TY - JOUR AB - The European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) was founded in 1982. Since then, the group has continuously developed and is currently a network of 80 institutions and more than 600 individual scientists across Europe, including exchange with the scientific community outside of Europe. EURADOS supports research and development of dosimetry and harmonising dosimetric practices. This paper describes the major milestones in the history of the organization. It starts from the very beginning when the idea was born and describes periods during which the role and strategy of the network had to be defined, elaborated and refined. Finally, it ends to date where EURADOS appears as an independent self-sustainable association, which is a reliable partner for various international organisations in radiation research and radiation protection. Major activities of EURADOS are highlighted such as (1) establishment and coordination of Working Groups, (2) regular organization of dosimetric intercomparisons for quality assurance of dosimetry procedures, (3) development and organization of education and training events, and (4) contributions towards the development of strategic and integrated radiation research in Europe. AU - Rühm, W. AU - Pihet, P.* AU - Schuhmacher, H.* C1 - 68670 C2 - 54875 CY - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England SP - 1659-1669 TI - The European radiation dosimetry group-a 40 year success story. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 199 IS - 15-16 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2023 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Maastro Proton Therapy Centre is the first European facility housing the Mevion S250i Hyperscan synchrocyclotron. The proximity of the accelerator to the patient, the presence of an active pencil beam delivery system downstream of a passive energy degrader and the pulsed structure of the beam make the Mevion stray neutron field unique amongst proton therapy facilities. This paper reviews the results of a rem-counter intercomparison experiment promoted by the European Radiation Dosimetry Group at Maastro and compares them with those at other proton therapy facilities. The Maastro neutron H*(10) in the room (100-200 μSv/Gy at about 2 m from the isocentre) is in line with accelerators using purely passive or wobbling beam delivery modalities, even though Maastro shows a dose gradient peaked near the accelerator. Unlike synchrotron- and cyclotron-based facilities, the pulsed beam at Maastro requires the employment of rem-counters specifically designed to withstand pulsed neutron fields. AU - Zorloni, G.* AU - Bosmans, G.* AU - Brall, T. AU - Caresana, M.* AU - De Saint-Hubert, M.* AU - Domingo, C.* AU - Ferrante, C.* AU - Ferrulli, F.* AU - Kopec, R.* AU - Leidner, J.* AU - Mares, V. AU - Nabha, R.* AU - Olko, P.* AU - Caballero-Pacheco, M.A.* AU - Rühm, W. AU - Silari, M.* AU - Stolarczyk, L.* AU - Swakon, J.* AU - Tisi, M. AU - Trinkl, S.* AU - van Hoey, O.* AU - Vilches-Freixas, G.* C1 - 66268 C2 - 52961 SP - 1471-1475 TI - Eurados rem-counter intercomparison at Maastro proton therapy centre: Comparison with literature data. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 198 IS - 19 PY - 2022 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since 2012, the European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) has developed its Strategic Research Agenda (SRA), which contributes to the identification of future research needs in radiation dosimetry in Europe. Continued scientific developments in this field necessitate regular updates and, consequently, this paper summarises the latest revision of the SRA, with input regarding the state of the art and vision for the future contributed by EURADOS Working Groups and through a stakeholder workshop. Five visions define key issues in dosimetry research that are considered important over at least the next decade. They include scientific objectives and developments in (i) updated fundamental dose concepts and quantities, (ii) improved radiation risk estimates deduced from epidemiological cohorts, (iii) efficient dose assessment for radiological emergencies, (iv) integrated personalised dosimetry in medical applications and (v) improved radiation protection of workers and the public. This SRA will be used as a guideline for future activities of EURADOS Working Groups but can also be used as guidance for research in radiation dosimetry by the wider community. It will also be used as input for a general European research roadmap for radiation protection, following similar previous contributions to the European Joint Programme for the Integration of Radiation Protection Research, under the Horizon 2020 programme (CONCERT). The full version of the SRA is available as a EURADOS report (www.eurados.org). AU - Harrison, R.M.* AU - Ainsbury, E.* AU - Alves, J.* AU - Bottollier-Depois, J.F.* AU - Breustedt, B.* AU - Caresana, M.* AU - Clairand, I.* AU - Fantuzzi, E.* AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Gilvin, P.* AU - Hupe, O.* AU - Knežević, Z.* AU - López, M.A.* AU - Olko, P.* AU - Olšovcová, V.* AU - Rabus, H.* AU - Rühm, W. AU - Silari, M.* AU - Stolarczyk, L.* AU - Tanner, R.* AU - Vanhavere, F.* AU - Vargas, A.* AU - Woda, C. C1 - 62023 C2 - 50595 CY - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England SP - 42-56 TI - Eurados strategic research agenda 2020: Vision for the dosimetry of ionising radiation. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 194 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2021 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The common methods for patient dose estimations in computed tomography (CT) are thermoluminescence dosemeter (TLD) measurements or the usage of software packages based on Monte Carlo simulations like CT-Expo or the newer CTVoxDos, which uses the ICRP Reference Adult Male (ICRP 110). Organ (OD) and effective doses of a CT protocol of the upper abdomen are compared. Compared to CTVoxDos, ODs inferred by TLD measurement using an anthropomorphic phantom differ by (19 +/- 16)% inside the primary radiation field, (14 +/- 2)% for partially primary irradiated organs and (34 +/- 38)% in the scattered radiation field. ODs estimated by CT-Expo show a mean deviation of (16 +/- 9)% (primary irradiated) and (28 +/- 31)% (scatter irradiated) from ODs estimated by CTVoxDos. AU - Fehrmann, M. AU - Schegerer, A.* AU - Werncke, T.* AU - Schlattl, H. C1 - 59521 C2 - 48822 CY - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England SP - 71-83 TI - Comparison of experimental and numerical methods of patient dose estimations in CT using anthropomorphic models. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 190 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2020 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Ionizing radiation is a peculiar perturbation when it comes to damage to biological systems: it proceeds through discrete energy depositions, over a short temporal scale and a spatial scale critical for subcellular targets as DNA, whose damage complexity determines the outcome of the exposure. This lies at the basis of the success of track structure (and nanodosimetry) and microdosimetry in radiation biology. However, such reductionist approaches cannot account for the complex network of interactions regulating the overall response of the system to radiation, particularly when effects are manifest at the supracellular level and involve long times. Systems radiation biology is increasingly gaining ground, but the gap between reductionist and holistic approaches is becoming larger. This paper presents considerations on what roles track structure and microdosimetry can have in the attempt to fill this gap, and on how they can be further exploited to interpret radiobiological data and inform systemic approaches. AU - Baiocco, G.* AU - Babini, G.* AU - Barbieri, S.* AU - Morini, J.* AU - Friedland, W. AU - Villagrasa, C.* AU - Rabus, H.* AU - Ottolenghi, A.* C1 - 54928 C2 - 46018 SP - 22-25 TI - What roles for track-structure and microdosimetry in the era of-omics and systems biology? JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 183 IS - 1-2 PY - 2019 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Radiation qualities were characterised and validated at the fully automated X-ray calibration facility of the Individual Monitoring Service at Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen by using half-value layer and H-p(10) dosimetry approaches specified in the updated ISO 4037:2019 standard. As the ISO 4037 contains a somewhat vague description of the half-value layer procedure, we extended it to be more constrained and thus less subjective in its implementation. We specify both the measurement and data analysis steps performed in order to provide reproducible half-value layer results and compare the results with the H-p(10) dosimetry-based validation approach specified in the ISO 4037 as an alternative for field validation. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results and the extended procedure on validation and the recent changes to the ISO 4037. AU - Bandalo, V. AU - Greiter, M. AU - Brönner, J. AU - Hödlmoser, H.* C1 - 57954 C2 - 48014 CY - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England SP - 438-450 TI - ISO 4037-2019 validation of radiation qualities by means of half-value layer and. Hp(10) dosimetry. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 187 IS - 4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2019 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An approach based on track-structure calculations has been developed to take account of artefacts occurring during γ-H2AX foci detection in 2D images of samples analyzed through immunocytochemistry. The need of this works stems from the observed saturation in foci yields measured after X-ray doses higher than few grays, hindering an unambiguous quantification of DNA damage and of radiation effectiveness. The proposed modelling approach allows to simulate the observer's point of view for foci scoring, mimicking the selection of a slice Δz of the cell nucleus due to the microscope depth of field, and applying a clustering algorithm to group together damages within a resolution parameter r. Calculation results were benchmarked with experimental measurements at an early time-point for mouse breast cancer cells, irradiated with X-ray doses in the range 0-5 Gy. The model is able to reproduce the saturation in experimental data. AU - Barbieri, S.* AU - Baiocco, G.* AU - Babini, G.* AU - Morini, J.* AU - Friedland, W. AU - Buonanno, M.* AU - Grilj, V.* AU - Brenner, D.J.* AU - Ottolenghi, A.* C1 - 54911 C2 - 45934 SP - 121-125 TI - Modeliing γ-H2AX foci induction to mimic limitations in the scoring technique. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 183 IS - 1-2 PY - 2019 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The biophysical simulation tool PARTRAC contains modules for DNA damage response representing non-homologous end joining of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and the formation of chromosomal aberrations. Individual DNA ends from the induced DSB are followed regarding both their enzymatic processing and spatial mobility, as is needed for chromosome aberrations to arise via ligating broken ends from different chromosomes. In particular, by tracking the genomic locations of the ligated fragments and the positions of centromeres, the induction of dicentrics can be modeled. In recent experiments, the impact of spatial clustering of DNA damage on dicentric yields has been assessed in AL human-hamster hybrid cells: Defined numbers of 20 MeV protons (linear energy transfer, LET 2.6 keV/μm), 45 MeV Li ions (60 keV/μm) and 55 MeV C ions (310 keV/μm) focused to sub-μm spot sizes were applied with the ion microbeam SNAKE in diverse grid modes, keeping the absorbed dose constant. The impact of the μm-scaled spatial distribution of DSB (focusing effect) has thus been separated from nm-scaled DSB complexity (LET effect). The data provide a unique benchmark for the model calculations. Model and parameter refinements are described that enabled the simulations to largely reproduce both the LET-dependence and the focusing effect as well as the usual biphasic rejoining kinetics. The predictive power of the refined model has been benchmarked against dicentric yields for photon irradiation. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Kundrat, P. AU - Schmitt, E. AU - Becker, J. AU - Ilicic, K.* AU - Greubel, C.* AU - Reindl, J.* AU - Siebenwirth, C.* AU - Schmid, T.E. AU - Dollinger, G.* C1 - 55437 C2 - 46155 SP - 40-44 TI - Modeling studies on dicentrics induction after sub-micrometer focused ion beam grid irradiation. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 183 IS - 1-2 PY - 2019 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Comprehensive track structure-based simulations of DNA damage induced in human cells by photons (5 keV-1.3 MeV) and light ions (0.25-512 MeV/u) were performed with PARTRAC. DNA strand breaks, double-strand breaks and their clustering were scored. Effective LET values were established for photons that provide LET-dependent damage yields in agreement with the data for ions. The resulting database captures the variations of biological effectiveness with radiation quality. In particular, it can help compare the effectiveness of conventional radiotherapy using photon beams with techniques relying on proton or ion beams. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Kundrat, P. AU - Schmitt, E. AU - Becker, J. AU - Li, W. C1 - 54929 C2 - 45965 SP - 84-88 TI - Modelling DNA damage by photons and light ions over energy ranges used in medical applications. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 183 IS - 1-2 PY - 2019 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The biophysical simulation tool PARTRAC has been primarily developed to model radiation physics, chemistry and biology on nanometre to micrometre scales. However, the tool can be applied in simulating radiation effects in an event-by-event manner over macroscopic volumes as well. Benchmark simulations are reported showing that PARTRAC does reproduce the macroscopic Bragg peaks of proton beams, although the penetration depths are underestimated by a few per cent for high-energy beams. PARTRAC also quantifies the increase in DNA damage and its complexity along the beam penetration depth. Enhanced biological effectiveness is predicted in particular within distal Bragg peak parts of therapeutic proton beams. