - Schultz, W. AU - Schramel, P. C1 - 3635 C2 - 23036 SP - 183-191 TI - Leaching of depleted uranium in soil as determinated by column experiments. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 44 PB - Springer PY - 2005 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bernhardt, P. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 3812 C2 - 21893 SP - 77-84 TI - The role of atomic inner shell relaxations for photon-induced DNA damage. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 43 PB - Springer PY - 2004 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Garger, E.K.* AU - Sazhenyuk, A.D.* AU - Odintzov, A.A.* AU - Paretzke, H.G. AU - Roth, P. AU - Tschiersch, J. C1 - 4579 C2 - 21828 SP - 43-49 TI - Solubility of airborne radioactive fuel particles from the Chernobyl reactor and implication to dose. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 43 PB - Springer PY - 2004 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gerstmann, U.C. AU - Rosner, G. AU - Schramel, P. C1 - 2101 C2 - 21930 SP - 111-117 TI - Bioavailability of 239+240Pu and 137Cs in aerosols and deposited dusts: A comparative study by fractional extraction. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 43 PB - Springer PY - 2004 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hauptner, A.* AU - Dietzel, S.* AU - Drexler, G.A. AU - Reichart, P.* AU - Krücken, R.* AU - Cremer, T.* AU - Friedl, A.A. AU - Dollinger, G.* C1 - 2102 C2 - 21957 SP - 237-245 TI - Microirradiation of cells with energetic heavy ions. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 42 PB - Springer PY - 2004 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Heidenreich, W.F. AU - Tomasek, L.* AU - Rogel, A.* AU - Laurier, D.* AU - Tirmarche, M.* C1 - 1876 C2 - 22559 SP - 247-256 TI - Studies of radon-exposed miner cohorts using a biologically based model: Comparison of current Czech and French data with historic data from China and Colorado. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 43 PB - Springer PY - 2004 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Heidenreich, W.F. AU - Collier, C.* AU - Morlier, J.P.* AU - Cross, F.T.* AU - Kaiser, J.C. AU - Monchaux, G.* C1 - 4959 C2 - 22314 SP - 183-188 TI - Age-adjustment in experimental animal data and its application to lung cancer in radon-exposed rats. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 43 PB - Springer PY - 2004 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Howard, B.J.* AU - Semioshkina, N.A. AU - Voigt, G.* AU - Mukusheva, M.* AU - Clifford, J.* C1 - 4960 C2 - 22323 SP - 285-292 TI - Radiostrontium contamination of soil and vegetation within the Semipalatinsk test site. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 43 PB - Springer PY - 2004 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Lung cancer incidence among the atomic bomb survivors from Hiroshima and Nagasaki was analysed with the two-step clonal expansion (TSCE) model of carcinogenesis. For the baseline incidence, a new set of model parameters is introduced, which can be determined with a higher precision than the parameter sets previously used. The effect of temporal changes in the smoking behaviour on the lung cancer incidence is modelled by allowing initiation, inactivation and division rates of intermediate cells to depend on the year of birth. The TSCE model is further developed by implementing low-dose hypersensitivity in the survival of lung epithelial cells. According to the model fit to the data, the acute gamma exposure of the atomic bomb survivors does not only result in the conventional initiating effect, but also in a promoting effect for lung cancer. Compared to the model in which radiation acts merely on initiation, the new model is in better agreement with the age-at-exposure dependence in the data, and it does not predict an unexpected increase of the excess relative risk (ERR) at 40 years after exposure. According to the new model, the ERR at low doses increases non-linearly with dose, especially during the first 10 years after exposure to older persons. AU - Jacob, V. AU - Jacob, P. C1 - 2320 C2 - 21722 SP - 265-273 TI - Modelling of carcinogenesis and low-dose hypersensitivity: An application to lung cancer incidence among atomic bomb survivors. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 42 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2004 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kaiser, J.C. AU - Heidenreich, W.F. AU - Monchaux, G.* AU - Morlier, J.P.* AU - Collier, C.G.* C1 - 4947 C2 - 22161 SP - 189-201 TI - Lung tumour risk in radon-exposed rats from different experiments: Comparative analysis with biologically based models. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 43 PB - Springer PY - 2004 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kruk, J.E.* AU - Pröhl, G. AU - Kenigsberg, J.I.* C1 - 4946 C2 - 22022 SP - 101-110 TI - A radioecological model for thyroid dose reconstrucion of the Belarus population following the Chernobyl accident. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 43 PB - Springer PY - 2004 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Krumrey, M.* AU - Ulm, G.* AU - Schmid, E. C1 - 2100 C2 - 21884 SP - 1-6 TI - Dicentric chromosomes in monolayers of human lymphocytes produced by monochromatized synchrotron radiation with photon energies from 1.83 keV to 17.4 keV. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 43 PB - Springer PY - 2004 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Li, W.B. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Panyutin, I.G.* AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 3811 C2 - 21829 SP - 23-33 TI - Simulation of 125I decay in a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide with normal and distorted geometry and the role of radiation and non-radiation actions. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 43 PB - Springer PY - 2004 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - In order to find wheat cultivars with a minimum soil-to-grain transfer of fallout (137)Cs, 28 winter wheat cultivars were investigated at 3 different sites with different soil types in Bavaria, Germany. Each cultivar was grown on an area of 10 m(2) and harvested in August 1999. The soil-to-grain concentration ratios (C(r)) of (137)Cs varied by a factor of up to 3 from cultivar to cultivar at a given site and from site-to-site for a given cultivar. The mean C(r) values at the three sites, 4.2 x 10(-4), 4.9 x 10(-4) and 7.5 x 10(-4), differed significantly. The fact that no cultivar showed similar C(r) values at the three sites indicates a strong influence of the soil on C(r). The cultivars Flair, Kornett and Previa showed a minor uptake of (137)Cs compared with the mean of all cultivars at each site. Unlike (137)Cs, the (40)K concentrations in the wheat grains varied only within a small range (122-190 Bq kg(-1)) at each site, which is due to the potassium regulation by the plants. For both radionuclides, the differences between the root uptake characteristics of the cultivars may not only be explained by an inter-cultivar variability due to genetic differences between the cultivars, but also by an intra-cultivar variability due to different soil conditions. AU - Schimmack, W. AU - Zimmermann, G.* AU - Sommer, M. AU - Dietl, F. AU - Schultz, W. AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 3217 C2 - 21721 SP - 275-284 TI - Soil-to-grain transfer of fallout 137Cs for 28 winter wheat cultivars as observed in field experiments. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 42 IS - 4 PB - Springer PY - 2004 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schmid, E. C1 - 4958 C2 - 22356 SP - 59-60 TI - Response to the comment "Re-evaluation of the RBE of 29kV x-rays (mammography x-rays) relative to 220 kV x-rays using neoplastic transformation of human CGL 1-hybrid cells". JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 43 PB - Springer PY - 2004 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Veronese, I.* AU - Giussani, A.* AU - Göksu, H.Y. AU - Martini, M.* C1 - 4580 C2 - 21799 SP - 51-57 TI - Isothermal decay studies of intermediate energy levels in quartz. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 43 PB - Springer PY - 2004 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Göggelmann, W. AU - Jacobsen, C. AU - Panzer, W. AU - Walsh, L.* AU - Roos, H.* AU - Schmid, E. C1 - 9914 C2 - 21443 SP - 175-182 TI - Re-evaluation of the RBE of 29 kV x-rays (mammography x-rays) relative to 220 kV x-rays using neoplastic transformation of human CGL1-hybrid cells. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 42 PY - 2003 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jacob, P. AU - Göksu, Y. AU - Taranenko, V. AU - Meckbach, R. AU - Bougrov, N.G.* AU - Degteva, M.O.* AU - Vorobiova, M.I.* C1 - 9913 C2 - 21340 SP - 169-174 TI - On an evaluation of external dose values in the Techa River Dosimetry System (TRDS) 2000. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 42 PY - 2003 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kellerer, A.M. C1 - 9915 C2 - 21450 SP - 77-85 TI - Error bands for the linear-quadratic dose-effect relation. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 42 PY - 2003 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kellerer, A.M. C1 - 9917 C2 - 21449 SP - 1-5 TI - Risk quantification. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 42 PY - 2003 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kreisheimer, M.* AU - Sokolnikov, M.E.* AU - Koshurnikova, N.A.* AU - Khokhryakov, V.F.* AU - Romanov, S.A.* AU - Shilnikova, N.S.* AU - Okatenko, P.V.* AU - Nekolla, E.A.* AU - Kellerer, A.M. C1 - 9916 C2 - 21451 SP - 129-135 TI - Lung cancer mortality among nuclear workers of the Mayak facilities in the former Soviet Union. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 42 PY - 2003 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schmid, E. AU - Schlegel, D.* AU - Guldbakke, S.* AU - Kapsch, R.-P.* AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 9911 C2 - 21059 SP - 87-94 TI - RBE of nearly monoenergetic neutrons at energies of 36 keV-14.6 MeV for induction of dicentrics in human lymphocytes. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 42 PY - 2003 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Taranenko, V. AU - Meckbach, R. AU - Degteva, M.O.* AU - Bougrov, N.G.* AU - Göksu, Y. AU - Vorobiova, M.I.* AU - Jacob, P. C1 - 9912 C2 - 21178 SP - 17-26 TI - Verification of external exposure assessment for the upper Techa riverside by luminescence measurements and Monte Carlo photon transport modeling. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 42 PY - 2003 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Golikov, V.Yu.* AU - Balanov, M.I.* AU - Jacob, P. C1 - 21950 C2 - 20468 SP - 185-193 TI - External exposure of the population living in areas of Russia contaminated due to the Chernobyl accident. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 41 PY - 2002 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Louvat, P. AU - Werner, E. AU - Roth, P. AU - Schramel, P. AU - Wendler, I. AU - Felgenhauer, N.* AU - Zilker, Th.* C1 - 9909 C2 - 20730 SP - 281-287 TI - Studies of strontium biokinetics in humans. Part 2: Uptake of strontium from aqueous solutions and labelled foodstuffs. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 41 PY - 2002 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Werner, E. AU - Roth, P. AU - Schramel, P. AU - Wendler, I. C1 - 9910 C2 - 21190 SP - 179-183 TI - Studies of strontium biokinetics in humans. Part 1: Optimisation of intrinsic labelling of foodstuffs with stable isotopes of strontium. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 41 PY - 2002 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kellerer, A.M. C1 - 9906 C2 - 20579 SP - 1-4 TI - Beyond Chernobyl : The new Russian studies in perspective. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 41 PY - 2002 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kellerer, A.M. AU - Walsh, L.* AU - Nekolla, E.A.* C1 - 9907 C2 - 20581 SP - 113-123 TI - Risk coefficient for gamma-rays with regard to solid cancer. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 41 PY - 2002 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kellerer, A.M. C1 - 9908 C2 - 20583 SP - 1-18 TI - The Southern Urals radiation studies : A reappraisal of the current status. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. PY - 2002 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kisselev, M.* AU - Kellerer, A.M. C1 - 22022 C2 - 20578 SP - 81-83 TI - The potential for studies in other nuclear installations : On the possibility of creating medico- dosimetry registries of workers at the Siberian Chemical Industrial Complex (SCIC) and the Mountain Chemical Industrial Complex (MCIC) in Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 41 PY - 2002 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Romanov, S.A.* AU - Vasilenko, E.K.* AU - Khokhryakov, V.F.* AU - Jacob, P. C1 - 9905 C2 - 20164 SP - 23-28 TI - Studies on the Mayak nuclear workers : dosimetry. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 41 PB - Springer PY - 2002 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schuller, P.* AU - Bunzl, K. AU - Voigt, G.* AU - Handl, J.* AU - Ellies, A.* AU - Castillo, A.* C1 - 22253 C2 - 21019 SP - 295-302 TI - Fallout radiocesium in an Antarctic region : Deposition history, activity densities and vertical transport in soils. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 41 PY - 2002 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Koch-Steindl, H. AU - Pröhl, G. C1 - 21769 C2 - 19988 SP - 93-104 TI - Considerations on the behaviour of long-lived radionuclides in the soil. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 40 PY - 2001 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Computational human phantoms have been widely used to estimate organ doses and other dosimetric quantities related to the human body where direct measurements are difficult to perform. In recent years, voxel phantoms (voxel = volume element) based on computed tomographic (CT) data of real persons have been constructed which provide a realistic description of the human anatomy. A CT phantom of a Japanese male adult with an average body size was developed as the first Asian voxel phantom. The segmented phantom consists of more than 100 regions enabling the calculation of doses for various parts of the body. The bone marrow distribution was precisely modelled according to the CT values. The EGS4 Monte Carlo transport code was combined with the phantom to calculate organ doses for external exposure due to photons and electrons up to 1 TeV. The calculated organ doses were compared with respective data using MIRD-type mathematical phantoms. In some cases, significant discrepancies in doses were observed, demonstrating the necessity of sophisticated models for accurate dose calculations. AU - Saito, K.* AU - Wittmann, A. AU - Koga, S.* AU - Ida, Y.* AU - Kamei, T.* AU - Funabiki, J.* AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 9904 C2 - 19840 SP - 69-75 TI - Construction of a computed tomographic phantom for a Japanese male adult and dose calculation system. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 40 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 2001 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Slavik, O.* AU - Fulajtar, E.* AU - Müller, H. AU - Pröhl, G. C1 - 21731 C2 - 19935 SP - 59-67 TI - Model for food chain transfer and dose assessment in areas of the Slovak Republic. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 40 PY - 2001 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper describes the construction of an adult male voxel model named Golem"(1) intended to be used for Monte Carlo simulations to calculate dosimetric quantities for radiation protection considerations. The model was segmented from whole-body medical image data of a living person who was 38 years old and had external dimensions close to those of the ICRP Reference Man. The segmentation process using dedicated image processing hard- and software is described and the resulting model is characterised with respect to weight and height of the total body, organ and tissue masses and red bone mal row distribution. A comparison with the respective data fur ICRP Reference Man and three further voxel models is presented. Golem was found to agree reasonably well with Reference Man, so that he can be used for the assessment of "representative" body doses." AU - Zankl, M. AU - Wittmann, A. C1 - 9918 C2 - 19803 SP - 153-162 TI - The adult male voxel model "Golem" segmented from whole-body CT patient data. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 40 IS - 2 PB - Springer PY - 2001 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - A new physical module for the biophysical simulation code PARTRAC has recently been developed, based on newly derived electron inelastic-scattering cross-sections in liquid water. In the present work, two modules of PARTRAC describing the production, diffusion and interaction of chemical species were developed with the specific purpose of quantifying the role of the uncertainties in the parameters controlling the early stages of liquid water radiolysis. A set of values for such parameters was identified, and time-dependent yields and frequency distributions of chemical species produced by electrons of different energies were calculated. The calculated yields were in good agreement with available data and simulations, thus confirming the reliability of the code. As the primary-electron energy decreases down to 1 keV, the *OH decay kinetics were found to get faster, reflecting variations in the spatial distribution of the initial energy depositions. In agreement with analogous works, an opposite trend was found for energies of a few hundred eV, due to the very small number of species involved. The spreading effects shown at long times by *OH frequency distributions following 1 keV irradiation were found to be essentially due to stochastic aspects of the chemical stage, whereas for 1 MeV tracks the physical and pre-chemical stages also were found to play a significant role. Relevant differences in the calculated e(aq) -yields were found by coupling the physics of PARTRAC with descriptions of the pre-chemical and chemical stages adopted in different models. This indicates a strict interrelation of the various stages, and thus a strong dependence of the parameter values on the assumptions made for the preceding and subsequent stages of the process. Although equally acceptable results can be obtained starting from different assumptions, it is necessary to keep control of such uncertainties, since they can significantly influence the modeling of radical attack on DNA and, more generally, radiobiological damage estimation. This study confirms the need for new, independently derived data on specific steps of water radiolysis, to be included in comprehensive biophysical simulation codes. AU - Ballarini, F.* AU - Biaggi, M.* AU - Merzagora, M.* AU - Ottolenghi, A.* AU - Dingfelder, M. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 21571 C2 - 19697 SP - 179-188 TI - Stochastic aspects and uncertainties in the prechemical and chemical stages of electron tracks in liquid water: A quantitative analysis based on Monte Carlo simulations. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 39 IS - 3 PY - 2000 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Exposure to the radioactive isotope Zr-95, as in nuclear accidents, and to stable zirconium, due to its use in industry, has increased the interest in the biokinetics of this element. Information has been derived mainly from tests performed on animals by means of radioactive tracers. Due to the fact that extrapolation from animals to humans is always open to question, there is an increasing need of a methodology which allows data to be obtained directly from humans. The use of stable tracers, being ethically justifiable, is a powerful tool for providing this information. As two tracers of the same element must be utilized in order to evaluate gut absorption, an analytical technique which is capable of distinguishing and measuring simultaneously different isotopes of zirconium in biological samples is required. Preliminary tests on laboratory animals were performed in order to assess the feasibility of the double tracer technique combined with proton activation analysis. AU - de Bartolo, D.* AU - Cantone, M.C.* AU - Giussani, A.* AU - Garlaschelli, L.* AU - Roth, P. AU - Werner, E. C1 - 9919 C2 - 19334 SP - 53-58 TI - Determination of biokinetic parameters for ingestion of radionuclides of zirconium in animals using stable tracers. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 39 PB - Springer PY - 2000 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Fesenko, S.V.* AU - Voigt, G. AU - Spiridonov, S.I.* AU - Sanzharova, N.I.* AU - Gontarenko, I.A.* AU - Belli, M.* AU - Sansone, U.* C1 - 21570 C2 - 19696 SP - 291-300 TI - Analysis of the contribution of forest pathways to the radiation exposure of different population groups in the Bryansk region of Russia. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 39 PY - 2000 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Göksu, H.Y. AU - Schwenk, P.* C1 - 21612 C2 - 19743 SP - 301-308 TI - Thermoluminescence dating of terrazzo from the monastery church of Tegernsee (Bavaria, Germany) using the 210COD,1,248C TL peak of quartz. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 39 PY - 2000 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jacob, P. AU - Kenigsberg, Y.* AU - Goulko, G. AU - Buglova, E.* AU - Gering, F. AU - Golovneva, A.* AU - Kruk, J.* AU - Demidchik, E.P.* C1 - 21332 C2 - 19447 SP - 25-31 TI - Thyroid cancer risk in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident: Comparison with external exposures. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 39 PY - 2000 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tolstykh, E.I.* AU - Degteva, M.O.* AU - Kozheurov, V.P.* AU - Shishkina, E.A.* AU - Romanyukha, A.* AU - Wieser, A. AU - Jacob, P. C1 - 21569 C2 - 19695 SP - 161-171 TI - Strontium metabolism in teeth and enamel dose assessment : Analysis of the Techa river data. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 39 PY - 2000 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Dingfelder, M. AU - Inokuti, M* C1 - 20952 C2 - 19007 SP - 93-96 TI - The Bethe surface of liquid water. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 38 PY - 1999 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Friedland, W. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Paretzke, H.G. AU - Merzagora, M.* AU - Ottolenghi, A.* C1 - 20954 C2 - 19009 SP - 39-47 TI - Simulation of DNA fragment distributions after irradiation with photons. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 38 PY - 1999 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gering, F. AU - Hillmann, U. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Fehrenbacher, G. C1 - 20794 C2 - 18844 SP - 283-291 TI - In situ gamma-spectrometry several years after deposition of radiocesium. II. Peak-to-valley method. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 37 PY - 1998 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - König, W.* AU - Wahl, W. AU - Rühm, W.* AU - Burkart, W.* C1 - 20797 C2 - 18847 SP - 19-25 TI - Direct beta measurements to determine in vivo whole-body activities of 90Sr in residents of the Southern Urals: description of a new method. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 37 PY - 1998 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Cartilage tissue from embryonic mice which undergoes osteogenic differentiation during in vitro cultivation was used to study the effect of osteosarcomagenic doses of alpha-irradiation and bone-tumor-inducing retroviruses on proliferation and phenotypic differentiation of skeletal cells in a defined tissue culture model. Irradiated mandibular condyles showed dose-dependent enhancement of cell proliferation at day 7 of the culture and increased osteogenic differentiation at day 14. Maximal effects were found with 7.4 Bq/ml of 224Ra-labeled medium. Doses of 740 and 7400 Bq/ml of 224Ra-labeled medium induced increasing cell death. Retrovirus infection enhanced osteogenic differentiation and extended the viability of irradiated cells. After transplantation none of the treated tissues developed tumors in syngeneic mice. AU - Schmidt, J. AU - Heermeier, K. AU - Linzner, U. AU - Luz, A. AU - Silbermann, M.