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Kundrát, P. AU - Becker, J. AU - Eidemüller, M. C1 - 57540 C2 - 47824 CY - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England SP - 172-175 TI - Biophysical simulation tool partrac: Modelling proton beams at therapy-relevant energies. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 186 IS - 2-3 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2019 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The individual monitoring service at the Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen is currently developing a new eye lens dosemeter to be integrated in radiation protection glasses and a new ring dosemeter using a new BeOSL detector element for extremity dosimetry developed by Dosimetrics. In the design process for the new eye lens dosemeter, MCNP6 Monte Carlo simulations were used to model the energy and angular response of new dosemeters before ordering the expensive tools for injection molding. This study describes the simulation of the dosemeter and detector, and the involved calculations do obtain the response in terms of the radiation protection quantity H-p(3). Simulations were carried out also for existing whole body dosemeters and TLD rings in order to verify the MC tools. With the final dosemeter prototypes becoming available earlier this year, all MC models could be verified and show very good agreement with experimental data. AU - Hödlmoser, H. AU - Brönner, J. AU - Bandalo, V. AU - Wahl, F.* AU - Greiter, M. C1 - 55310 C2 - 46306 CY - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England SP - 222-230 TI - Simulation of OSL and TLD dosemeter response for the development of new extremity dosemeters. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 185 IS - 2 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2019 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Oncogenic transformed cells represent an in vitro system mimicking early-stage carcinogenesis. These precancerous cells are subject to a selective removal via apoptosis induced by neighbor cells. By modulating the underpinning intercellular signaling mediated by cytokines and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, ionizing radiation enhances this removal of precancerous cells in vitro, at doses from a few mGy to a few Gy. However, epidemiological data demonstrate that radiation exposure induces cancer, at least above 100 mGy. Mechanistic modeling of the given anti-carcinogenic process explains this discrepancy: The model reproduces in vitro data on apoptosis and its enhancement by radiation. For in vivo-like conditions with signal lifetimes shorter and cell densities higher than in vitro, radiation is predicted to reduce this anti-carcinogenic mechanism. Early-stage lesions that would be turned dormant or completely removed may grow large and escape this control mechanism upon irradiation. AU - Kundrat, P. AU - Friedland, W. C1 - 54926 C2 - 45983 SP - 223-227 TI - Mechanistic modeling predicts anti-carcinogenic radiation effects on intercellular signaling in vitro turn pro-carcinogenic in vivo. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 183 IS - 1-2 PY - 2019 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - With improved cure rates and prolonged patient survival after breast-cancer radiotherapy, radiation-induced second cancers and heart diseases become increasingly important. The heart, lungs and contralateral breast are the most critical organs for these long-term effects. Doses to these organs and hence the risks differ between radiotherapy techniques and especially among patients. To address this variability, treatment plans were generated for 128 early-stage breast-cancer patients using intensity-modulated, 3D-conformal and hybrid radiotherapy. Twenty dedicated anatomic measures were assessed from CT data, such as the width and thickness of the treated breast or its distance from the heart. Their impact on doses to critical nearby organs was analysed. The majority of inter-patient variability can be covered with a few anatomic parameters. Patients can thus be stratified according to long-term risks already before treatment planning, and guidance can be provided towards a personalised selection of technique associated with the lowest risk. AU - Kundrat, P. AU - Remmele, J.* AU - Rennau, H.* AU - Sebb, S.* AU - Simonetto, C. AU - Eidemüller, M. AU - Wolf, U.* AU - Hildebrandt, G.* C1 - 54927 C2 - 45982 SP - 255-258 TI - Inter-patient variability in doses to nearby organs in breast-cancer radiotherapy: Inference from anatomic features. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 183 IS - 1-2 PY - 2019 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Breast cancer radiotherapy may in the long term lead to radiation-induced secondary cancer or heart disease. These health risks hugely vary among patients, partially due to anatomy-driven differences in doses deposited to the heart, ipsilateral lung and contralateral breast. We identify four anatomic features that largely cover these dosimetric variations to enable personalized risk estimates. For three exemplary, very different risk scenarios, the given parameter set reproduces 63-74% of the individual risk variability for left-sided breast cancer patients. These anatomic features will be used in the PASSOS software to support decision processes in breast-cancer therapy. AU - Kundrát, P. AU - Simonetto, C. AU - Eidemüller, M. AU - Remmele, J.* AU - Rennau, H.* AU - Sebb, S.* AU - Wolf, U.* AU - Hildebrandt, G.* C1 - 57310 C2 - 47682 CY - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England SP - 381-385 TI - What anatomic features govern personal long-term health risks from breast cancer radiotherapy? JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 186 IS - 2-3 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2019 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Two different spectra deconvolution methods have been compared on samples of Gorilla((R)) Glass (GG) irradiated in the dose range 0-20 Gy and measured with X-band EPR. The first method used a matrix deconvolution procedure using sample-specific sets of reference signals. The second method used a 'universal' set of eight reference signals (due to five electron centers, two hole centers and a background) to fit EPR spectra from any GG sample. Dose-responses curves were constructed for each individual reference signal. These were then used to test reconstruction of a laboratory-administered dose of 2 Gy. For the matrix method, the values of the reconstructed and nominal doses were within +/- 20% after averaging measurements from three aliquots of each sample. For the universal method, the most promising results were obtained with E1, E4 and H1 signals. The fitting failed for one sample, due to dominance of the background signal. AU - Sholom, S.* AU - Wieser, A. AU - McKeever, S.W.S.* C1 - 54991 C2 - 46067 CY - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England SP - 54-59 TI - A comparison of different spectra deconvolution methods used in EPR dosimetry with Gorilla® glasses. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 186 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2019 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wieser, A. AU - Kulka, U.* AU - Port, M.* AU - Roy, L.* C1 - 58590 C2 - 48252 CY - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England SP - 1-2 TI - EPRBioDose 2018: The joint international symposium on EPR dosimetry and dating and the international conference of biological dosimetry. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 186 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2019 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Biological and physical retrospective dosimetry are recognised as key techniques to provide individual estimates of dose following unplanned exposures to ionising radiation. Whilst there has been a relatively large amount of recent development in the biological and physical procedures, development of statistical analysis techniques has failed to keep pace. The aim of this paper is to review the current state of the art in uncertainty analysis techniques across the 'EURADOS Working Group 10-Retrospective dosimetry' members, to give concrete examples of implementation of the techniques recommended in the international standards, and to further promote the use of Monte Carlo techniques to support characterisation of uncertainties. It is concluded that sufficient techniques are available and in use by most laboratories for acute, whole body exposures to highly penetrating radiation, but further work will be required to ensure that statistical analysis is always wholly sufficient for the more complex exposure scenarios. AU - Ainsbury, E.A.* AU - Samaga, D.* AU - Della Monaca, S.* AU - Marrale, M.* AU - Bassinet, C.* AU - Burbidge, C.I.* AU - Correcher, V.* AU - Discher, M.* AU - Eakins, J.* AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Güçlü, I.* AU - Higueras, M.* AU - Lund, E.* AU - Maltar-Strmecki, N.* AU - McKeever, S.W.S.* AU - Rääf, C.L.* AU - Sholom, S.* AU - Veronese, I.* AU - Wieser, A. AU - Woda, C. AU - Trompier, F.* C1 - 52049 C2 - 43692 CY - Oxford SP - 382–404 TI - Uncertainty on radiation doses estimated by biological and retrospective physical methods. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 178 IS - 4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2018 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The individual monitoring service at the Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen has extended the calibration facilities provided at the Munich IAEA/WHO secondary standard dosimetry laboratory with a new fully automated X-ray calibration facility for the calibration of personal dosemeters according to the ISO 4037 standard series. This work describes the X-ray irradiation system and the automated dosemeter transport system as well as the measurements performed to characterize the photon fields and to ascertain conformity to the ISO standard. Standard uncertainties of the radiation quantities provided by the system are given together with a discussion of some of the problems that are encountered in fulfilling the requirements of a matched field according to the latest drafts of the ISO 4037-1 standard. AU - Bandalo, V. AU - Brönner, J. AU - Greiter, M. AU - Hödlmoser, H. C1 - 54615 C2 - 45714 CY - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England SP - 73-78 TI - A fully automated secondary standard x-ray calibration facility for personal dosemeters. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 184 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2018 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Breast-cancer radiotherapy reduces the recurrence rates and improves patient survival. However, it also increases the incidence of second cancers and of heart disease. These radiation-induced long-term health risks become increasingly important with improved cure rates and prolonged patient survival. Radiation doses to nearby as well as distant organs strongly vary between different irradiation techniques and among individual patients. To provide personalized lifetime risk estimates, the German national project PASSOS combines individual anatomy, dosimetric estimates, organ-specific low- and high-dose risk models and personal risk factors such as smoking. A dedicated software tool is under development to assist clinical decision-making processes. AU - Eidemüller, M. AU - Simonetto, C. AU - Kundrat, P. AU - Ulanowski, A. AU - Shemiakina, E. AU - Güthlin, D. AU - Rennau, H.* AU - Remmele, J.* AU - Hildebrandt, G.* AU - Wolf, U.* C1 - 54912 C2 - 45941 TI - Long-term health risk after breast-cancer radiotherapy: Overview of passos methodology and software. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY - 2018 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Biological dosimetry enables individual dose reconstruction in the case of unclear or inconsistent radiation exposure situations, especially when a direct measurement of ionizing radiation is not or is no longer possible. To be prepared for large-scale radiological incidents, networking between well-trained laboratories has been identified as a useful approach for provision of the fast and trustworthy dose assessments needed in such circumstances. To this end, various biodosimetry laboratories worldwide have joined forces and set up regional and/or nationwide networks either on a formal or informal basis. Many of these laboratories are also a part of global networks such as those organized by World Health Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency or Global Health Security Initiative. In the present report, biodosimetry networks from different parts of the world are presented, and the partners, activities and cooperation actions are detailed. Moreover, guidance for situational application of tools used for individual dosimetry is given. AU - Kulka, U.* AU - Wojcik, A.* AU - Di Giorgio, M.* AU - Wilkins, R.* AU - Suto, Y.* AU - Jang, S.* AU - Quing-Jie, L.* AU - Jiaxiang, L.* AU - Ainsbury, E.* AU - Woda, C. AU - Roy, L.* AU - Li, C.* AU - Lloyd, D.* AU - Carr, Z.* C1 - 55126 C2 - 46087 CY - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England SP - 128-138 TI - Biodosimetry and biodosimetry networks for managing radiation emergency. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 182 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2018 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This study applies EPR tooth dosimetry for validation of external doses calculated with the TRDS-2016. EPR-based external dose in tooth enamel is calculated by subtraction of the contributions of natural and anthropogenic sources from the exposure of interest. These subtracted terms may contribute substantially to the overall uncertainty of the EPR-derived external dose. The validation method strongly depends on the uncertainties. The current study combines the results of a number of previous papers to propagate the uncertainty of EPR-derived external doses. It is concluded that the overall uncertainties of D >= 500 mGy are comparable with measurement uncertainties (<= 30%); the overall uncertainties of D < 500 mGy become higher as the EPR-dose decreases because they are strongly effected by all other factors of influence. More than 70% of investigated individuals were exposed externally to doses <100 mGy with uncertainties >100%. Therefore, the validation task can be solved only based on statistical approaches. The validation of the TRDS-2016 predictions demonstrates good convergence of group-averages with EPR-based doses. The method for validation of the uncertainty of TRDS-2016 predictions should be also designed based on statistical approaches. AU - Shishkina, E.A.* AU - Volchkova, A.Y.* AU - Ivanov, D.V.* AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Wieser, A. AU - Krivoschapov, V.A.* AU - Degteva, M.O.* AU - Napier, B.A.* C1 - 54990 C2 - 46066 CY - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England SP - 70-77 TI - Application of EPR tooth dosimetry for validation of the calculated external doses: Experience in dosimetry for the techa river cohort. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 186 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2018 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Radon gas concentrations in eight basements, four living rooms and four caves from different locations in Kabul and Panjsher, Afghanistan, were measured by using eight active radon exposure meters recently developed by the Helmholtz Center in Munich, Germany. The two-phase measurements lasted from a week to a year. In the first phase of measurements which lasted one week, the mean activity concentrations ranged from 6 to 120 Bq/m 3 and 25 to 139 Bq/m 3 for the basements and caves, respectively. In the second phase of measurements which lasted one year, the mean activity concentrations ranged from 33 to 2064 Bq/m 3 and the corresponding effective annual doses calculated for the inhabitants were in the range between 0.6 and 33.4 mSv. As some of the values are rather high and exceed the recommended recommendations by IAEA and ICRP, based on the local conditions a number of simple recommendations has been proposed for the possible reduction of effective annual dose caused by radon in the measurement locations. AU - Tanha, M.R.* AU - Vahlbruch, J.-W.* AU - Riebe, B.* AU - Irlinger, J. AU - Rühm, W. AU - Khalid, F.R.* AU - Storai, A.* AU - Walther, C.* C1 - 51580 C2 - 43234 CY - Oxford SP - 122-130 TI - Measurements in Afghanistan using an active radon exposure meter and assessment of related annual effective dose. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 178 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2018 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We present predictions of neutron relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for cell irradiations with neutron beams at PTBBraunschweig. A neutron RBE model is adopted to evaluate initial DNA damage induction given the neutron-induced charged particle field. RBE values are predicted for cell exposures to quasi-monoenergetic beams (0.56 MeV, 1.2 MeV) and to a broad energy distribution neutron field with dose-averaged energy of 5.75 MeV. Results are compared to what obtained with our RBE predictions for neutrons at similar energies, when a 30-cm sphere is irradiated in an isotropic neutron field. RBE values for experimental conditions are higher for the lowest neutron energies, because, as expected, target geometry determines the weight of the low-effectiveness photon component of the neutron dose. These results highlight the importance of characterizing neutron fields in terms of physical interactions, to fully understand neutron-induced biological effects, contributing to risk estimation and to the improvement of radiation protection standards. AU - Baiocco, G.* AU - Barbieri, S.* AU - Babini, G.* AU - Morini, J.* AU - Friedland, W. AU - Kundrát, P. AU - Schmitt, E. AU - Puchalska, M.* AU - Giesen, U.* AU - Nolte, R.* AU - Ottolenghi, A.* C1 - 52220 C2 - 43822 CY - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England SP - 278-281 TI - At the physics-biology interface: The neutron affair. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 180 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2017 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Proton beam therapy has advantages in comparison to conventional photon radiotherapy due to the physical properties of proton beams (e.g. sharp distal fall off, adjustable range and modulation). In proton therapy, there is the possibility of sparing healthy tissue close to the target volume. This is especially important when tumours are located next to critical organs and while treating cancer in paediatric patients. On the other hand, the interactions of protons with matter result in the production of secondary radiation, mostly neutrons and gamma radiation, which deposit their energy at a distance from the target. The aim of this study was to compare the response of different passive dosimetry systems in mixed radiation field induced by proton pencil beam inside anthropomorphic phantoms representing 5 and 10 years old children. Doses were measured in different organs with thermoluminescent (MTS-7, MTS-6 and MCP-N), radiophotoluminescent (GD-352M and GD-302M), bubble and poly-allyl-diglycol carbonate (PADC) track detectors. Results show that RPL detectors are the less sensitive for neutrons than LiF TLDs and can be applied for in-phantom dosimetry of gamma component. Neutron doses determined using track detectors, bubble detectors and pairs of MTS-7/MTS-6 are consistent within the uncertainty range. This is the first study dealing with measurements on child anthropomorphic phantoms irradiated by a pencil scanning beam technique. AU - Kneževic, Z.* AU - Ambrozova, I.* AU - Domingo, C.* AU - De Saint-Hubert, M.* AU - Majer, M.* AU - Martínez-Rovira, I.* AU - Miljanić, S.* AU - Mojzeszek, N.* AU - Porwol, P.* AU - Ploc, O.* AU - Romero-Expósito, M.* AU - Stolarczyk, L.* AU - Trinkl, S. AU - Harrison, R.M.* AU - Olko, P.* C1 - 53012 C2 - 44264 CY - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England SP - 256-260 TI - Comparison of response of passive dosimetry systems in scanning proton radiotherapy-a study using paediatric anthropomorphic phantoms. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 180 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2017 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The response of albedo dosemeters depends on the energy and angle of the incident neutron radiation. For their use as personal dosemeters, a field-calibration factor has to be applied. The presently used single sphere method for field calibration can be extended and optimised by putting five albedo dosemeters on the surface of a polyethylene sphere and two TL cards in the centre. To investigate the potential of this extension, reference measurements and Monte Carlo calculations were performed and the fluence response of the detectors at different positions on and within the sphere was determined. Calculated response functions demonstrate that information on the energy and directional distribution of neutron fluence can be extracted with this simple set-up for unknown neutron fields. AU - Radeck, D.* AU - Luszik-Bhadra, M.* AU - Haninger, T. AU - Reginatto, M.* C1 - 52413 C2 - 43956 CY - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England SP - 422–426 TI - Neutron workplace spectrometry (Energy And Direction) using Tl detectors: First approach and response functions. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 180 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2017 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The aim of this work is to use Monte Carlo simulations and VOXEL phantoms to estimate the absorbed dose in paediatric patients (aged from 2 weeks to 16 y), with normal renal function, to whom technetium-99m-dimercaptosuccinic acid ((99m)Tc-DMSA) was administered, for diagnostic renal scintigraphy purposes; and compare them with values obtained using the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) methodology. In the ICRP methodology, the cumulated absorbed dose in the kidneys is estimated by multiplying the administered activity with the corresponding given dose coefficients. The other methods were based on Monte Carlo simulations performed on two paediatric voxel phantoms ( ITALIC! CHILDand ITALIC! BABY), and another three phantoms, which were modified to suit the mass of the patients' kidneys, and other anatomical factors. Different ITALIC! S-values were estimated using this methodology, which together with solving the ICRP biokinetic model to determine the cumulated activities, allowed for the estimation of absorbed doses different from those obtained with the ICRP method, together with new dose coefficients. The obtained values were then compared. The deviations suggest that the ITALIC! S-values are strongly dependent on the patient's total body weight, which could be in contrast with the ICRP data, which is provided by age, regardless of other anatomical parameters. AU - Teles, P.* AU - Mendes, M.* AU - Zankl, M. AU - de Sousa, V.* AU - Santos, A.I.* AU - Vaz, P.* C1 - 48460 C2 - 41165 CY - Oxford SP - 121-135 TI - Assessment of the absorbed dose in the kidney of nuclear nephrology paediatric patients using ICRP biokinetic data and Monte Carlo simulations with mass-scaled paediatric voxel phantoms. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 174 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2017 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An automatic measuring apparatus called exhalometer for measurement of the radon exhalation rate from soil is introduced. It consists of a pneumatic driven accumulation chamber with an open bottom, a PC-based control system, six Lucas cells for radon measurement and sensors for environmental parameters. It allows moving the accumulation chamber and hereby opening or closing it. The exhalation rate is determined through the increase of radon in the accumulation chamber. For studying exhalation and the affecting factors, the exhalometer was placed at an undisturbed meadow for the entire year of 2015. The daily radon exhalation rate ranges from 2.5 to 50.7 Bq m-2 h-1 with an average of 25.3 Bq m-2 h-1. The exhalation rate shows daily and seasonal variations with its maximum in the afternoon and in spring. The dependence on several environmental parameters is discussed. The stable performance indicates the system's fitness for long-term measurements. AU - Yang, J. AU - Buchsteiner, M. AU - Salvamoser, J.* AU - Irlinger, J. AU - Guo, Q.* AU - Tschiersch, J. C1 - 52120 C2 - 43727 CY - Oxford SP - 21-25 TI - Radon exhalation from soil and its dependence from environmental parameters. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 177 IS - 1-2 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2017 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An intercomparison of eye lens dosemeters has been conducted in terms of the quantityHp(3). For the first time, besides photon radiation also beta radiation qualities were included. Three dosemeter types designed for the quantityHp(3) and ten forHp(0.07) took part in the intercomparison. As shown in a previous intercomparison for photon radiation only, the dosemeters designed forHp(0.07) and calibrated in terms ofHp(3) performed well in photon radiation fields. But for beta radiation, it turned out thatHp(0.07) dosemeters over-responded up to a factor of 5 000 (with respect to the trueHp(3) dose) in the medium beta energy range ((85)Kr with a beta endpoint energy of 0.69 MeV), while someHp(3) dosemeters performed quite well. For medium (57 keV) and high (662 keV) energy photon radiation, all dosemeter types showed response values well within the trumpet curve according to the current draft of ISO 14146. AU - Behrens, R.* AU - Hupe, O.* AU - Busch, F.W.* AU - Denk, J. AU - Engelhardt, J.* AU - Günther, K.* AU - Hödlmoser, H. AU - Jordan, M.* AU - Strohmaier, J.* C1 - 48190 C2 - 41078 CY - Oxford SP - 6-12 TI - Intercomparison of eye lens dosemeters. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 174 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2016 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Starting in 2008 the European Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) has been performing international intercomparisons on photon whole-body dosemeters for individual monitoring services. These intercomparisons were organised (on a biannual basis) in 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014, each time with a similar set-up but with small alterations in the subsequent irradiation plans. With an increasing number of participants and participating systems, this intercomparison action has become an important tool for individual monitoring services to test their whole-body dosimetry systems, compare their results with other services or systems and to improve the quality of their dosimetry. The paper presents and compares the results of these four intercomparisons and compares the dosimetric results for the participating system types. Major dosimetric problems of the individual monitoring services are identified, and trends in the dosimetric performance of the different systems are shown. This gives the opportunity to identify some dosimetry issues that should be improved by application of the monitoring services' quality assurance systems and QA procedures. AU - Figel, M. AU - Stadtmann, H.* AU - Grimbergen, T.W.* AU - McWhan, A.F.* AU - Romero, A.M.* C1 - 47825 C2 - 39517 CY - Oxford SP - 113-116 TI - EURADOS intercomparisons on whole-body dosemeters for photons from 2008 to 2014. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 170 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2016 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The individual monitoring service at the Helmholtz Zentrum München has adopted the recommendations of the ISO 4037 and 6980 standards series as base of its dosimetric systems for X-ray, gamma and beta dosimetry. These standards define technical requirements for radiation spectra and measurement processes, but leave flexibility in the implementation of irradiations as well as in the resulting uncertainty in dose or dose rate. This article provides an example for their practical implementation in the Munich IAEA/WHO secondary standard dosimetry laboratory. It focusses on two aspects: automation issues and uncertainties in calibration. AU - Greiter, M. AU - Denk, J. AU - Hödlmoser, H. C1 - 47824 C2 - 39518 CY - Oxford SP - 103-107 TI - Secondary standard calibration, measurement and irradiation capabilities of the individual monitoring service at the Helmholtz Zentrum München: Aspects of uncertainty and automation. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 170 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2016 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In 2008 the European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) started a new programme of intercomparisons for individual monitoring services (IMS). The aim was to provide the possibility to IMS in Europe to participate in dosimetry intercomparions with regular time intervals with all types of dosemeter systems that are used routinely to monitor workers for exposure to external radiation. A self-evaluation of the programme shows that, apart from a few problems encountered, the programme can be judged as fit for its purpose. The results of a questionnaire among the participants support this conclusion. The conclusions encourage EURADOS to continue this programme of self-sustained intercomparisons for IMS. AU - Grimbergen, T.W.* AU - Figel, M. AU - McWhan, A.F.* AU - Romero, A.M.* AU - Stadtmann, H.* C1 - 47692 C2 - 39567 CY - Oxford SP - 90-94 TI - EURADOS programme of intercomparisons for individual monitoring services: Seven years of development and future plans. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 170 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2016 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The new albedo dosemeter-type AWST-TL-GD 04 has been calibrated in the CERF neutron field (Cern-EU high-energy Reference Field). This type of albedo dosemeter is based on thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs) and used by the individual monitoring service of the Helmholtz Zentrum München (AWST) since 2015 for monitoring persons, who are exposed occupationally against photon and neutron radiation. The motivation for this experiment was to gain a field specific neutron correction factor Nn for workplaces at high-energy particle accelerators. Nn is a dimensionless factor relative to a basic detector calibration with (137)Cs and is used to calculate the personal neutron dose in terms of Hp(10) from the neutron albedo signal. The results show that the sensitivity of the albedo dosemeter for this specific neutron field is not significantly lower as for fast neutrons of a radionuclide source like (252)Cf. The neutron correction factor varies between 0.73 and 1.16 with a midrange value of 0.94. The albedo dosemeter is therefore appropriate to monitor persons, which are exposed at high-energy particle accelerators. AU - Haninger, T. AU - Kleinau, P. AU - Haninger, S. C1 - 49101 C2 - 41636 CY - Oxford SP - 315-321 TI - Field calibration of a TLD albedo dosemeter in the high-energy neutron field of CERF. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 174 IS - 3 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2016 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - When measuring the internally deposited activity in the bone of a subject, the placement of the detector is critical. This study reports the simulated counting efficiencies for three counting geometries, the skull, knee and shin, using 13 different voxel phantoms. It shows that the range of counting efficiencies for a given geometry is large for the studied phantoms, especially at low energies. Skull counting offers higher efficiency for low energies such as the 17 keV compared to knee counting or shin counting, but this advantage disappears when the energy is higher such as at 185 keV. This work also shows that the calibration phantom may greatly impact the accuracy of the activity estimate in bone counting, with uncertainties increasing greatly as the photon energy is reduced. Estimating the activity of a radionuclide in bone from direct counting has large uncertainties, and the dose calculated from a skeleton measurement would need careful analysis and, if possible, supporting data from other bioassay measurements. AU - Li, C.* AU - Capello, K.* AU - Hauck, B.* AU - Zankl, M. AU - Kramer, G.* C1 - 49192 C2 - 41698 CY - Oxford SP - 73-77 TI - A Monte Carlo study of simulated measurements of radionuclides in bone. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 171 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2016 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) has been organising dosimetry intercomparisons for many years in response to an identified requirement from individual monitoring services (IMS) for independent performance tests for dosimetry systems. The participation in intercomparisons gives IMS the opportunity to show compliance with their own quality management system, compare results with other participants and develop plans for improving their dosimetry systems. In response to growing demand, EURADOS has increased the number of intercomparisons for external radiation dosimetry. Most of these fit into the programme of self-financing intercomparisons for dosemeters routinely used by IMS. This programme is being coordinated by EURADOS working group 2 (WG2). Up to now, this programme has included four intercomparisons for whole-body dosemeters in photon fields, one for extremity dosemeters in photon and beta fields, and one for whole-body dosemeters in neutron fields. Other EURADOS working groups have organised additional intercomparisons including events in 2014 for eye-lens dosemeters and passive area dosemeters for environmental monitoring. In this paper, the organisation and achievements of these intercomparisons are compared in detail focusing on the similarities and differences in their execution. AU - Romero, A.M.* AU - Grimbergen, T.W.* AU - McWhan, A.F.* AU - Stadtmann, H.* AU - Fantuzzi, E.* AU - Clairand, I.* AU - Neumaier, S.* AU - Figel, M. AU - Dombrowski, H.* C1 - 47687 C2 - 39757 CY - Oxford SP - 82-85 TI - EURADOS intercomparisons in external radiation dosimetry: Similarities and differences among exercises for whole-body photon, whole-body neutron, extremity, eye-lens and passive area dosemeters. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 170 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2016 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since autumn 2012, the European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) has been developing its Strategic Research Agenda (SRA), which is intended to contribute to the identification of future research needs in radiation dosimetry in Europe. The present article summarises-based on input from EURADOS Working Groups (WGs) and Voting Members-five visions in dosimetry and defines key issues in dosimetry research that are considered important for the next decades. The five visions include scientific developments required towards (a) updated fundamental dose concepts and quantities, (b) improved radiation risk estimates deduced from epidemiological cohorts, (c) efficient dose assessment for radiological emergencies, (d) integrated personalised dosimetry in medical applications and (e) improved radiation protection of workers and the public. The SRA of EURADOS will be used as a guideline for future activities of the EURADOS WGs. A detailed version of the SRA can be downloaded as a EURADOS report from the EURADOS website (www.eurados.org). AU - Rühm, W. AU - Fantuzzi, E.* AU - Harrison, R.M.* AU - Schuhmacher, H.* AU - Vanhavere, F.* AU - Alves, J.* AU - Bottollier Depois, J.F.* AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Knezevic, Z.* AU - Lopez, M.A.* AU - Mayer, S.* AU - Miljanić, S.* AU - Neumaier, S.* AU - Olko, P.* AU - Stadtmann, H.* AU - Tanner, R.* AU - Woda, C. C1 - 43761 C2 - 36796 CY - Oxford SP - 223-234 TI - Eurados strategic research agenda: Vision for dosimetry of ionising radiation. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 168 IS - 2 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2016 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The European Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) first started performing international intercomparisons for whole-body dosemeters for individual monitoring services in 1998. Since 2008, these whole-body intercomparisons have been performed on a regular basis. In this latest intercomparison (IC2014), 96 monitoring services from 35 countries (mostly European) participated with 112 dosimetry systems. Unlike in the previous intercomparisons, the whole registration, communication and data exchange process was handled by a new on-line platform. All dosemeter irradiations were carried out in the Seibersdorf accredited dosimetry laboratory. The irradiation plan consisted of nine irradiation setups with five different photon radiation qualities (S-Cs, S-Co, RQR7, W-80 and W-150) and two different angles of radiation incidence (0° and 60°). The paper describes and analyses the individual results for the personal dose equivalent quantities Hp(10) and if requested, Hp(0.07), for all participating systems and compares these results with the ISO 14146 'trumpet curve' performance criteria. The results show that 100 systems (89 % of all systems) do fulfil the general ISO 14146 performance criteria. This paper gives an overview on the performance of the participating individual monitoring services and the influence of the dosemeter type on the observed response values. AU - Stadtmann, H.* AU - Grimbergen, T.W.* AU - Figel, M. AU - Romero, A.M.* AU - McWhan, A.F.* AU - Gärtner, C.* C1 - 47693 C2 - 39566 CY - Oxford SP - 86-89 TI - The results of the EURADOS intercomparison IC2014 for whole-body dosemeters in photon fields. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 170 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2016 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To assess the complexity of DNA damage induced by carbon ions as a function of their energy and LET, 2-Gy irradiations by 100 keV u(-1)-400 MeV u(-1) carbon ions were investigated using the PARTRAC code. The total number of fragments and the yield of fragments of <30 bp were calculated. The authors found a particularly important contribution of DNA fragmentation in the range of <1 kbp for specific energies of <6 MeV u(-1). They also considered the effect of different specific energies with the same LET, i.e. before and after the Bragg peak. As a first step towards a full characterisation of secondary particle production from carbon ions interacting with tissue, a comparison between DNA-damage induction by primary carbon ions and alpha particles resulting from carbon break-up is presented, for specific energies of >1 MeV u(-1). AU - Alloni, D.* AU - Baiocco, G.* AU - Babini, G.* AU - Friedland, W. AU - Kundrát, P. AU - Mariotti, L.* AU - Ottolenghi, A.* C1 - 44820 C2 - 37002 SP - 86-90 TI - Energy dependence of the complexity of DNA damage induced by carbon ions. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 166 IS - 1-4 PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Alves, J.* AU - Bottollier-Depois, J.F.* AU - Fantuzzi, E.* AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Lopez, M.A.* AU - Mayer, S.* AU - Miljanić, S.* AU - Olko, P.* AU - Rühm, W. AU - Schuhmacher, H.* AU - Stadtmann, H.* AU - Vanhavere, F.* C1 - 31372 C2 - 34691 CY - Oxford SP - 268 TI - Letter to the Editor. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 163 IS - 2 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The aim of the present work was to investigate the mechanisms of radiation-induced bystander signalling leading to apoptosis in non-irradiated co-cultured cells. Cultured non-transformed cells were irradiated, and the effect on the apoptosis rate on co-cultured non-irradiated malignant cells was determined. For this, two different levels of the investigation are presented, i.e. release of signalling proteins and transcriptomic profiling of the irradiated and non-irradiated co-cultured cells. Concerning the signalling proteins, in this study, the attention was focussed on the release of the active and latent forms of the transforming growth factor-β1 protein. Moreover, global gene expression profiles of non-transformed and transformed cells in untreated co-cultures were compared with those of 0.5-Gy-irradiated non-transformed cells co-cultured with the transformed cells. The results show an effect of radiation on the release of signalling proteins in the medium, although no significant differences in release rates were detectable when varying the doses in the range from 0.25 to 1 Gy. Moreover, gene expression results suggest an effect of radiation on both cell populations, pointing out specific signalling pathways that might be involved in the enhanced induction of apoptosis. AU - Babini, G.* AU - Bellinzona, V.E.* AU - Morini, J.* AU - Baiocco, G.* AU - Mariotti, L.* AU - Unger, K. AU - Ottolenghi, A.* C1 - 44267 C2 - 36773 SP - 165-169 TI - Mechanisms of the induction of apoptosis mediated by radiation-induced cytokine release. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 166 IS - 1-4 PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Interventional cardiology (IC) procedures can be complex, requiring the operators to work near the patient, during long exposure times. Owing to scattered radiation in the patient and the fluoroscopic equipment, the medical staff are exposed to a non-uniform radiation field and can receive high radiation doses. In this study, it is proposed to analyse staff doses obtained in real time, during IC procedures. A system for occupational dosimetry in real time was used. In order to identify some parameters that may affect the staff doses, Monte Carlo (MC) calculations, using MCNPX v.2.7.0 code and voxel phantoms, were performed. The data obtained from measurements, together with MC simulations, allowed the identification of actions and behaviours of the medical staff that could be considered a risk under routine working conditions. The implementation of this monitoring system for exposure of personnel may have a positive effect on optimisation of radiological protection in fluoroscopically guided cardiac procedures. AU - Baptista, M.* AU - Figueira, C.* AU - Teles, P.* AU - Cardoso, G.* AU - Zankl, M. AU - Vaz, P.* C1 - 44266 C2 - 36774 CY - Oxford SP - 304-309 TI - Assessment of the occupational exposure in real time during interventional cardiology procedures. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 165 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This study presents radon and thoron concentration measurements and the corresponding effective dose rates in mud dwellings located in the high background radiation area of Mrima Hill, Kenya. Discriminative technique was used for simultaneous measurement of radon and thoron. The effective dose was evaluated based on the concentration of the isotopes and the time spent indoors. Radon concentration ranged from 16 to 56 Bq m(-3) with an average of 35±14 Bq m(-3) and a corresponding annual effective dose of 0.67 mSv y(-1), while that of thoron ranged from 132 to 1295 Bq m(-3) with an average of 652±397 Bq m(-3) and an effective dose of 13.7 mSv y(-1). AU - Chege, M.W.* AU - Hashim, N.O.* AU - Merenga, A.S.