* AU - Livne, E.* AU - Erfle, V. C1 - 27600 C2 - 32760 SP - 69-79 TI - Osteosarcomagenic doses of radium (224Ra) and infectious endogenous retroviruses enhance proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of skeletal tissue differentiating in vitro. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 33 IS - 1 PB - Springer PY - 1994 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The question discussed in this paper is whether effective dose can reflect the risk to patients from radiological procedures and can be used, for example, to optimise procedures and compare risks of various methods, to define dose constraints, and to estimate the risks to individuals or populations attributed to medical exposures. This report demonstrates that the use of effective dose for patients could be misleading or even wrong due to inappropriate simplifications of the underlying biological mechanisms and inappropriateness of the weighting factors connected with the definition of effective dose for a given patient population. We show that the choice of the most meaningful quantities to express patient exposure depends strongly on the respective situation. AU - Drexler, G.G. AU - Panzer, W. AU - Petoussi, N. AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 40265 C2 - 38010 SP - 209-219 TI - Effective dose - How effective for patients?. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 32 IS - 3 PY - 1993 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hötzl, H. AU - Winkler, R. C1 - 20358 C2 - 13549 SP - 129-135 TI - Rapid Determination of Radon Daughters and of Artificial Radionuclides in Air by Online gamma- ray Spectrometry. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 32 PY - 1993 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - For the determination of airborne radionuclide concentrations in real time, a fixed filter device was constructed which fits directly onto a germanium detector with standard nuclear electronics and a multichannel analyzer buffer connected via a data line to a personal computer for remote control and on-line spectrum evaluation. The on-line gamma-ray spectrometer was applied to the study of radon decay product concentrations in ground- level air and to the rapid detection of any contamination of the environmental air by artificial radionuclides. At Munich-Neuherberg, depending on the meteorological conditions, the measured air concentrations of 214Pb, the first gamma-ray-emitting member of the 222Rn decay series, varied from about 1 to 50 Bq m-3. For the artificial radionuclides 60Co, 131I and 137Cs the detection limits were determined as a function of the varying natural radon daughter concentrations at sampling and counting times of 1 h or 1 day. For these radionuclides minimum detectable air activity concentrations of 0.3 or 0.001 Bq m-3, respectively, were obtained at low radon daughter levels. At high radon daughter levels the respective detection limits were found to be higher by a factor of only about 2. AU - Hötzl, H. AU - Winkler, R.A. C1 - 40296 C2 - 38982 SP - 129-135 TI - Rapid determination of radon daughters and of artificial radionuclides in air by online gamma-ray spectrometry. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 32 IS - 2 PY - 1993 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jacob, P. AU - Müller, H. AU - Pröhl, G. AU - Voigt, G. AU - Berg, D. AU - Paretzke, H.G. AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 20605 C2 - 13816 SP - 193-207 TI - Environmental Behaviour of Radionuclides Deposited after the Reactor Accident of Chernobyl and Related Exposures. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 32 PY - 1993 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Several radioecological experiences with isotopes of ruthenium, iodine, caesium and barium, obtained after the reactor accident of Chernobyl, are reported. It was found that for a wet deposition barium was the element with the highest retention on grass. The retention of caesium was lower by a factor of 1.6, retention of iodine by a factor of 2.4 and retention of ruthenium by a factor of 3.5. Former data on the caesium transport in cereals from leaves to grain were confirmed. Depending on the conditions the iodine transfer factor for milk varied between 0.002 and 0.007 d · kg-1. The caesium transfer factor for milk was (0.003±0.0006) d . kg-1 and was found to be relatively constant in the years 1986-1988. In 1991, the values were higher by a factor of 2-5. Radioecological model results of whole-body burdens in Southern Bavaria showed a reduction of the caesium ingestion doses due to countermeasures and spontaneous changes of consumption habits in the first 2 months by a factor of 5 and till the end of 1987 by a factor of 1.5. The model results agree well with the range of measured whole-body burdens. One month after the deposition, the external exposures in urban environments due to ruthenium, caesium and barium isotopes were found to be reduced by a factor of 2, compared with open lawns, in the case of iodine the reduction was even a factor of 2.5. External exposures of a population group from the Munich area were determined by thermoluminescence dosimetry. The results are in accordance with the spectral measurements of external dose rates in urban environments. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Müller, H.M. AU - Pröhl, G. AU - Voigt, G.M. AU - Berg, D.J. AU - Paretzke, H.G. AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 40369 C2 - 40094 SP - 193-207 TI - Environmental behaviour of radionuclides deposited after the reactor accident of Chernobyl and related exposures. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 32 IS - 3 PY - 1993 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Autoradiography is an effective tool for the imaging of radionuclide distributions in various samples. In sophisticated applications with special preparation and development of sample-emulsion combinations and subsequent grain counts it can be highly quantitative, but it requires carefully controlled conditions and a variety of counter-checks, for example through scintillation spectroscopy. Less refined applications use X-ray films as detectors, and their seeming simplicity tends to invite artefacts and misinterpretations. Particular care needs to be taken, if one deals, or presumes to deal, with the low-energy ß-emitter tritium. Because of the short electron ranges the film must be in intimate contact with the sample, which tends to produce chemographic artefacts; without added spectroscopic measurements it is impossible to discriminate the spurious signals from a blackening of the film due to tritium. Recent statements concerning autoradiographic tritium measurements in tree samples have created considerable public concern and have demonstrated the pitfalls of uncritical use. This paper presents order-of-magnitude criteria for the detection threshold in the autoradiography of tritium; they can serve as an exclusion principle for some of the more extravagant misinterpretations. AU - Kellerer, A.M. AU - Chen, J. AU - Roost, H.* C1 - 40367 C2 - 40096 SP - 183-191 TI - Criteria of applicability for autoradiography of tritium. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 32 IS - 3 PY - 1993 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Nievergelt-Egido, M.C. AU - Michel, C. AU - Schmahl, W. C1 - 20371 C2 - 13567 SP - 119-128 TI - Histochemical Investigations on Lectin-Binding in Normal and irradiated Mouse Embryos. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 32 PY - 1993 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schimmack, W. AU - Förster, H. AU - Bunzl, K. AU - Kreutzer, K. C1 - 20352 C2 - 13543 SP - 137-150 TI - Deposition of Radiocesium to the Soil by Stemflow, Throughfall and Leaffall from Beeches. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 32 PY - 1993 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The amount of Chernobyl-derived137Cs transferred to the soil by stemflow, throughfall (precipitation under the tree crown), and leaffall from three beeches was investigated as a function of time in the growing seasons of 1991 and 1992. Up to 70 Bq/week was deposited with the stemflow, mainly in dissolved form (<0.45 μm) rather than in particulate form (>0.45 μm). The ratio of dissolved radiocesium to particulate radiocesium was about 10 in the stemflow. It varied considerably with time, but since these variations followed the same pattern for all three trees, they indicated a common cause to be responsible for the fractionation of radiocesium (e.g. meteorological conditions for bark weathering). A significant correlation was observed for the amount of dissolved137Cs (in Bq) and the amount of stemflow (in liters). The137Cs concentration in the stemflow (in Bq/1), however, decreased with increasing stemflow intensity (in Bq/week). For particulate radiocesium such correlations were not detected. Up to 5 Bq/m2 per week was deposited with the throughfall from the canopy, mainly in particulate form (ratio dissolved radiocesium to particulate radiocesium = 0.34). The mean total annual amounts of137Cs deposited to the ground (dissolved+particulate) for the three trees were: stemflow: 1991 600 Bq; 1992 460 Bq; throughfall: 1991 and 1992 ≈ 100 Bq/m2 each; leaffall: 1992 ≈ 10 Bq/m2. The data indicate that at present a substantial amount of the radiocesium in the leaves derives already from root uptake. AU - Schimmack, W. AU - Förster, H.S. AU - Bunzl, K.W. AU - Kreutzer, K.* C1 - 40345 C2 - 40055 SP - 137-150 TI - Deposition of radiocesium to the soil by stemflow, throughfall and leaf-fall from beech trees. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 32 IS - 2 PY - 1993 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Stahlhofen, W. AU - Möller, W. C1 - 20674 C2 - 13891 SP - 221-238 TI - Behaviour of Magnetic Micro-particles in the Human Lung. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 32 PY - 1993 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Magnetic micro-particles were used to investigate the defence system of the human lungs against foreign material. After primary magnetisation a remanent magnetic field (RMF) of the lung can be measured that allows estimation of the amount of dust retained in the lung. After calibration of the system with a lung phantom the magnetic contamination retained in the lungs of dental technicians and welders was estimated at mean values of 22 and 500 mg respectively. In normal controls only 0.3 mg was found. About 0.5 mg of spherical monodisperse magnetite particles was deposited in the alveolar region of the lung by voluntary inhalation. The decay of the RMF, called relaxation, results from a misalignment of the dipole particles due to the activity of pulmonary macrophages. This macrophage activity is characterised by a cellular energy E. With a secondry magnetisation the lung can be remagnetised by rotation of the dipole particles. This allows an estimation of the intracellular viscoelasticity and the motility of the alveolar macrophages in vivo. Secondary magnetisation and relaxation curves of spherical monodisperse magnetite particles are presented. Intracellular viscosity was estimated to be η ≃ 100 Pa s at shear rates near 0.01 s-1, the rigidity modulus being v ≃ 4-8 Pa. Macrophage activity was described by a cellular energy E(z) ~ 5 · 10-18 J. Additionally, non-magnetic aerosol exposure resulted in a faster relaxation, which was interpreted to be due to activation of the macrophages. The magnetic particles were cleared with a half-time of ≃ 110 days. AU - Stahlhofen, W. AU - Möller, W. C1 - 40378 C2 - 40090 SP - 221-238 TI - Behaviour of magnetic micro-particles in the human lung. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 32 IS - 3 PY - 1993 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Experimental results are presented which describe induction and pathogenesis of the hydro-micrencephaly in NMRI-mice after single X- irradiation with 0.9 Gy or 1.9 Gy on gestation day (gd) 12. The ultrastructural alterations in the ventricular walls are sequentially investigated up to gross developmental damage. The ventricular zone is the most sensitive region in the developing brain. Its constituting undifferentiated and proliferating cells lose their palisade like orientation and fail subsequently to differentiate into primitive neurons, glia cells, or ependymal cells. Structurally this results in the thinning of ventricular walls by more than 50% associated with periventricular oedema and a dilation of the brain ventricles by 20-60%. Damage is clearly more pronounced with the higher dose. Repair processes originate from regions with intact Zonulae adherentes which give also rise to typical globular or cylindrical heterotopic structures; these are known as rosettes and made up from undifferentiated proliferating ventricular cells. Perinatally in these rosettes cell replication persists, at a time when cell production in the ventricular zone has ceased. Histological changes are most prominent in and around the telencephalic roof consisting in replacement of the ependymal lining by a felt of glial fibers, faulty myelinisation, and periventricular oedema; postnatally these structural alterations lead to hydro-micrencephaly. Results from this animal model can be translated to the human situation because the fundamental developmental processes in the brain of mammals are similar despite species related differences of the time scale. AU - Heinzmann, U. C1 - 40625 C2 - 12756 SP - 11-29 TI - Prenatal pathogenesis of hydro-micrencephaly induced by X-rays: An animal model. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 31 IS - 1 PY - 1992 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Chmelevsky, D. AU - Morin, M.J. C1 - 40810 C2 - 38673 SP - 253-257 TI - Mathematical methods in the analysis of animal experiments. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 30 IS - 3 PY - 1991 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Cs-134/137 activities were measured from different tree organs of spruce, larch and sycamore maple. Two locations in South Bavaria were monitored during a period of 2.5 years following the Chernobyl accident. Samples taken in 1985 allow to determine the Cs-137 contamination before the accident. Increasing Cs-137 activities from older to younger needle years of Picea abies caused by root-uptake of the global weapons' fallout are due to the high phloem mobility of this element and the remaining of the needles at the tree for about 6-7 years. In contrast, the Cs-137 activity was much smaller in leaves of larch and sycamore maple. After the Chernobyl accident, the higher contamination of spruce greater than larch greater than sycamore maple is dependent on the roughness of bark, absolute bark surface and the existence of leaves during the deposition of Chernobyl-derived radioactivity. The Cs-134/137 activity (Bq/kg d.w.) was about 25-times higher in bark compared to wood of Picea abies and 1.5-4.7 times higher in directly contaminated twig-axes than in leaves. Till the end of the investigation the major contamination of the shoots was due to direct deposition of cesium on the trees. A maximum of 5-15% of the total activity of the directly contaminated branches of the plants was calculated to be part of root-uptake, depending on the amount of initial retention. 20% of the translocated cesium into new leaves of larch and about 50% into sycamore maple resulted from root-uptake 2.5 years after the accident. AU - Ertel, J. AU - Ziegler, H. C1 - 40806 C2 - 38040 SP - 147-157 TI - Cs-134/137 contamination and root uptake of different forest trees before and after the Chernobyl accident. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 30 IS - 2 PY - 1991 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Temporally-limited internal irradiation after incorporation of short-lived bone-seeking radionuclides is a useful experimental tool for the investigation of extrinsic and intrinsic factors which modify the dose dependence of bone tumor risk. Here we describe some of the results obtained in experiments with female mice (mainly NMRI). The future aim of such experiments should be the prediction of risk of late effects using early molecular-biological changes. Molecular-biological descriptions in our model are at present very limited. AU - Luz, A.* AU - Müller, W.A.* AU - Linzner, U.* AU - Strauß, P.G. AU - Schmidt, J. AU - Müller, K.M.* AU - Atkinson, M.J.* AU - Murray, A.B.* AU - Gössner, W.* AU - Erfle, V.F. AU - Höfler, H.* C1 - 40824 C2 - 38034 SP - 225-227 TI - Bone tumor induction after incorporation of short-lived radionuclides. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 30 IS - 3 PY - 1991 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ruth, B. C1 - 19706 C2 - 12838 SP - 321-332 TI - Measurement of the Chlorophyll Fluorescence Induction Kinetics with a 10us Time Resolution and its Application in the Forest Decline Research. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 30 PY - 1991 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Measurement methods are described which determine the initial phase of the fluorescence induction kinetics with a maximum time resolution of 10 μs simultaneously for the two fluorescence components F685(t) and F130(t) selected by filters at the wavelengths 685 nm and 730 nm, respectively. The excitation light provided by a He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) is switched on within 0.3 μs (maximum intensity Ie=12 mW/cm2). Fo, Fp, and Fs, the initial-, peak-, and steady-state intensity and the initial value Ro of the ratio R(t)=F730(t)/F685(t) can accurately be determined as well as the initial time derivative Fo * of the fluorescence intensity. Fo and Fo * are related to the quantum yield φa of the antenna and to the photochemical quantum yield φpc, respectively. Spruce, oak, birch, poplar, and soy bean show a decline of R(t) from Ro to a first minimum Rb at some 10 ms which has a similar value as the second minimum Rp in the time range of seconds. Furthermore, the initial value Ro and the steady-state value RS of R(t) are also very similar. Measurements on spruce with water deficiency and with varying excitation light intensity Ie show effects on the initial phase of the fluorescence induction kinetics. Further measurements on spruce of different damage classes indicate that for the current year's needles the ratio Fp/Fo, is the most sensitive parameter to differentiate between the damage classes and that Fo/Fs and Ro/Rb are also affected. As demonstrated by measurements on leaves of soy beans, the initial decrease of R(t) from Ro to Rb originates from a change of the fluorescence spectrum because no change of the leaf transmission can be observed in the time range between 10 μs and 1 ms. AU - Ruth, B. C1 - 40720 C2 - 40177 SP - 321-332 TI - Measurement of the chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics with a 10 μs time resolution and its application in the forest decline research. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 30 IS - 4 PY - 1991 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The translocation of cesium from leaves into the edible parts after foliar deposition at different stages of growth has been determined for cereals, potatoes, green beans and carrots in field experiments. For all the plant species investigated a significant seasonality of the cesium translocation was observed. The highest translocation factors were determined after foliar contamination 50 to 60 days before harvest for cereals, and 70 to 90 days and 15 days before harvest for potatoes and green beans, respectively. The variations among the different experiments can be reduced when the translocation is normalized to the yield. This facilitates the application in probabilistic models due to the implicit consideration of the relationship between translocation and yield. The seasonality of the cesium translocation can be described with gaussian functions being consistent with the physiological development of cereals and potatoes. The uncertainty of these approaches is a factor of 3 and 4 for cereals and potatoes, respectively. AU - Voigt, G.M. AU - Pröhl, G. AU - Müller, H.M. C1 - 40719 C2 - 40176 SP - 295-303 TI - Experiments on the seasonality of the cesium translocation in cereals, potatoes and vegetables. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 30 IS - 4 PY - 1991 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ahne, F. AU - Wendel, S. AU - Eckardt-Schupp, F. C1 - 19721 C2 - 12852 SP - 293-301 TI - Molecular Analysis of the REV2 Gene of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae - a Review. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 29 PY - 1990 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The REV2 gene controls DNA repair, induced mutagenesis and, probably, some fidelity mechanism of replication. Of particular interest is the notion that it is inducible by DNA-damaging agents. We wanted to find molecular evidence for these results derived from numerous biological experiments. We cloned the REV2 gene from a yeast genomic DNA library based on the YCp 50 centromere vector, sequenced it and studied its regulation on the transcriptional level. The coding region of the REV2 gene consists of a 1425 pb reading frame with a coding capacity for a polypeptide of 52 kD; no significant homology to any gene filed in available data bases was found. Examination of a hydrophobicity plot of the putative Rev2 protein predicts the existence of transmembrane helices. Quantitative Northern analysis confirmed the working hypothesis that DNA-damaging agents increase the level of REV2 gene expression in stationary cells. Thus, the REV2 gene seems to code for a membrane protein which is inducible by DNA-damaging agents and which controls processes of repair and mutagenesis in yeast. AU - Ahne, F. AU - Wendel, S. AU - Eckardt-Schupp, F. C1 - 42226 C2 - 40243 SP - 293-301 TI - Molecular analysis of the REV 2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae - a review. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 29 IS - 4 PY - 1990 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Eckardt-Schupp, F. AU - Hagen, U. AU - Frankenberg-Schwager, M. C1 - 18766 C2 - 11879 SP - S. 247 TI - Molecular Radiation Biology : DNA Damage, DNA Repair and its Biological Consequences. Workshop on the Occasion of the 65th birthday of U.Hagen, München-Neuherberg, March 21-23, 1990. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 29 PY - 1990 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Frankenberg-Schwager, M. C1 - 18354 C2 - 11545 TI - Induction, Repair and Biological Relevance of Radiation-Induced DNA Lesions in Eukaryotic Cells. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. PY - 1990 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - This report summarizes data on the induction, repair and biological relevance of five types of radiation-induced DNA lesions for which repair kinetic studies have been performed in eukaryotic cells by various laboratories. These lesions are: DNA-protein crosslinks, base damage, single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks and bulky lesions (clustered base damage in the nm-range). The influence of various factors, such as oxia/anoxia, linear energy transfer of the radiation used, incubation medium, cell cycle stage, thiol content, hyperthermia, on the induction and repair of these lesions is described. Radiation-sensitive cell lines are also included. AU - Frankenberg-Schwager, M. C1 - 41801 C2 - 36468 SP - 273-292 TI - Induction, repair and biological relevance of radiation-induced DNA lesions in eukaryotic cells. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 29 IS - 4 PY - 1990 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hagen, U. C1 - 42490 C2 - 40260 SP - 315-322 TI - Molecular radiation biology: Future aspects. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 29 IS - 4 PY - 1990 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ruth, B. C1 - 17575 C2 - 10882 SP - 57-73 TI - The Fluorescence Induction Kinetics as a Non-destructive Tool for Investigating Spruce Treated with Ozone. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 29 PY - 1990 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The scattering coefficient of yellow spruce needles exceeds that of green needles by a factor of 2, whereas the fluorescence efficiency is approximately equal for both needle colours. As shown by the angular distribution the fluorescence light is diffusely emitted. However, the scattered light consists of a diffuse and a reflecting portion below 20° with a ratio of the intensities of 1 : 2 at perpendicular observation (0°). Control measurements show that in the rejection region the effective transmission of cut-off-filters commonly used to separate fluorescence light and excitation light exceeds the value calculated from the filter specifications by a factor of 100. Therefore, the portion of the scattered light in the measuring signal must be controlled if the fluorescence induction kinetics is measured from specimen of different colour. A device for the determination of the fluorescence induction kinetics is described which employs a He-Ne laser, a mechanically working shutter with an opening time of 4 ms for the excitation, and a computer for data storage and device control. Two filters select the fluorescence components at 685 nm and 730 nm and they reduce the portion of the scattered light in the measuring signal to 0.18% and 0.55%, respectively. In order to consider the temporal development of the fluorescence kinetics the sampling rate is reduced from 2 kHz to 1 Hz. From the data stored in the computer maximum value FP, and steady-state-value FS are determined for both fluorescence components. Measurements on 4-year-old spruce exposed to ozone-concentrations of 0, 300 ppb, 600 ppb, and 1000 ppb were repeated every week. With increasing concentration and duration of treatment Rfd =(FP-Fs)/FS was decreased for both fluorescence components. With the highest ozone concentration a reduction of Rfd of 23% and 24%, respectively, was obtained for the two fluorescence components after three weeks. AU - Ruth, B. C1 - 42199 C2 - 40249 SP - 57-73 TI - The fluorescence induction kinetics as a non-destructive tool for investigating spruce treated with ozone. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 29 IS - 1 PY - 1990 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Saran, M. AU - Bors, W. C1 - 18227 C2 - 11440 SP - 249-262 TI - Radical Reactions in Vivo - an Overview. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 29 PY - 1990 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Saran, M. AU - Bors, W. C1 - 41144 C2 - 36386 SP - 249-262 TI - Radical reactions in vivo - an overview. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 29 IS - 4 PY - 1990 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The peroxidase-coupled Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) served as a marker for cell surface alterations in embryonic mouse tissues exposed to low-dose radiation during the early organogenesis (day 9 post conception). In unirradiated embryos, DBA bound selectively to various organ primordia, depending on their differentiation state. The auditory vesicles and the developing blood vessels were the only tissues staining strongly with the lectin. The vascular endothelia also showed the highest radiosensitivity, expressed by the maximal reaction already at 12.5 cGy. Marked surface changes as well were registered in the basal part of the Rathke's pocket and in the roof of the diencephalon. After exposure to 25 cGy, a transient amplification of the reaction as compared with 12.5 cGy occurred firstly in the Rathke's pocket, then in the infundibulum and in auditory vesicles. The most distinct effects were achieved with 50 cGy. Remarkable is the prompt rise of the DBA-affinity in a narrow area of the myelencephalon, and subsequently also in the roof of the diencephalon. Furthermore, the infundibulum and the Rathke's pocket, both anlagen of the pituitary gland, bound heavily DBA during the entire examination period of 24 h. The present study demonstrated the oustanding suitability of the Dolichos biflorus agglutinin for histochemical detection of subtle cellular alterations by small radiation doses. AU - Balla, I.* AU - Michel, C.H.* AU - Plendl, J. AU - Schmahl, W.G. C1 - 42556 C2 - 40147 SP - 1-12 TI - Lectinhistochemical study of cell surface alterations in mouse embryos exposed to low radiation doses. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 28 IS - 1 PY - 1989 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - After spraying grass cultures with rainwater collected after the Chernobyl reactor accident, the time-dependence of the weathering of leaf contamination of134/137CS was determined. Hereby the influence of rain and of biomass increase due to growth was considered. Two effective half-lives were found of 6 d and more than 60 d in rain-protected grass for the activity per area (corresponding to 8 d and more than 60 d when related to the activity per dry weight) and 2 d and 30 d in rain-exposed grass for the activity per area (3 d and 23 d when activity per dry weight is considered). These half-lives represent the initially rapid (for about 90% of the activity) and later slow (for the residual about 10%) decrease of the Cesium content in grass. They might be due to different weathering mechanisms whereby the translocation of the radionuclides from the leaf surface into the plant interior and the loss of wax particles might be of importance. AU - Ertel, J. AU - Voigt, G.M. AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 33646 C2 - 36583 SP - 319-326 TI - Weathering of134/137Cs following leaf contamination of grass cultures in an outdoor experiment. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 28 IS - 4 PY - 1989 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Huber, R.D. AU - Braselmann, H. AU - Bauchinger, M. C1 - 42061 C2 - 36489 SP - 113-120 TI - Screening for interindividual differences in radiosensitivity by means of the micronucleus assay in human lymphocytes. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 28 IS - 2 PY - 1989 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Six soils, two Sphagnum peat samples and a clay mineral were irradiated with 40 and 80 kGy (4 and 8 Mrad) from a60Co source. As a result the microbial biomass, determined separately for each sample, decreased considerably. Depending on the radionuclide, the sorption, as characterised by the distribution coefficient, decreased, increased or remained unchanged. The effect of the irradiation on the sorption of the radionuclides depended, in general, also on the type of the sample, especially whether well humified soils, (e.g. crop soils), poorly humified samples (Sphagnum peat, 0-horizon from woodland), or a clay mineral was employed. The data reveal that irradiation produces, besides sterilization, also other effects in soils, which can change their sorption properties. AU - Bunzl, K.W. AU - Schimmack, W. C1 - 42461 C2 - 36262 SP - 165-176 TI - Effect of microbial biomass reduction by gamma-irradiation on the sorption of 137Cs, 85Sr, 139Ce, 57Co, 109Cd, 65Zn, 103Ru, 95mTc and 131I by soils. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 27 IS - 2 PY - 1988 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The time course and dose dependency of the incidence of bone-sarcomas among 900 German patients treated with high doses of radium-224 is analysed in terms of a proportional hazards model with a log-normal dependency of time to tumor and a linear-quadratic dose relation. The deduced dose dependency agrees well with a previous analysis in terms of a non-parametric proportional hazards model, and confirms the temporal distribution which has been used in the Radioepidemiological Tables of NIH. However, the linear-quadratic dose-response model gives a risk estimate for low doses which is somewhat less than half that obtained under the assumption of linearity. AU - Chmelevsky, D. AU - Kellerer, A.M. AU - Land, C.E. AU - Mays, C.W. AU - Spieß, H.F. C1 - 41215 C2 - 38259 SP - 103-114 TI - Time and dose dependency of bone-sarcomas in patients injected with radium-224. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 27 IS - 2 PY - 1988 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - After spraying grass cultures with rainwater collected after the Chernobyl reactor accident, the time-dependence of the weathering of leaf contamination of134/137CS was determined. Hereby the influence of rain and of biomass increase due to growth was considered. Two effective half-lives were found of 6 d and more than 60 d in rain-protected grass for the activity per area (corresponding to 8 d and more than 60 d when related to the activity per dry weight) and 2 d and 30 d in rain-exposed grass for the activity per area (3 d and 23 d when activity per dry weight is considered). These half-lives represent the initially rapid (for about 90% of the activity) and later slow (for the residual about 10%) decrease of the Cesium content in grass. They might be due to different weathering mechanisms whereby the translocation of the radionuclides from the leaf surface into the plant interior and the loss of wax particles might be of importance. AU - Ertel, J. AU - Voigt, G. C1 - 17458 C2 - 10362 SP - 319-326 TI - Weathering of 134/137 Cesium Following Leaf Contamination of Grass Cultures in an Outdoor Experiment. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 28 IS - 4 PY - 1988 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Irradiation of DNA in situ i.e. in phage particles or in the cell leads to alterations of single DNA nucleotides as well as to clustered lesions such as double strand breaks or unpaired DNA regions the latter being sensitive to digestion by S 1 nuclease. A contribution will be made to the configuration of such S 1-nuclease-sensitive sites (S 1 sites). DNA from irradiated lambda phage containing S 1 sites was treated with gamma endonuclease from M. luteus which is known to split the nucleotide strand at the position of oxidized pyrimidine base. It was found that the gamma endonuclease induces double-strand breaks at some of the S 1 sites indicating double base damage within this site. However, half of the S 1 sites are not converted into a double-strand break by the gamma endonuclease, indicating base damage only on one strand within the unpaired region. AU - Kohfeldt, E. AU - Bertram, H. AU - Hagen, U. C1 - 42026 C2 - 36146 SP - 123-132 TI - Action of gamma endonuclease on clustered lesions in irradiated DNA. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 27 IS - 2 PY - 1988 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The spatial pattern of primary physical events was calculated for protons in water vapor by means of a Monte Carlo program. Two different cross section data sets were used to cover the proton energy range from 0.2 to 15 MeV. From the spatial pattern of primary energy deposition, proximity functions were derived and from these the dose mean lineal energy yD was calculated. The contributions of different track components to yD for spherical target volumes of 1-100 nm were analysed. The results are compared with the LET approximation and with analytical calculations of yD based on expectation values of the radial energy deposition around the proton path (radial dose profiles). Finally the associated volume of proton tracks was calculated using the so called 'linear approximation', and energy deposition distributions were derived. These were compared with distributions calculated by means of restricted-LET. AU - Leuthold, G.P. AU - Burger, G. C1 - 17345 C2 - 9988 SP - 177-187 TI - Mathematical Simulation of Proton Tracks in Water Vapour and their Microdosimetric Analysis. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 27 IS - 3 PY - 1988 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Leuthold, G.P. AU - Burger, G.T. C1 - 41706 C2 - 0 SP - 177-187 TI - Mathematical stimulation of proton tracks in water vapor and their microdosimetric analysis. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 27 IS - 3 PY - 1988 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The transfer in cattle of the radionuclides137Cs,60Co,54Mn,22Na,131I and95mTc was studied experimentally to determine transfer coefficients from feed to milk and meat. Special interest was kept on normal feeding and maintenance conditions used in Germany. The radio-nuclides were incorporated into fodder plants through root uptake and thus available in a chemical form resulting from the contamination of agricultural soil. This permitted realistic simulation of the soil-plant-animal food chain. The equilibrium transfer coefficients for milk were calculated to be22Na: 0.016±0.002 d/l,60Co: ≤0.0002 d/l,54Mn: ≤0.0005 d/l, and137CS : 0.0022±0.0002 d/l. The equilibrium transfer coefficients for meat were calculated to be22Na: 0.01±0.002 d/kg,60Co: ≤0.00013 d/kg,54Mn : ≤0.0005 d/kg, and137Cs: 0.0062±0.0006 d/kg. A single dose of131I was orally administered three times in the chemical form of iodide. Models were applied to obtain parameters for a quantitative description of the iodine metabolism. The equilibrium transfer factor for131I in this chemical form to milk was calculated to be 0.009±0.0014 d/l. For95mTc only an upper limit of the transfer factor of 1.7 · 10-4 d/l could be estimated because of the small amount of radioactivity available. AU - Voigt, G.M. AU - Henrichs, K. AU - Pröhl, G. AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 42163 C2 - 36131 SP - 143-152 TI - Measurements of transfer coefficients for 137Cs, 60Co, 54Mn, 22Na, 131I and 95mTc from feed into milk and beef. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 27 IS - 2 PY - 1988 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - In order to assess human organ doses for risk estimates under natural and man made radiation exposure conditions, human phantoms have to be used. As an improvement to the mathematical anthropomorphic phantoms, a new family of phantoms is proposed, constructed from computer tomographic (CT) data. A technique is developed which allows any physical phantom to be converted into computer files to be used for several applications. The new human phantoms present advantages towards the location and shape of the organs, in particular the hard bone and bone marrow. The CT phantoms were used to construct three dimensional images of high resolution; some examples are given and their potential is discussed. The use of CT phantoms is also demonstrated to assess accurately the proportion of bone marrow in the skeleton. Finally, the use of CT phantoms for Monte Carlo (MC) calculations of doses resulting from various photon exposures in radiology and radiation protection is discussed. AU - Zankl, M.* AU - Veit, R.* AU - Williams, G.V.* AU - Schneider, K.T.M.* AU - Fendel, H.* AU - Petoussi, N. AU - Drexler, G.G. C1 - 42609 C2 - 36443 SP - 153-164 TI - The construction of computer tomographic phantoms and their application in radiology and radiation protection. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 27 IS - 2 PY - 1988 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bauchinger, M. AU - Schmid, E. AU - Braselmann, H. C1 - 41008 C2 - 36109 SP - 253-260 TI - Cell survival and radiation induced chromosome aberrations : II. Experimental findings in human lymphocytes analysed in first and second post-irradiation metaphases. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 25 IS - 4 PY - 1986 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Braselmann, H. AU - Bauchinger, M. AU - Schmid, E. C1 - 41293 C2 - 36092 SP - 243-251 TI - Cell survival and radiation induced chromosome aberrations : I. Derivation of formulae for the determination of transmission and survival parameters of aberrations. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 25 IS - 4 PY - 1986 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - In this review, some current aspects of our knowledge about base damage in DNA induced by ionizing radiation will be summarized. The understanding of DNA base damage requires the analysis of radicals formed in irradiated single DNA moieties as well as in whole DNA. Chemical studies about can be used for the molecular alterations of bases and biochemical methods for DNA-sequencing. In addition enzymes recognizing DNA damage and immunological methods with specific antibodies can be employed. However special emphasis should be given to the analysis of DNA base damage in irradiated cells and it will be shown, that a distinct gap in knowledge exists in this field in contrast to the radiation chemistry in aqueous solutions of DNA. AU - Hagen, U. C1 - 42400 C2 - 36197 SP - 261-271 TI - Current aspects on the radiation induced base damage in DNA. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 25 IS - 4 PY - 1986 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schneckenburger, H. AU - Frenz, M. C1 - 42286 C2 - 0 SP - 289-295 TI - Time-resolved fluorescence of conifers exposed to environmental pollutants. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 25 IS - 4 PY - 1986 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Exponentially growing and plateau phase cultures of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (suspension strain) were treated with either fast electrons, X-rays, fast neutrons or Am-241-alpha-particles in a dose range from about 0.02 Gy to 1 Gy and for comparison also at higher doses. After the first post-irradiation division, cells were scored for the presence of micronuclei and the micronucleus fraction as well as the number of micronuclei/cell was determined. Micronuclei were counted using the DNA specific stain H 33258 in a fluorescence microscope. A comparison with cytofluorometric measurements established that microscopic detection accounted for up to 90% of all micronuclei present within a sample, the rest probably being hidden in direct observation by the main nucleus. Dose response curves based on the micronucleus fraction as well as on the number of micronuclei/cell were found to be linear in the whole dose range tested at low and at high ionization density. Linearity was maintained also when repair of primary lesions was promoted or suppressed. The RBE of alpha-particles compared with X-rays was dependent on the time of fixation and was at a maximum immediately after the first division (RBE = 4.8 +/- 0.5). Micronucleus distribution showed overdispersion relative to Poissonian statistics with every radiation quality used, in accordance with earlier observations on the distribution of acentric fragments in irradiated cultures. AU - Bertsche, U. C1 - 41444 C2 - 38228 SP - 27-44 TI - Micronucleus induction in mammalian cell cultures treated with ionizing radiations. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 24 IS - 1 PY - 1985 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Sensitive cocultivation techniques were applied to study the radiation-induced activation of endogenous retroviral genomes in different mouse strains by the alpha-emitting radionuclide224Radium. Activated infectious C-type retroviruses were detected in spleen, bone marrow and bone tissues of C57BL/6-, BALB/c- and NMRI mice. The titres of high-dose-irradiated animals were higher than those found in low-dose-irradiated animals. Infectious retrovirus could be detected with a dose of 13.2 rad (maximum dose rate 0.9 rad/day) in the skeleton, and a dose of 4.2 rad (maximum dose rate 0.3 rad/day) in the spleen. The virus activation pattern was different in the three mouse strains. These data indicate that activation of endogenous retroviral genomes by alpha-irradiation shows a dose-effect relationship and a dependence on the genetic background of the mouse. AU - Schmidt, J. AU - Erfle, V.F. AU - Müller, W.A. C1 - 42227 C2 - 38364 SP - 17-25 TI - Activation of endogenous C-type retroviral genomes by internal alpha-irradiation of mice with 224Radium. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 24 IS - 1 PY - 1985 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Following i.v. injection Nb-95 into pregnant rats, fetuses and newborns were dissected and measured for radioactivity after several time intervals. At any time only a small quantity of the administered radioactivity was transferred to fetus and newborn and the fetal tissue concentrations were always lower than the maternal ones. The highest ratio (0.6) between fetal and maternal tissue concentrations was found in bone. AU - Schneidereit, M. AU - Senekowitsch, R. AU - Kriegel, H. C1 - 41040 C2 - 38505 SP - 125-130 TI - Transfer and distribution of Niobium-95 in adult, fetal, and newborn rats after injection during pregnancy. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 24 IS - 2 PY - 1985 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The recombinagenic pathway of DNA repair in yeast was characterized by the effect of different inhibitors on the temperature-dependent survival after γ-irradiation in haploid cells of the thermoconditional mutant rad54-3. Blocking protein synthesis with cycloheximide in replicating cells caused partial inhibition of the RAD54 dependent function but some repair activity remained detectable. This indicates that γ-rays can induce RAD54 activity above some constitutive level of function. Inhibition of DNA replication by hydroxyurea efficiently blocked the RAD54 dependent function in stationary-phase cells but not in logarithmic-phase cells. In logarithmic-phase cells, we found a strong inhibitory effect of caffeine on the RAD54 mediated repair process. AU - Siede, W. AU - Obermaier, S. AU - Eckhardt, F. C1 - 40890 C2 - 38359 SP - 1-7 TI - Influence of different inhibitors on the activity of the RAD54 dependent step of DNA repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 24 IS - 1 PY - 1985 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Phage Lambda DNA, gamma-irradiated in-situ and in-vitro, has been analyzed for unpaired bases by melting, reannealing, and cleavage with Sl nuclease which is specific for single-stranded DNA. DNA, irradiated in-situ, i.e., in the phage particle, contained sites being sensitive to Sl nuclease. These single-stranded lesions were passed over and conserved during reannealing, whereas adjacent DNA regions reannealed specifically. Complementary base-pairing was restored after Sl nuclease treatment. Comparison of the Tm-data before and after Sl nuclease treatment indicated that the single-stranded regions were removed by the enzyme. In contrast, DNA irradiated in-vitro, i.e., gamma-irradiated in aqueous solution, failed to match complementarily and was not sensitive to Sl nuclease. Thus it appears that lesions leading to unpaired bases were randomly distributed in DNA irradiated in-vitro, but occurred in clusters after irradiation in-situ. Most probably these clusters contain damaged bases which in turn caused localized disruption of the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs. AU - Martin-Bertram, H. AU - Hartl, P. AU - Winkler, C. C1 - 41611 C2 - 38495 SP - 95-105 TI - Unpaired bases in phage DNA after gamma-irradiation in-situ and in vitro. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 23 IS - 2 PY - 1984 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schmid, E. AU - Bauchinger, M. AU - Streng, S. AU - Nahrstedt, U. C1 - 41773 C2 - 38475 SP - 305-309 TI - The effect of 220 kVp X-rays with different spectra on the dose response of chromosome aberrations in human lymphocytes. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 23 IS - 4 PY - 1984 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bauchinger, M. AU - Schmid, E. AU - Streng, S. AU - Dresp, J.H. C1 - 41026 C2 - 38292 SP - 225-229 TI - Quantitative analysis of the chromosome damage at first division of human lymphocytes after 60CO γ-Irradiation. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 22 IS - 3 PY - 1983 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Merkle, W. C1 - 41472 C2 - 38638 SP - 217-233 TI - Statistical methods in regression and calibration analysis of chromosome aberration data. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 21 IS - 3 PY - 1983 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - A combined treatment of pregnant mice on day 12 of gestation with both azacytidine and X-irradiation in low doses induces sequence-dependent histological effects. These effects, in turn, induce different symptomatic signs if evaluated either prenatally or neonatally. In the azacytidine treatment/X-irradiation sequence the malformations of the fetal forebrain are predominant. Consequently, these dams show a high incidence in the stillbirth rate. Conversely, the X-irradiation/azacytidine treatment schedule leads only to a mild brain hypoplasia, and does not cause an increased stillbirth rate. In these offspring, however, a severe impairment of small bowel epithelial proliferation capacity was found. This is linked to an outstanding neonatal mortality within 48 h after birth. The pathogenesis of these sequence-dependent effects can be attributed to a selective vulnerability of cells in different stages of the generation cycle. This comprises a high degree of cytolethality affecting the S/G2-stage cells in azacytidine/X-irradiation treatment and the G1/S-stage cells in the reverse combinations (Schmahl 1979). The present observations show the validity of a teratological assay in providing a detailed analysis of the cell kinetic responses after combined noxious influences. AU - Schmahl, W.G. C1 - 41844 C2 - 38344 SP - 235-245 TI - Sequence-dependent toxicity and small bowel mucosal injury in neonatal mice, treated with low doses of 5-Azacytidine and X-irradiation at the late organogenesis stage. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 21 IS - 4 PY - 1983 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - For the analyses of dose-relations of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations a weighted least squares method has to be carried out since the variance of observed aberration yields are different at different doses. Consequently identical statistical weights have to be used for the comparison of dose-response functions. For this reason a weighted identity test is presented. The derivation of the test quantity is described in a generalized form. The practical application of the test and the computation of the test quantity is shown for the linear and linear-quadratic model. AU - Streng, S. AU - Bauchinger, M. C1 - 41723 C2 - 38365 SP - 189-200 TI - Weighted identity test for the comparison of dose-response functions of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 22 IS - 3 PY - 1983 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The effect of ionizing irradiation on the physiological activity of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in smooth muscle preparations from frog lung was studied. cAMP, given as dibutyryl salt (dib-cAMP) inhibited the radiation induced contractions of the muscle in a manner similar to the action of theophylline. In vitro irradiation of dib-cAMP resulted in an alteration of the chemical structure of this substance, i.e., formation of monobutyryl-cAMP and further derivatives as well as a decomposition of the purine structure. There was also a loss of the relaxing activity of irradiated cAMP on the muscle tone of frog lung preparations. The physiologically measured inactivation of dib-cAMP was far more pronounced than the chemical alteration. An inhibitory effect of the reaction products is postulated. AU - Schachinger, L. AU - Michailov, M.C. AU - Owusa Daaku, S. AU - Prechter, I. AU - Klöter, H. AU - Schippel, C. C1 - 42330 C2 - 36209 SP - 245-254 TI - Effect of ionizing irradiation on the physiological activity of cyclic adenosinemonophosphate on smooth muscle preparations. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 20 IS - 4 PY - 1982 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The body content of certain radionuclides and the consequences of accidental incorporation may be reduced by treatment with chelating agents. Such agents have been widely studied and have proved to be useful in man. Chelation therapy may also be advantageous in certain cases of heavy metal poisoning. There is still a need to develop new, more efficient and less toxic agents and better therapeutic schedules for using the existing agents. So far as possible the testing of potential new compounds should be carried out using standardized methods. AU - Smith, H.E.* AU - Stather, J.W.* AU - Stradling, G.N.* AU - Taylor, D.M.D.* AU - Volf, V.* AU - Gerber, G.B.* AU - Mays, C.W.* AU - Müller, W.H. AU - Planas-Bohne, F.* AU - Szot, Z.Z.* AU - Vanderborght, O.L.J.* C1 - 41033 C2 - 38423 SP - 45-50 TI - Recommendations for testing new chelating agents for removal of incorporated actinides from the body. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 21 IS - 1 PY - 1982 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Chromosome analyses were carried out in lymphocytes of 32 workers occupationally exposed for more than 20 years to 50 Hz alternating electric and magnetic fields in 380 kV switchyards. As compared with a control group of 22 workers of similar age and occupation but without field exposure neither the yields of structural chromosome changes nor the SCE-frequencies were increased. The difference of cytogenetic data after occupational exposure to ionizing radiation is discussed. AU - Bauchinger, M. AU - Hauf, R. AU - Schmid, E. AU - Dresp, J.H. C1 - 41626 C2 - 38563 SP - 235-238 TI - Analysis of structural chromosome changes and SCE after occupational long-term exposure to electric and magnetic fields from 380 kV-systems. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 19 IS - 4 PY - 1981 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Eckardt, F. AU - Kunz, B.A.* AU - Haynes, R.H.* C1 - 42380 C2 - 38695 SP - 292 TI - UV-induced mutation and recombination in yeast: Involvement of an inducible component of repair. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 19 IS - 4 PY - 1981 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Frankenberg, D. AU - Binder, A. AU - Harbich, R. C1 - 42442 C2 - 38699 SP - 293 TI - Evidence for electron track ends as the critical energy deposition pattern for inducing DNA double-strand breaks in eukaryotic cells. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 19 IS - 4 PY - 1981 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schorn, H. AU - Bertsche, U. AU - Nüsse, M. AU - Bryant, P.E. C1 - 42474 C2 - 38700 SP - 301 TI - Cellular response to membrane-specific drugs and ionizing radiation. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 19 IS - 4 PY - 1981 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Török, P. AU - Schmahl, W.G. AU - Berg, D.J. C1 - 34205 C2 - 38253 SP - 304 TI - Affects of prenatal x-irradiation in combination with 5-azacytidine on the fertility of male mice. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 19 IS - 4 PY - 1981 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Iliakis, G.E. C1 - 41449 C2 - 38403 SP - 297 TI - The influence of arabinofuranosyl nucleosides on the repair of PLD in EAT-cells. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 17 IS - 4 PY - 1980 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mueller, W.H. AU - Kollmer, W.E. C1 - 33703 C2 - 38420 SP - 339 TI - Removal of radio-barium by cryptand (222) from mammals. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 17 IS - 4 PY - 1980 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The rare earth radionuclides177Lu and153Sm were administered as single i.p. injections in NMRI mice. Lu was deposited principally (up to 60%) in the skeleton if the quantity of stable carrier was low. Increase of stable carrier enhanced deposition in the reticulo-endothelial system. Sm was preferentially deposited in the liver; the liver deposits were further increased by the addition of stable Sm. Liver doses of between 75 and 150 Gy, resulting from a single injection of153Sm together with 2 mg/kg stable carrier, led to severe lesions in the liver five months after treatment. Administration of177Lu resulting in skeletal doses of between 28 and 224 Gy was found to be osteosarcomogenic. Up to 40% osteosarcoma incidence was obtained in animals with 56 and 112 Gy doses in the skeleton. Skeletal doses of this order of magnitude are also known to be osteosarcomogenic when given as90Sr injections. The analogous situation with α-emitters is discussed. AU - Müller, W.A. AU - Schäffer, E.H. AU - Linzner, U. C1 - 41081 C2 - 38154 SP - 1-11 TI - Studies on incorporated short-lived β-emitters with regard to the induction of late effects. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 18 IS - 1 PY - 1980 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Human female lymphocytes were exposed to X-rays in vitro at 7 different doses between 40-280 R. In 830 metaphases chromosome analyses were carried out with either conventional staining or G-banding, respectively. 486 breakpoints are non-randomly distributed between chromosomes and chromosome arms. An excess of lesions was present in chromosomes 1 and 5 or in 1p. 85% of the lesions were located in G-negative bands (pale G-bands). 29% of all lesions appeared in either the last terminal pale band (21%) or in the centromere region (8%). With regard to an application of G-banding for a biological dose-estimation, the dose-response relations of dic and ace were analysed. Although G-banding enables detailed analysis of the whole karotype it cannot be recommended for cytogenetic routine analyses in medical radioprotection monitoring, without suitable automated scoring techniques. Dose estimations based on the frequency of dic and carried out with conventional staining cannot be essentially improved at present with banding. Nevertheless, by banding criteria for a correct evaluation of other aberration types, e.g. ace, can be provided. This is a prerequisite for the calculation of representative dose-effect curves. AU - Bauchinger, M. AU - Goetz, G. C1 - 33020 C2 - 35254 SP - 355-366 TI - Distribution of radiation induced lesions in human chromosomes and dose-effect relation analysed with G-banding. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 16 IS - 4 PY - 1979 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Stimulation of the tube growth of pine pollen by low doses of UV-light or X-rays is a reproducible process, but it depends strongly of the dose rate applied. It can be proved that the observed effect is more determined by dose rate and irradiation time than by the dose itself which can vary by nearly one order of magnitude for achieving the same increase in tube elongation. The range of absorbed energy at which the stimulation effect can be observed is rather broad and overlapping between UV and X-rays. In the average the UV-energy needed is 5 times higher than X-ray energy. AU - Seibold, H.W. AU - Zelles, L. AU - Ernst, D.E.W. C1 - 41456 C2 - 35767 SP - 107-115 TI - Tube growth stimulation of pine pollen by low doses of irradiation. Dose rate, reproducibility and comparison between UV-light and ionizing rays. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 16 IS - 2 PY - 1979 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - For precise experiments with yeast (or other) cells stationary populations are produced by growth on the surface of a solid nutrient medium. The energy supply to these cells is well known from a former publication. The oxygen supply during growth is analysed here in detail. Different types of cell populations can be produced in this way dependent on the thickness of nutrient medium. If such cells are transferred into a liquid buffer solution cell multiplication can be initiated without any nutrient flux into the cell. This new type of initiation of the cell cycle of G1-cells has to be distinguished from the usual initiation by nutrient supply and from the mechanism of meiotic cell division. The dependence of this cell growth on cell volume, pH-value, oxygen concentration and osmotic pressure is analysed and possibilities to avoid this kind of cell multiplication reaction are discussed. AU - Pohlit, W. AU - Heyder, I.R. C1 - 33078 C2 - 35280 SP - 213-230 TI - Growth of cells on solid culture medium : II. Cell physiological data of stationary yeast cells and the initiation of cell cycle in nutrient free buffer solution. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 14 IS - 3 PY - 1977 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Studies were made to investigate the effects of different antibiotics on unirradiated pollen and on pollen with enhanced tube growth, stimulated by low doses of UV-light. The antibiotics mitomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclin, penicillin, nystatin and carbony-cyanid phenylhydrazon were not able to suppress tube growth stimulation of pine pollen. The data obtained are discussed in view of the stimulation mechanism of low doses of UV-light. AU - Zelles, L. C1 - 41507 C2 - 38183 SP - 323-328 TI - Effects of antibiotics on UV-stimulated tube growth of Pinus silvestris pollen. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 14 IS - 4 PY - 1977 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Micro-irradiation of pine pollen grains was carried out with different doses at four different dose rates and the tube growth was observed. The irradiation of the whole pollen grains in the dehydrated state and dorsal position and of those in the hydrated state and ventral position induced stimulated tube growth after receiving low doses of UV light. The effect of stimulation depended on the ratio between dose and dose rate. After partial irradiation of pollen grains at low doses, carried out with the technique of "blind shot", a stimulation effect could also be observed. It was calculated that the irradiation of the cytoplasm had a strong, the irradiation of the active nucleus (vegetative) had a moderate and the irradiation of the dormant nucleus (generative) had little or no dose rate dependance. The dose effect of the nuclei showed a reverse tendency to the dose effect of the cytoplasm. Experiments with different light filters suggested that the dose rate dependance of the cytoplasm is probably not caused by a repair mechanism. The vegetative nucleus showed an effect of photoreactivation and probably also of a dark repair. The generative nucleus exhibited only an effect of photoreactivation. AU - Zelles, L. AU - Seibold, H.W. AU - Ernst, D.E.W. C1 - 42373 C2 - 38120 SP - 61-82 TI - Localisation of the Site of Action of tube growth stimulation by micro UV-irradiation of pine pollen. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 14 IS - 1 PY - 1977 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Using monofunctional (Angelicin) and bifunctional furocoumarins (Psoralen and 8 Methoxypsoralen) plus 365 nm light it is shown that both damages, the induced monoadducts and/or crosslinks in DNA, provoke lethal and mutagenic effects in haploid and diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bifunctional furocoumarins are about 20 times more effective in cell killing than Angelicin. Diploid cells are always more resistant than haploid cells. Dark repair (agar holding) increases survival. This effect can be at least in part correlated to the release of bound material from DNA in dark repair conditions. Bifunctional psoralens (10 μg/ml) are at least 10-fold more effective in inducing nuclear gene back mutations (his- to HIS+) than Angelicin (10 μg/ml) plus 365 nm light or 254 nm ultraviolet light. In contrast cytoplasmic "petite" (ς-) mutations are about as frequently induced by Angelicin plus 365 nm light as by 254 nm UV light. Bifunctional furocoumarins are less effective. The frequency of cytoplasmic "petite" mutations per survivors decreases during dark repair conditions more efficiently after Angelicin than after Psoralen plus 365 nm light treatment. AU - Averbeck, D.* AU - Chandra, P.* AU - Biswas, R.K. C1 - 41885 C2 - 38394 SP - 241-252 TI - Structural specificity in the lethal and mutagenic activity of furocoumarins in yeast cells. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 12 IS - 3 PY - 1975 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Among the various methods for studying the relative effects of transmutation and radiation of incorporated nuclides, simulation of β radiation by external gamma exposure is of practical importance. Self irradiation and mutual irradiation of the labeled cells cannot be neglected in any case. Additional hypothetical and experimental problems may arise from using either external β radiation or different isotopes of an element. By means of external gamma irradiation on the other hand, this being equivalent to the internal β radiation from a microdosimetrical point of view, the radiation effect of the nuclide alone can be observed without any modification of other experimental parameters. To determine such equivalent gamma radiation for labeled cell nuclei of Vicia faba roots, the authors applied the Monte Carlo Method to the β spectra of 32P, 3H,14C and 131I, to the energy dependent LET and to different cell diameters. The existence of secondary particle equilibrium inside the nuclei during gamma exposure was assumed. For certain radionuclides and cell sizes it is possible to calculate gamma spectra which induce energy spectra in the nuclei similar to those caused by the β particles originating in the nuclear DNA. AU - Hamann, H.J. AU - Irskens, M. C1 - 33213 C2 - 35617 SP - 327-340 TI - Trennung der Effekte von Transmutation und Strahlung nach Einbau von Radionukliden in die DNS. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 11 IS - 4 PY - 1975 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Irradiation of the human body by external or internal sources leads mostly to a simultaneous exposure of several organs. However, so far, no clear and consistent recommendations for the combination of organ doses and the assessment of an exposure limit under such irradiation conditions are available. One possible concept for the combination of organ doses is discussed. This concept is based on the assumption that at low doses the total radiation detriment to the exposed person is given by the sum of radiation detriments to the single organs. Taking into account a linear dose risk relationship, the sum of weighted organ doses leads to the definition of an 'Effective Dose'. The applicability and consequences of this 'Effective Dose Concept' are discussed, with particular regard to the assessment of the maximum permissible intake of radionuclides into the human body and the combination of external and internal exposure. AU - Jacobi, W. C1 - 33796 C2 - 38621 SP - 101-109 TI - The concept of the effective dose: A proposal for the combination of organ doses. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 12 IS - 2 PY - 1975 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Tetrodotoxin (10-8 to 10-6 g/ml) blocked the contractile responses of isolated guinea pig urinary bladder preparation to electrical (25 and 100 Hz) neural but not to transmural stimulation and to X irradiation (50 kV, 20 kR/min, 20 kR). The irradiation had no influence on the bladder responses to electrical and hormonal (acetylcholine and histamine) stimulation. It is concluded that the X ray induced contraction is of myogenic origin and that it is possibly not related to the electromechanical coupling system. AU - Michailov, M.C.* AU - Welscher, U.E. AU - Wolffhardt, C.M. C1 - 33214 C2 - 35616 SP - 289-294 TI - Action of tetrodotoxin on the contractile responses of isolated guinea pig urinary bladder preparation to X irradiation and to electrical stimulation. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 11 IS - 4 PY - 1975 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - 227Th (α-emitter, half-life 18.7 days) was inhaled by rats from solution in nitrate form. Organ doses were calculated after whole body measurements and measuring of activity concentrations in the organs over a longer incorporation period. An initial deposition of 100 nCi227Th in the lung resulted in mean total doses of 150 rad in lung and 36 rad in bone. The data for kidney and liver were 2 rad and 0.1 rad, respectively. For long-term experiments two dosages were applied to two groups of animals with mean values of 900 rad and 300 rad in the lung. The consequences for lung and bone tumor induction are discussed. AU - Müller, W.A. AU - Nénot, J.C.* AU - Daburon, M.L.* AU - Lafuma, J.* C1 - 41119 C2 - 35709 SP - 309-318 TI - Metabolic and dosimetric studies after inhalation of 227Th in rats with regard to the risk of lung and bone tumors. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 11 IS - 4 PY - 1975 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Die Wirkung von UV-Strahlen auf das Schlauchwachstum von Pinus-Pollen kann durch isolierte Inhaltsstoffe modifiziert werden. Insbesondere zeigen zellwandreiche Fraktionen eine reproduzierbare schlauchwachstumsfördernde Wirkung auf bestrahlte Pollen. Mit höheren UV-Dosen bestrahlte Pollen-Inhaltsstoffe wirken bei Zugabe zu unbestrahlten Testpollen stimulierend. RNA und Flavonole sowie energiereiche Verbindungen wie ATP, GTP, UTP geben keinen Hinweis auf die für die Stimulation verantwortlichen Komponenten im Pollen. Aminosäuren beeinflussen das Schlauchwachstum unbestrahlter Pollen. Während es durch Hydroxyprolin, Threonin, Alanin, Glutaminsäure, Prolin und Valin gefördert wird, wirken Cystein, Histidin, Lysin, Tryptophan und Glutamin hemmend. Bestrahlte basische Aminosäuren wie Lysin, Arginin und Histidin stimulieren das Schlauchwachstum unbestrahlter Pollen, während Glycin, Glutamin, Tyrosin, Cystein und Isoleucin nach Bestrahlung hemmend wirken.   AU - Zelles, L. AU - Ernst, D.E.W. C1 - 41685 C2 - 35851 SP - 271-280 TI - Modifikation der UV-Strahlenwirkung auf Pinus-Pollen durch isolierte Zellinhaltsstoffe. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 11 IS - 4 PY - 1975 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - A description of normal stimulated responses is suggested which is based on measurements of the current-voltage-relation of the excitable membrane. AU - Albrecht-Bühler, G. AU - Stanek, F.W. C1 - 42185 C2 - 37968 SP - 207-230 TI - Relations between stimulated responses and the current-voltage-relation of the excitable membrane at the ranvier-node JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 6 IS - 3 PY - 1970 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - A new interpretation of the electron spin resonance spectrum [2, 5] of X-irradiated pure cholesterol powder was established because in Gordy's former interpretation [5] the difference between the hyperfine splittings of the ESR spectrum from axially and equatorially oriented H atoms in the cyclic part of the cholesterol molecule was neglected. The new interpretation (Cholesteryl-7) was found with regard of data from Onishi and Nitta measured on the cyclohexenyl radical [10], by identifying the triplet splitting (a=26 Oe) in the ESR spectrum of irradiated cholesterol with both axial Hβ1 resp. H′β1 atoms and correlating the doublet splitting (a=15 Oe) with the Hα2 atom and by accepting the hyperfine splittings of the Hα1 atom and of the equatorial Hβ2 atom not exceeding 6 Oe and therefore not being resolved because of the considerable line width of about 10 Oe. The unpaired electron's localisation near the double bond was shown by a control experiment with 5,6-dihydrocholesterol. AU - Hellinger, O. C1 - 42215 C2 - 37902 SP - 63-68 TI - Electron spin resonance of free radicals in X-irradiated cholesterol and 5,6-dihydro-cholesterol. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 6 IS - 1 PY - 1969 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The decrease of NADH following ionizing irradiation was investigated over a concentration range from 10-3 to 5 x 10-8 M. The nonexponential function of the curve was discussed. The G-values were calculated for different starting concentrations. The results were compared with the G-values for NADH following irradiation under enzymatic equilibrium conditions and with some in vivo investigations reported in the literature. AU - Schachinger, L. AU - Perez-Ayala, A. AU - Hug, O. C1 - 42001 C2 - 37958 SP - 6-18 TI - Radiation effects on NADH. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 6 IS - 1 PY - 1969 SN - 0301-634X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Histones were isolated by acid extraction from Chinese hamster ovarian tissue culture cells and investigated by means of an amino acid analyzer. Irradiation was performed with a low pressure mercury lamp (2537 A) or with 30 kV-X-ray Bremsstrahlung either of the tissue culture cells before extraction or of the isolated histones in aqueous solution. Both types of radiation affected mainly the aminoacids Tyrosine, Phenylalanine and Histidine in the in vitro experiments. After X-irradiation in vivo comparable doses were without effect. UV-irradiation in vivo led to a decrease of Tyr and Phe like in the in vitro experiments, but in contrast to his finding to an increase of His-concentration. It is tried to give a hypothetic explanation of these results. © 1969 Springer-Verlag. AU - Siebert, W. AU - Glubrecht, H. C1 - 42622 C2 - 0 SP - 19-24 TI - Effects of UV- and X-rays on histones in vivo and in vitro. JO - Radiat. Environ. Biophys. VL - 6 IS - 1 PY - 1969 SN - 0301-634X ER -