* AU - Meisenberg, O. AU - Tschiersch, J. C1 - 44568 C2 - 36989 SP - 139-142 TI - Estimation of annual effective dose due to radon and thoron concentrations in mud dwellings of Mrima Hill, Kenya. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 167 IS - 1-3 PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Specific concentrations of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K were measured in cassava tubers, cassava leaves and groundwater obtained from the high background radiation area of Mrima hill and used in the evaluation of the ingested dose. Cassava tubers, cassava leaves and groundwater registered average (226)Ra concentrations of 60 ± 5, 141 ± 11 and 4.3 ± 0.3 Bq kg(-1), respectively. (232)Th was not detected in cassava leaves although it was present in cassava tubers as well as in groundwater in average concentrations of 35.3±61.5 and 2.0±0.1 Bq kg(-1), respectively. (40)K was present in all samples in average concentrations of 842±539 Bq kg(-1) in cassava tubers, 1708 ± 552 Bq kg(-1) in cassava leaves and 91.4 Bq kg(-1) in groundwater. The total annual effective dose due to ingestion was found to be 7.9 mSv y(-1) of which 2.4 mSv y(-1) was due to cassava tubers, 3.8 mSv y(-1) due to cassava leaves and 1.7 mSv y(-1) due to water. AU - Chege, M.W.* AU - Hashim, N.O.* AU - Merenga, A.S.* AU - Tschiersch, J. C1 - 44799 C2 - 37042 SP - 276-278 TI - Analysis of internal exposure associated with consumption of crops and groundwater from the high background radiation area of Mrima Hill, Kenya. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 167 IS - 1-3 PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The module that simulates the kinetics and yields of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations within the biophysical code PARTRAC is described. Radiation track structures simulated by Monte Carlo methods are overlapped with multi-scale models of DNA and chromatin to assess the resulting DNA damage. Spatial mobility of individual DNA ends from double-strand breaks is modelled simultaneously with their processing by the non-homologous end-joining enzymes. To score diverse types of chromosome aberrations, the joined ends are classified regarding their original chromosomal location, orientation and the involvement of centromeres. A comparison with experimental data on dicentrics induced by gamma and alpha particles shows that their relative dose dependence is predicted correctly, although the absolute yields are overestimated. The critical model assumptions on chromatin mobility and on the initial damage recognition and chromatin remodelling steps and their future refinements to solve this issue are discussed. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Kundrát, P. C1 - 44428 C2 - 36842 SP - 71-74 TI - Chromosome aberration model combining radiation tracks, chromatin structure, DSB repair and chromatin mobility. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 166 IS - 1-4 PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Microbeam experiments approximating high-LET tracks by bunches of lower-LET particles focussed to submicrometre scales (Schmid et al. 2012, Phys. Med. Biol. 57, 5889) provide an unprecedented benchmark for models of biological effects of radiation. PARTRAC track structure-based Monte Carlo simulations have verified that focussed 20 MeV proton bunches resemble the radial dose distributions of single 55 MeV carbon ions as used in the experiments. However, the predicted yields of double-strand break and short (<1 kbp) DNA fragments by focussed protons correspond to homogeneous proton irradiation and are much smaller than for carbon tracks. The calculated yields of dicentrics overestimate the effect of focussing but reproduce the fourfold difference between carbon ions and homogeneously distributed protons. The extent to which focussed low-LET particles approximate high-LET radiation is limited by the achievable focussing: submicrometre focussing of proton bunches cannot reproduce local nanometre clustering, i.e. DNA damage complexity characteristic of high-LET radiation. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Kundrát, P. AU - Schmitt, E. C1 - 44429 C2 - 36841 SP - 34-37 TI - Modelling proton bunches focussed to submicrometre scales: Low-LET radiation damage in high-LET-like spatial structure. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 166 IS - 1-4 PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Individual Monitoring Service of the Helmholtz Zentrum München is currently using the BeOSL dosimetry system for monitoring ∼15 000 persons per month. This dosimetry system has a modular structure and represents a complete new concept on handling dosemeters in a large-scale dosimetry service. It is based on optically stimulated luminescence dosemeters made of beryllium oxide. The dosimetric and operational properties of the system are shown and discussed. AU - Haninger, T. AU - Hödlmoser, H. AU - Figel, M. AU - König-Meier, D. AU - Henniger, J.* AU - Sommer, M.* AU - Jahn, A.* AU - Ledtermann, G.* AU - Eßer, R.* C1 - 47261 C2 - 40623 CY - Oxford SP - 269-273 TI - Properties of the beosl dosimetry system in the framework of a large-scale personal monitoring service. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 170 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A new official albedo dosemeter based on thermoluminescent detectors has been introduced in 2015 by the individual monitoring service of the Helmholtz Zentrum München for monitoring persons who are exposed occupationally against photon and neutron radiation. To enhance the sensitivity for fast neutrons, a new badge with an enlarged albedo window has been developed at TU Dresden. The properties of the new albedo dosemeter are discussed, and the results of official intercomparisons and field calibrations are shown. AU - Haninger, T. AU - Henniger, J.* C1 - 47267 C2 - 39360 CY - Oxford SP - 150-153 TI - Dosimetric properties of the new TLD albedo neutron dosemeter AWST-TL-GD 04. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 170 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the event of a large-scale radiological emergency, the triage of individuals according to their degree of exposure forms an important initial step of the accident management. Although clinical signs and symptoms of a serious exposure may be used for radiological triage, they are not necessarily radiation specific and can lead to a false diagnosis. Biodosimetry is a method based on the analysis of radiation-induced changes in cells of the human body or in portable electronic devices and enables the unequivocal identification of exposed people who should receive medical treatment. The MULTIBIODOSE (MBD) consortium developed and validated several biodosimetric assays and adapted and tested them as tools for biological dose assessment in a mass-casualty event. Different biodosimetric assays were validated against the 'gold standard' of biological dosimetry-the dicentric assay. The assays were harmonised in such a way that, in an emergency situation, they can be run in parallel in a network of European laboratories. The aim of this guidance is to give a concise overview of the developed biodosimetric tools as well as how and when they can be used in an emergency situation. AU - Jaworska, A.* AU - Ainsbury, E.A.* AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Lindholm, C.* AU - Oestreicher, U.* AU - Rothkamm, K.* AU - Romm, H.* AU - Thierens, H.* AU - Trompier, F.* AU - Voisin, P.* AU - Vral, A.* AU - Woda, C. AU - Wojcik, A.* C1 - 32432 C2 - 35086 CY - Oxford SP - 165-169 TI - Operational guidance for radiation emergency response organisations in Europe for using biodosimetric tools developed in EU Multibiodose project. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 164 IS - 1-2 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Creating a sustainable network in biological and retrospective dosimetry that involves a large number of experienced laboratories throughout the European Union (EU) will significantly improve the accident and emergency response capabilities in case of a large-scale radiological emergency. A well-organised cooperative action involving EU laboratories will offer the best chance for fast and trustworthy dose assessments that are urgently needed in an emergency situation. To this end, the EC supports the establishment of a European network in biological dosimetry (RENEB). The RENEB project started in January 2012 involving cooperation of 23 organisations from 16 European countries. The purpose of RENEB is to increase the biodosimetry capacities in case of large-scale radiological emergency scenarios. The progress of the project since its inception is presented, comprising the consolidation process of the network with its operational platform, intercomparison exercises, training activities, proceedings in quality assurance and horizon scanning for new methods and partners. Additionally, the benefit of the network for the radiation research community as a whole is addressed. AU - Kulka, U.* AU - Ainsbury, L.* AU - Atkinson, M.J. AU - Barnard, S.* AU - Smith, R.* AU - Barquinero, J.F.* AU - Barrios, L.* AU - Bassinet, C.* AU - Beinke, C.* AU - Cucu, A.* AU - Darroudi, F.* AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Bortolin, E.* AU - Monaca, S.D.* AU - Gil, O.* AU - Gregoire, E.* AU - Hadjidekova, V.* AU - Haghdoost, S.* AU - Hatzi, V.* AU - Hempel, W.* AU - Herranz, R.* AU - Jaworska, A.* AU - Lindholm, C.* AU - Lumniczky, K.* AU - M'kacher, R.* AU - Mörtl, S. AU - Montoro, A.* AU - Moquet, J.* AU - Moreno, M.* AU - Noditi, M.* AU - Ogbazghi, A.* AU - Oestreicher, U.* AU - Palitti, F.* AU - Pantelias, G.* AU - Popescu, I.* AU - Prieto, M.J.* AU - Roch-Lefevre, S.* AU - Roessler, U.* AU - Romm, H.* AU - Rothkamm, K.* AU - Sabatier, L.* AU - Sebastià, N.* AU - Sommer, S.* AU - Terzoudi, G.* AU - Testa, A.* AU - Thierens, H.* AU - Trompier, F.* AU - Turai, I.* AU - Vandevoorde, C.* AU - Vaz, P.* AU - Voisin, P.* AU - Vral, A.* AU - Ugletveit, F.* AU - Wieser, A. AU - Woda, C. AU - Wojcik, A.* C1 - 32131 C2 - 34971 CY - Oxford SP - 42-45 TI - Realising the European network of biodosimetry: RENEB - status quo. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 164 IS - 1-2 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A model of radiation-induced bystander effects is presented that explicitly takes into account the transient nature of bystander signal emission post-irradiation, signal lifetime and the non-linear cellular response to the signals. Data are analysed on mutagenesis induced in human lymphoblasts in medium transfer experiments, in which the signal build-up time, medium dilution and the duration of reporter cells' exposure to the medium were varied. The model implies that the cellular release of bystander signals decreases rather slowly, with a characteristic time of about a day, whereas the signal itself decays with a lifetime of about an hour. AU - Kundrát, P. AU - Friedland, W. C1 - 44425 C2 - 36843 SP - 148-151 TI - Mechanistic modelling of radiation-induced bystander effects. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 166 IS - 1-4 PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In vitro data indicate that selective removal of oncogenic transformed cells by apoptosis induced via signalling by neighbouring cells may represent an important anti-carcinogenic process. Mechanistic modelling supports this concept and predicts that the phenomenon can stop the growth of a transformed cell population, forming a dormant pre-neoplastic lesion, or even remove the transformed clone completely. Radiation has been shown to enhance the underpinning signalling and increase the extent and rate of apoptosis induction in precancerous cells. Implications for low-dose radiation carcinogenesis are discussed based on in vitro data and mechanistic modelling. The possibility is outlined for radiation to act in a pro-carcinogenic manner, i.e. to reduce rather than enhance the removal of transformed cells by apoptosis. The effects of radiation exposure during early or late carcinogenesis are discussed. AU - Kundrát, P. AU - Friedland, W. C1 - 44471 C2 - 36892 SP - 170-173 TI - Impact of intercellular induction of apoptosis on low-dose radiation carcinogenesis. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 166 IS - 1-4 PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Parameter uncertainties for the biokinetic model of caesium (Cs) developed by Leggett et al. were inventoried and evaluated. The methods of parameter uncertainty analysis were used to assess the uncertainties of model predictions with the assumptions of model parameter uncertainties and distributions. Furthermore, the importance of individual model parameters was assessed by means of sensitivity analysis. The calculated uncertainties of model predictions were compared with human data of Cs measured in blood and in the whole body. It was found that propagating the derived uncertainties in model parameter values reproduced the range of bioassay data observed in human subjects at different times after intake. The maximum ranges, expressed as uncertainty factors (UFs) (defined as a square root of ratio between 97.5th and 2.5th percentiles) of blood clearance, whole-body retention and urinary excretion of Cs predicted at earlier time after intake were, respectively: 1.5, 1.0 and 2.5 at the first day; 1.8, 1.1 and 2.4 at Day 10 and 1.8, 2.0 and 1.8 at Day 100; for the late times (1000 d) after intake, the UFs were increased to 43, 24 and 31, respectively. The model parameters of transfer rates between kidneys and blood, muscle and blood and the rate of transfer from kidneys to urinary bladder content are most influential to the blood clearance and to the whole-body retention of Cs. For the urinary excretion, the parameters of transfer rates from urinary bladder content to urine and from kidneys to urinary bladder content impact mostly. The implication and effect on the estimated equivalent and effective doses of the larger uncertainty of 43 in whole-body retention in the later time, say, after Day 500 will be explored in a successive work in the framework of EURADOS. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Klein, W.* AU - Blanchardon, E.* AU - Puncher, M.* AU - Leggett, R.W.* AU - Oeh, U. AU - Breustedt, B.* AU - Noßke, D.* AU - López, M.A.* C1 - 31090 C2 - 34121 CY - Oxford SP - 37-57 TI - Parameter uncertainty analysis of a biokinetic model of caesium. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 163 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - (241)Am incorporation due to an incident or chronic exposure causes an internal dose, which can be evaluated from the total activity of this isotope in the skeleton several months after the intake. For this purpose, it is necessary to perform in vivo measurements of this bone-seeker radionuclide in appropriate counting bone geometries with very low attenuation of surrounded tissue and to extrapolate to total activity in the skeleton (ICRP 89, Basic anatomical and physiological data for use in radiological protection: reference values. 2001. 265). The work here presented refers to direct measurements of americium in the Cohen skull phantom at the CIEMAT Whole Body Counter (WBC) using low-energy germanium (LEGe) detectors inside a shielding room. The main goal was to determinate the most adequate head counting geometry for the in vivo detection of americium in the bone. The calibration of the in vivo LEGe system was performed with four detectors with 2 cm of distance to Cohen phantom. Two geometries were measured, on junction of frontal to parietal bones and frontal bone. The efficiencies are very similar in both geometries, the preferred counting geometry is the most comfortable for the person, with the LEGe detectors in the highest part of the frontal bone, near the junction with the parietal bone, CIEMAT WBC participated in a skull intercomparison exercise organised by WG7 of EURADOS (European Radiation Dosimetry Group e.V.). Efficiencies using three different skull phantoms were obtained. Measurements were performed for different head counting positions, four of them in the plane of symmetry and others over the temporal bone. The detector was placed in parallel with the calibration phantom at a distance of 1 cm. The main gamma emission of (241)Am, 59.5 keV (36 %), was used for comparing efficiency values. The lower efficiency was obtained over the frontal and occipital bones. Measurement with one LEGe detector over the parietal bone is the most efficient. The activity of each skull phantom was calculated using CIEMAT head calibration. Results of the EURADOS intercomparison are presented here for discussion. AU - Pérez López, B.* AU - Navarro, J.F.* AU - López Ponte, M.A. AU - Nogueira, P. C1 - 47263 C2 - 40622 CY - Oxford SP - 231-236 TI - Efficiency study of a LEGE efficiency detector system for the assessment of 241Am in skull at ciemat whole body counter. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 170 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In 2009, the European High Level and Expert Group identified key policy and scientific questions to be addressed through a strategic research agenda for low-dose radiation risk. This initiated the establishment of a European Research Platform, called MELODI (Multidisciplinary European Low Dose Research Initiative). In 2010, the DoReMi Network of Excellence was launched in the Euratom 7th Framework Programme. DoReMi has acted as an operational tool for the sustained development of the MELODI platform during its early years. A long-term Strategic Research Agenda for European low-dose radiation risk research has been developed by MELODI. Strategic planning of DoReMi research activities is carried out in close collaboration with MELODI. The research priorities for DoReMi are designed to focus on objectives that are achievable within the 6-y lifetime of the project and that are in areas where stimulus and support can help progress towards the longer-term strategic objectives. AU - Salomaa, S.* AU - Averbeck, D.* AU - Ottolenghi, A.* AU - Sabatier, L.* AU - Bouffler, S.* AU - Atkinson, M.J. AU - Jourdain, J.R.* C1 - 43040 C2 - 35986 CY - Oxford SP - 38-41 TI - European low-dose radiation risk research strategy: Future of research on biological effects at low doses. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 164 IS - 1-2 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Radiation damage by low-energy ions significantly contributes to the high biological efficiency of ion beams in distal Bragg peak regions as well as to the energy-dependent efficiency of neutron irradiation. To enable assessing biological effects of ions at energies <1 MeV u−1 with track-structure based models, a Barkas-like scaling procedure is developed that provides ion cross sections in liquid water based on those for hydrogen ions. The resulting stopping power and range for carbon ions agree with the ICRU 73 database and other low-energy stopping power data. The method represents the basis for extending PARTRAC simulations of light ion track structures and biological effects down to the keV u−1 range. AU - Schmitt, E. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Kundrát, P. AU - Dingfelder, M.* AU - Ottolenghi, A.* C1 - 44833 C2 - 37003 SP - 15-18 TI - Cross-section scaling for track structure simulations of low-energy ions in liquid water. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 166 IS - 1-4 PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The latest A-bomb survivor data for cardiovascular diseases are analysed to investigate whether in the first years after the bombings the baseline rates of proximal survivors were markedly different compared with those of the distal survivors. This phenomenon relates to a healthy survivor selection effect. This question is important for the decision whether to include or exclude the early years of follow-up when analysing the biological effects from acute low and high dose exposures following the nuclear weapons explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The present study shows that for cerebrovascular diseases and heart diseases the baseline rates are not significantly different in the first two decades of follow-up. Thus, for these two detrimental health outcomes, there is no need to exclude distal survivors and the first decades of follow-up time when investigating the shapes of the related dose-responses. AU - Schöllnberger, H. AU - Ozasa, K.* AU - Neff, F. AU - Kaiser, J.C. C1 - 44798 C2 - 37043 SP - 320-323 TI - Cardiovascular disease mortality of a-bomb survivors and the healthy survivor selection effect. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 166 IS - 1-4 PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In prostate brachytherapy treatments, there is an initial swelling of the prostate of the patient due to a prostate oedema related to the insertion of the seeds inside the prostate. The variation of the prostate volume can lead to variations in the final prescribed dose in treatment planning procedures. As such, it is important to understand their influence for dose optimisation purposes. This work reports on a dosimetric study of the swelling of the prostate in prostate brachytherapy using Monte Carlo simulations. Dosimetric measurements performed on a physical anthropomorphic tissue-equivalent prostate phantom and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) were used to validate the MC model. Finally the MC model was also used to simulate prostate swelling in a real treatment planning procedure. The obtained results indicate that the parameters mentioned above represent a source of uncertainty in dose assessment in prostate brachytherapy, and can be detrimental to a correct dose evaluation in treatment plannings, and that these parameters can be accurately determined by means of MC simulations with a voxel phantom. AU - Teles, P.* AU - Barros, S.* AU - Cardoso, S.* AU - Facure, A.* AU - da Rosa, L.A.R.* AU - Santos, M.* AU - Pereira, P.* AU - Vaz, P.* AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 44391 C2 - 36823 CY - Oxford SP - 482-487 TI - A dosimetric study of prostate brachytherapy using Monte Carlo simulations with a voxel phantom, measurements and a comparison with a treatment planning procedure. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 165 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2015 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This work compares the results of four different unfolding codes, MSANDB, MAXED, FRUIT and BONMA, which are based on different unfolding techniques. Additionally, Bayesian parameter estimation is also considered. All unfolding codes were supplied with the same set of input data acquired at the Environmental Research Station 'Schneefernerhaus' on the Zugspitze mountain, corresponding to continuous measurements of secondary neutrons from cosmic radiation. The HMGU high-energy extended Bonner sphere spectrometer (BSS), consisting of 16 measuring channels with He-3 proportional counters, was used as a reference BSS. The differences in the neutron spectra obtained with the different unfolding codes are discussed, and the uncertainties of integral quantities, like neutron fluence and ambient dose equivalent, are quantified. AU - Barros, S.* AU - Mares, V. AU - Bedogni, R.* AU - Reginatto, M.* AU - Esposito, A.* AU - Goncalves, I.F.* AU - Vaz, P.* AU - Rühm, W. C1 - 42756 C2 - 35327 CY - Oxford SP - 46-52 TI - Comparison of unfolding codes for neutron spectrometry with Bonner spheres. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 161 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2014 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Here the latest development stages of the HMGU active neutron dosemeter are presented. This work includes the comparison of the dosemeter's response function, calculated with Geant4, and the measurements in monoenergetic neutron fields at the Physikalisch Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig, Germany. These results were used to match the response function and the count-to-dose conversion factors of the dosemeter to the H-p(10) personal dose equivalent. AU - Bergmeier, F. AU - Volnhals, M.* AU - Wielunski, M. AU - Rühm, W. C1 - 42757 C2 - 35326 CY - Oxford SP - 126-129 TI - Simulation and calibration of an active neutron dosemeter. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 161 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2014 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper reviews the ICRP Publications 110 and 116 describing the reference computational phantoms and dose conversion coefficients for external exposures. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) in its 2007 Recommendations made several revisions to the methods of calculation of the protection quantities. In order to implement these recommendations, the DOCAL task group of the ICRP developed computational phantoms representing the reference adult male and female and then calculated a set of dose conversion coefficients for various types of idealised external exposures. This paper focuses on the dose conversion coefficients for neutrons and investigates their relationship with the conversion coefficients of the protection and operational quantities of ICRP Publication 74. Contributing factors to the differences between these sets of conversion coefficients are discussed in terms of the changes in phantoms employed and the radiation and tissue weighting factors. AU - Endo, A.* AU - Petoussi-Henß, N. AU - Zankl, M. AU - Bolch, W.E.* AU - Eckerman, K.F.* AU - Hertel, N.E.* AU - Hunt, J.G.* AU - Pelliccioni, M.* AU - Schlattl, H. AU - Menzel, H.G.* C1 - 28563 C2 - 33453 CY - Oxford SP - 11-16 TI - Overview of the ICRP/ICRU adult reference computational phantoms and dose conversion coefficients for external idealised exposures. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 161 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2014 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In recent years, elevated thoron concentrations were found in houses built of unfired clay. In this study experiments were carried out in 17 traditional and modern clay houses in Germany to obtain an overview of indoor thoron in such houses. Long-term measurements over an 8-week period were performed using a newly developed Unattended Battery-Operated Progeny Measurement Device (UBPM) for measuring thoron progeny. This instrument uses a high-voltage electric field to precipitate radon and thoron progeny on nuclear track detectors. Additional active and passive measurements of radon, thoron and their progeny were performed. The equilibrium equivalent thoron concentration was found to be between 2 and 10 Bq m(-3). Gas concentrations were found to be between 20 and 160 Bq m(-3) for radon and between 10 and 90 Bq m(-3) for thoron 20 cm from the wall. The thoron exposure contributes significantly to the inhalation dose of the dwellers (0.6-4 mSv a(-1)). AU - Gierl, S. AU - Meisenberg, O. AU - Feistenauer, P. AU - Tschiersch, J. C1 - 31089 C2 - 34122 CY - Oxford SP - 160-163 TI - Thoron and thoron progeny measurements in German clay houses. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 160 IS - 1-3 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2014 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To determine radiation doses incurred by inhaled thoron progeny, the Monte Carlo radon progeny lung dosimetry code IDEAL-DOSE was adapted to the inhalation of thoron progenies, comprising the alpha-emitting nuclides (216)Po, (212)Bi and (212)Po. Dose calculations for defined exposure conditions yielded a dose conversion coefficient (DCC) of 4.6 mSv WLM(-1) or 94.2 nSv (Bq h m(-3))(-1) when compared with a DCC of 3.8 mSv WLM(-1) if based on the International Commission on Radiological Protection Human Respiratory Tract Model. Bronchial doses were computed for different thoron progenies exposure conditions measured in a Bavarian half-timbered house and in a thoron experimental house at the Helmholtz Zentrum München. DCCs ranged from 4.9 to 12.9 mSv WLM(-1), depending on particle size, unattached fraction and fractional activity concentrations. For exposure-specific indoor aerosol parameters, the thoron progeny DCC is smaller than the radon progeny DCC by about a factor of 2. AU - Hofmann, W.* AU - Winkler-Heil, R.* AU - Truta, L.A.* AU - Tschiersch, J. C1 - 31206 C2 - 34201 CY - Oxford SP - 96-99 TI - Application of a Monte Carlo lung dosimetry code to the inhalation of thoron progeny. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 160 IS - 1-3 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2014 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Personal neutron dosimetry has been performed in Germany using albedo dosemeters for >20 y. This paper describes the main principles, the national standards, regulations and recommendations, the quality management and the overall performance, giving some examples. AU - Luszik-Bhadra, M.* AU - Zimbal, A.* AU - Busch, F.W.* AU - Eichelberger, A.* AU - Engelhardt, J.* AU - Figel, M. AU - Frasch, G.* AU - Guenther, K.* AU - Jordan, M.* AU - Martini, E.* AU - Haninger, T. AU - Rimpler, A.* AU - Seifert, R.* C1 - 43441 C2 - 36651 CY - Oxford SP - 649-656 TI - Albedo neutron dosimetry in Germany: Regulations and performance. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 162 IS - 4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2014 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - After an explosion of a radiological dispersal device, decision-makers need to implement countermeasures as soon as possible to minimise the radiation-induced risks to the population. In this work, the authors present a tool, which can help providing information about the approximate size of source term and radioactive contamination based on a Gaussian Plume model with the use of available measurements for liquid or aerosolised radioactivity. For two-field tests, the source term and spatial distribution of deposited radioactivity are estimated. A sensitivity analysis of the dependence on deposition velocity is carried out. In case of weak winds, a diffusive process along the wind direction is retained in the model. AU - Urso, L. AU - Kaiser, J.C. AU - Woda, C. AU - Helebrant, J.* AU - Hulka, J.* AU - Kuca, P.* AU - Prouza, Z.* C1 - 28256 C2 - 33034 CY - Oxford SP - 453-460 TI - A fast and simple approach for the estimation of a radiological source from localised measurements after the explosion of a radiological dispersal device. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 158 IS - 4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2014 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The efficiency calibration of whole-body counters (WBCs) for monitoring of internal contaminations is usually performed with anthropomorphic physical phantoms assuming homogeneous activity distribution. Besides the inherent limitations of these phantoms in resembling the human anatomy, they do not represent a realistic activity distribution, since in real situations each incorporated radionuclide has its particular biodistribution after entering the systemic circulation. Moreover, the activity content in the different organs and tissues comprising the biokinetics is time dependent. This work aims at assessing the whole-body counting efficiency deviations arising from considering a detailed voxel phantom instead of a standard physical phantom (BOMAB) and at evaluating the effect of the anatomical differences between both phantoms. It also aims at studying the efficiency considering the biodistribution of a set of radionuclides of interest incorporated in the scope of environmental and occupational exposures (inhalation and ingestion) and at computing the time-dependent efficiency correction factors to account for the biodistribution variation over time. For the purpose, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were performed to simulate the whole-body counting efficiencies and biokinetic models were used to estimate the radionuclides' biokinetic behaviour in the human body after intake. The comparison between the efficiencies obtained with BOMAB and the voxel phantom showed deviations between 1.8 and 11.7 %, proving the adequacy of the BOMAB for WBC calibration. The obtained correction factors show that the effect of the biodistribution in the whole-body counting efficiency is more pronounced in cases of acute activity uptake and long-term retention in certain organs than in cases of homogeneous distribution in body tissues, for which the biokinetics influence can be neglected. This work further proves the powerful combination of MC simulation methods using voxel phantoms and biokinetic models for internal dosimetry studies. AU - Bento, J.* AU - Barros, S.* AU - Teles, P.* AU - Vaz, P.* AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 24796 C2 - 31683 SP - 16-24 TI - Efficiency correction factors of an ACCUSCAN whole-body counter due to the biodistribution of 134Cs, 137Cs and 60Co. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 155 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2013 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The aim of this work was to investigate whether Ca-alginate biopolymer beads (CaABBs) can be used to reduce the bioavailability of radionuclides in the gastrointestinal tract of humans. The uptake of strontium, uranium and thorium from a simulated gastrointestinal system was studied by in vitro techniques using CaABBs. This agent was prepared from Na-alginate through cross-linking with divalent calcium ions according to the egg-box model. The effects of process variables such as pH of the gastrointestinal juice, incubation time and solid-to-solution ratio for the removal of radionuclides from the gastrointestinal juice were investigated. The results suggest that CaABBs are a potent material for reducing the bioavailability of radionuclides with a high uptake efficiency in the gastrointestinal tract. AU - Gok, C. AU - Gerstmann, U. AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Aytas, S.* C1 - 11608 C2 - 30713 SP - 47-55 TI - Preparation of Ca-alginate biopolymer beads and investigation of their decorporation characteristics for 85Sr, 238U and 234Th by in vitro experiments. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 153 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2013 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In recent years, several papers dealing with eye lens dosimetry have been published as epidemiological studies are implying that the induction of cataracts occurs even at eye lens doses of less than 500 mGy. For that reason, the necessity to monitor the eye lens may become more important than it was before. However, only few dosemeters for the appropriate quantity H(p)(3) are available. Partial-body dosemeters are usually designed to measure the quantity H(p)(0.07) calibrated on a rod phantom representing a finger while a slab phantom much better represents the head. Therefore, in this work it was investigated whether dosemeters designed for the quantity H(p)(0.07) calibrated on a rod phantom can also be worn on the head (close to the eyes) and still deliver correct results (H(p)(0.07) on a head). For that purpose, different types of partial-body dosemeters from routine use were irradiated at different photon energies on both a rod and a slab phantom. It turned out that their response values are within ±5% independent of the phantom if the quantity value for the respective phantom is used. Thus, partial-body dosemeters designed for the quantity H(p)(0.07) calibrated on a rod phantom may be worn on the head and used to monitor the eye lens dose due to photon radiation via the measurement of H(p)(0.07) on the head. AU - Behrens, R.* AU - Engelhardt, J.* AU - Figel, M. AU - Hupe, O.* AU - Jordan, M.* AU - Seifert, R.* C1 - 7166 C2 - 29506 SP - 139-142 TI - HP(0.07) photon dosemeters for eye lens dosimetry: Calibration on a rod vs. a slab phantom. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 148 IS - 2 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2012 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This work aims at assessing the performance of a portable detection system, equipped with an NaI(Tl) scintillation detector for in vivo thyroid monitoring, which was properly calibrated using an anthropomorphic neck phantom. The anthropomorphic physical phantoms commonly used for the efficiency calibration of in vivo counters often present certain limitations regarding the geometry and the activity distribution. Therefore, the feasibility of these detection systems for in vivo monitoring should be assessed whenever possible. To accomplish this assessment, patients to whom (99m)Tc and (123)I marked radiopharmaceuticals have been administered in the framework of nuclear medicine diagnostic procedures were monitored. As the biokinetic models of the administered radiopharmaceuticals are known, the time-dependent activity functions in the critical organs after administration are easily quantified. The measured activities in the thyroid using the NaI(Tl) scintillation detector were compared with the estimated activities using the biokinetic models, in order to reach conclusion about the applicability of the portable scintillation counter for in vivo thyroid monitoring. The state-of-the-art Monte Carlo computer program PENELOPE and two voxel phantoms (male and female) were used to evaluate the overall uncertainties influencing the thyroid monitoring. A computational parametric study was performed to quantify the influence of several parameters in the activity quantification (neck-detector distance, thyroid shape, thyroid size and overlying tissue thickness), which allowed one to gain insight and to better understand the discrepancies between the calculated and measured activities. AU - Bento, J.* AU - Martins, B.* AU - Teles, P.* AU - Neves, M.* AU - Colarinha, P.* AU - Alves, F.* AU - Teixeira, N.* AU - Vaz, P.* AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 8376 C2 - 30087 SP - 252-261 TI - Performance assessment and uncertainty evaluation of a portable NaI-based detection system used for thyroid monitoring. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 151 IS - 2 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2012 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In Europe, a network for biological dosimetry has been created to strengthen the emergency preparedness and response capabilities in case of a large-scale nuclear accident or radiological emergency. Through the RENEB (Realising the European Network of Biodosimetry) project, 23 experienced laboratories from 16 European countries will establish a sustainable network for rapid, comprehensive and standardised biodosimetry provision that would be urgently required in an emergency situation on European ground. The foundation of the network is formed by five main pillars: (1) the ad hoc operational basis, (2) a basis of future developments, (3) an effective quality-management system, (4) arrangements to guarantee long-term sustainability and (5) awareness of the existence of RENEB. RENEB will thus provide a mechanism for quick, efficient and reliable support within the European radiation emergency management. The scientific basis of RENEB will concurrently contribute to increased safety in the field of radiation protection. AU - Kulka, U.* AU - Ainsbury, L.* AU - Atkinson, M.J. AU - Barquinero, J.F.* AU - Barrios, L.* AU - Beinke, C.* AU - Bognar, G.* AU - Cucu, A.* AU - Darroudi, F.* AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Gil, O.* AU - Gregoire, E.* AU - Hadjidekova, V.* AU - Haghdoost, S.* AU - Herranz, R.* AU - Jaworska, A.* AU - Lindholm, C.* AU - Mkacher, R.* AU - Mörtl, S. AU - Montoro, A.* AU - Moquet, J.* AU - Moreno, M.* AU - Ogbazghi, A.* AU - Oestreicher, U.* AU - Palitti, F.* AU - Pantelias, G.* AU - Popescu, I.* AU - Prieto, M.J.* AU - Romm, H.* AU - Rothkamm, K.* AU - Sabatier, L.* AU - Sommer, S.* AU - Terzoudi, G.* AU - Testa, A.* AU - Thierens, H.* AU - Trompier, F.* AU - Turai, I.* AU - Vandersickel, V.* AU - Vaz, P.* AU - Voisin, P.* AU - Vral, A.* AU - Ugletveit, F.* AU - Woda, C. AU - Wojcik, A.* C1 - 10701 C2 - 30346 SP - 621-625 TI - Realising the European Network of Biodosimetry (RENEB). JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 151 IS - 4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2012 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Increasing attention has been paid in recent years to the radioactive gas thoron ((220)Rn), which can cause a significant exposure and increase of lung cancer risk in some regions worldwide. Some experiments were designed to examine whether different types of wall decoration in the room, from ordinary newsprint to commercial wallpaper, can mitigate the concentrations of indoor thoron decay products. Decoration with coated paper was very effective in decreasing the thoron decay products concentration, thus reducing the effective dose by 90 %, while newsprint decoration, which is common in many rural parts of the world, was found to have a smaller but still significant effect in reducing the thoron decay products concentration when applied to the same house. AU - Wang, J. AU - Meisenberg, O. AU - Chen, Y.H.* AU - Bi, L. AU - Tschiersch, J. C1 - 22770 C2 - 30932 SP - 94-97 TI - Mitigation of thoron exposure by application of wallpaper as a diffusion barrier. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 152 IS - 1-3 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2012 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Electron paramagnetic resonance dosimetry with tooth enamel has been proved to be a reliable method to determine retrospectively exposures from photon fields with minimal detectable doses of 100 mGy or lower, which is lower than achievable with cytogenetic dose reconstruction methods. For risk assessment or validating dosimetry systems for specific radiation incidents, the relevant dose from the incident has to be calculated from the total absorbed dose in enamel by subtracting additional dose contributions from the radionuclide content in teeth, natural external background radiation and medical exposures. For calculating organ doses or evaluating dosimetry systems the absorbed dose in enamel from a radiation incident has to be converted to air kerma using dose conversion factors depending on the photon energy spectrum and geometry of the exposure scenario. This paper outlines the approach to assess individual dose contributions to absorbed dose in enamel and calculate individual air kerma of a radiation incident from the absorbed dose in tooth enamel. AU - Wieser, A. C1 - 8021 C2 - 29974 SP - 71-78 TI - Review of reconstruction of radiation incident air kerma by measurement of absorbed dose in tooth enamel with EPR. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 149 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2012 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The current focus on networking and mutual assistance in the management of radiation accidents or incidents has demonstrated the importance of a joined-up approach in physical and biological dosimetry. To this end, the European Radiation Dosimetry Working Group 10 on 'Retrospective Dosimetry' has been set up by individuals from a wide range of disciplines across Europe. Here, established and emerging dosimetry methods are reviewed, which can be used immediately and retrospectively following external ionising radiation exposure. Endpoints and assays include dicentrics, translocations, premature chromosome condensation, micronuclei, somatic mutations, gene expression, electron paramagnetic resonance, thermoluminescence, optically stimulated luminescence, neutron activation, haematology, protein biomarkers and analytical dose reconstruction. Individual characteristics of these techniques, their limitations and potential for further development are reviewed, and their usefulness in specific exposure scenarios is discussed. Whilst no single technique fulfils the criteria of an ideal dosemeter, an integrated approach using multiple techniques tailored to the exposure scenario can cover most requirements. AU - Ainsbury, E.A.* AU - Bakhanova, E.* AU - Barquinero, J.F.* AU - Brai, M.* AU - Chumak, V.* AU - Correcher, V.* AU - Darroudi, F.* AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Gruel, G.* AU - Guclu, I.* AU - Horn, S.* AU - Jaworska, A.* AU - Kulka, U.* AU - Lindholm, C.* AU - Lloyd, D.* AU - Longo, A.* AU - Marrale, M.* AU - Monteiro Gil, O.* AU - Oestreicher, U.* AU - Pajic, J.* AU - Rakic, B.* AU - Romm, H.* AU - Trompier, F.* AU - Veronese, I.* AU - Voisin, P.* AU - Vral, A.* AU - Whitehouse, C.A.* AU - Wieser, A. AU - Woda, C. AU - Wojcik, A.* AU - Rothkamm, K.* C1 - 6841 C2 - 29345 SP - 573-592 TI - Review of retrospective dosimetry techniques for external ionising radiation exposures. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 147 IS - 4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2011 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The PARTRAC code has been developed constantly in the last several years. It is a Monte Carlo code based on an event-by-event description of the interactions taking place between the ionising radiation and liquid water, and in the present version simulates the transport of photons, electrons, protons, helium and heavier ions. This is combined with an atom-by-atom representation of the biological target, i.e. the DNA target model of a diploid human fibroblast in its interphase (genome of 6 Gigabase pairs). DNA damage is produced by the events of energy depositions, either directly, if they occur in the volume occupied by the sugar-phosphate backbone, or indirectly, if this volume is reached by radiation-induced radicals. This requires the determination of the probabilities of occurrence of DNA damage. Experimental data are essential for this determination. However, after the adjustment of the relevant parameters through the comparison of the simulation data with the DNA fragmentation induced by photon irradiation, the code has been used without further parameter adjustments, and the comparison with the fragmentation induced by charged particle beams has validated the code. In this paper, the results obtained for the DNA fragmentation induced by gamma rays and by charged particle beams of various LET are shown, with a particular attention to the production of very small fragments that are not detected in experiments. AU - Alloni, D.* AU - Campa, A.* AU - Belli, M.* AU - Esposito, G. AU - Mariotti, L.* AU - Liotta, M.* AU - Friedland, W. AU - Paretzke, H.G. AU - Ottolenghi, A.* C1 - 6416 C2 - 28633 SP - 226-231 TI - Monte Carlo evaluation of DNA fragmentation spectra induced by different radiation qualities. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 143 IS - 2-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2011 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The importance of (220)Rn (thoron) progeny for human exposure has been widely recognised in the past decades. Since no stable equilibrium factor was found between indoor thoron and its progeny, and the concentration of thoron progeny varies with time, it is necessary to develop detectors for long-term measurement that directly sample and detect thoron progeny. However, power supply of this kind of detectors has always been a problem. In this study, a set of device that is suitable for long-term measurement is introduced. A high-voltage electric field was formed for the collection of charged aerosols attached by (222)Rn (radon) and thoron progenies on solid-state nuclear track detector. Impact from radon progeny could be eliminated with a shield of Al foil of appropriate thickness. Tests were made both in an experimental house and in a thoron chamber in Helmholtz Zentrum München to determine the parameters and to verify the universality under different conditions. AU - Bi, L. AU - Tschiersch, J. AU - Meisenberg, O. AU - Wielunski, M. AU - Li, J.L.* AU - Shang, B.* C1 - 6415 C2 - 28632 SP - 288-294 TI - Development of a new thoron progeny detector based on SSNTD and the collection by an electric field. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 145 IS - 2-3 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2011 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Swedish hemangioma patients were treated in infancy mainly by external application of radium-226 starting from 1920. This work analysed the radiation risk among 17,158 women with a total of 678 breast cancer incidence cases with models of carcinogenesis and empirical excess relative risk models. Models incorporating effects of genomic instability were developed and applied to the hemangioma cohort. The description of the radiation risk was significantly improved with a model of genomic instability at an early stage of carcinogenesis. AU - Eidemüller, M. AU - Holmberg, E.* AU - Jacob, P. AU - Lundell, M.* AU - Karlsson, P.* C1 - 6420 C2 - 28637 SP - 375-379 TI - Breast cancer risk after radiation treatment at infancy: Potential consequences of radiation-induced genomic instability. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 143 IS - 2-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2011 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Track structure studies using PARTRAC have been performed with the aim to investigate the possibility of revealing information on initiating targets and mechanisms of bystander effects mediated by signals released into the culture medium. Dependences on radiation dose have been assessed for alternative signal emission scenarios, defined by required energy deposits in a number of subcellular targets, mimicking e.g. mitochondria as hypothetical targets for the release of signals. The simulation results agree with target theory, and elucidate the characteristic dose for signal emission as a function of target topology, size and activation energy. The observed dose dependence of bystander cell kill in medium transfer experiments is not as steep as predicted by the considered simple signal emission scenarios with a single or even multiple hits to the hypothetical targets. This has been resolved by accounting for variations in cellular characteristics among the irradiated cells. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Kundrát, P. AU - Jacob, P. C1 - 6407 C2 - 28623 SP - 325-329 TI - Track structure calculations on hypothetical subcellular targets for the release of cell-killing signals in bystander experiments with medium transfer. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 143 IS - 2-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2011 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The biophysical simulation code PARTRAC enables, by combining track structure calculations with DNA models on diverse genomic scales, prediction of DNA damage yields and patterns for various radiation qualities. To extend its applicability to later endpoints such as mutagenesis or cell killing, a continuative model for repair of radiation-induced double-strand break (DSB) via non-homologous end-joining has complemented the PARTRAC code by about 12 orders of magnitude on a temporal scale. The repair model describes step-by-step by the Monte Carlo method the attachment and dissociation of involved repair enzymes and diffusion motion of DNA ends. The complexity of initial DNA lesion patterns influences the repair kinetics and outcome via additional cleaning steps required for dirty DNA ends. Model parameters have been taken from measured attachment kinetics of repair enzymes and adaptation to DSB rejoining kinetics after gamma irradiation. Application of the DNA repair model to damage patterns following nitrogen ion irradiation and comparison with experimental results reveal the need for further model refinements. Nevertheless, already the present model represents a promising step towards systems modelling of cellular response to radiation. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Kundrát, P. C1 - 6408 C2 - 28624 SP - 542-548 TI - Mechanistic simulation of radiation damage to DNA and its repair: On the track towards systems radiation biology modelling. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 143 IS - 2-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2011 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Within EURADOS working group 2, a system for self-sustained intercomparisons for individual monitoring services for external radiation was developed. With the intercomparison results, the participants can show compliance within their quality management system, compare their results with those from other participants and develop plans for improvement of their system. The costs of the exercises are covered by the participants fees. In this programme, the first intercomparison exercise for whole-body dosemeters has been executed in 2008 with 62 participating dosimetry systems from participants across Europe. In general, film systems show the largest deviations, although the results of some participants indicate that it is possible to achieve results with a film system with similar quality as for thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) systems. A second intercomparison has been organised for extremity dosemeters in 2009. For 2010 it is planned to organise a second intercomparison for whole-body dosemeters. AU - Grimbergen, T.W.* AU - Figel, M. AU - Romero, A.M.* AU - Stadtmann, H.* AU - McWhan, A.F.* C1 - 5786 C2 - 28938 SP - 266-274 TI - EURADOS self-sustained programme of intercomparisons for individual monitoring services. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 144 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2011 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The active radon exposure meter developed recently at the German Research Center for Environmental Health (Helmholtz Zentrum München) was used to measure radon concentrations in 12 tombs located in the Valley of the Kings, Egypt. Radon concentrations in air between 50 ± 7 and 12 100 ± 600 Bq m−3 were obtained. The device was also used to measure individual radon exposures of those persons working as safeguards inside the tombs. For a measurement time of 2–3 d, typical individual radon exposures ranged from 1800 ± 400 to 240 000 ± 13 000 Bq h m−3, depending on the duration of measurement and radon concentration in the different tombs. Based on current ICRP dose conversion conventions for workers and on equilibrium factors published in the literature for these tombs, individual effective dose rates that range from 1.5 ± 0.3 to 860 ± 50 µSv d−1 were estimated. If it is assumed that the climatic conditions present at the measurement campaign persist for about half a year, in this area, then effective doses up to ∼66 mSv could be estimated for half a year, for some of the safeguards of tombs where F-values were known. To reduce the exposure of the safeguards, some recommendations are proposed. AU - Gruber, E.* AU - Salama, E.* AU - Rühm, W. C1 - 6215 C2 - 27594 SP - 620-626 TI - Real-time measurement of individual occupational radon exposures in tombs of the Valley of the Kings, Egypt. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 144 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2011 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An easy, fast and reliable method was developed to screen hundreds of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed cell lines (lymphoblastoid cell lines, LCLs) for radiation sensitivity that were generated from lymphocytes isolated from young lung cancer patients. The WST-1 test explores the metabolic activity of the mitochondria as an indicator for the vital status of cells. Cell proliferation as well as indirect cell death can be quantified by this method on a large scale in microtiter plates. Cell survival was measured at 24- and 48-h post-irradiation with 10 Gy ((137)Cs source) by the WST-1 assay and Trypan blue staining. To set up the experimental screening conditions and to establish a positive and a negative control, an ATM-mutated cell line from a radiation-sensitive ATM patient and an ATM proficient cell line from a healthy brother were compared. An optimal differentiation between the two cell lines was demonstrated for 10 Gy and 24- and 48-h cell growth after irradiation. Upon screening 120 LCLs of young lung cancer patients under these conditions, 5 of them were found to be radiation sensitive to a high degree of statistical significance. The results have been confirmed by a second laboratory by means of Trypan blue testing. The WST-1 test represents an efficient and reliable method by means of screening for radiation-sensitive cell lines. AU - Guertler, A.* AU - Kraemer, A. AU - Roessler, U.* AU - Hornhardt, S.* AU - Kulka, U.* AU - Mörtl, S. AU - Friedl, A.A.* AU - Illig, T. AU - Wichmann, H.-E. AU - Gomolka, M. C1 - 3756 C2 - 28498 SP - 487-490 TI - The WST survival assay: An easy and reliable method to screen radiation-sensitive individuals. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 143 IS - 2-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2011 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - n the Japan Atomic Energy Agency, several studies have been conducted on the use of voxel models for internal dosimetry. Absorbed fractions (AFs) and S values have been evaluated for preclinical assessments of radiopharmaceuticals using human voxel models and a mouse voxel model. Computational calibration of in vivo measurement system has been also made using Japanese and Caucasian voxel models. In addition, for radiation protection of the environment, AFs have been evaluated using a frog voxel model. Each study was performed by using Monte Carlo simulations. Consequently, it was concluded that these data of Monte Carlo simulations and voxel models could adequately reproduce measurement results. Voxel models were found to be a significant tool for internal dosimetry since the models are anatomically realistic. This fact indicates that several studies on correction of the in vivo measurement efficiency for the variability of human subjects and interspecies scaling of organ doses will succeed. AU - Kinase, S.* AU - Mohammadi, A.* AU - Takahashi, M.* AU - Saito, K.* AU - Zankl, M. AU - Kramer, R.* C1 - 5624 C2 - 29158 SP - 191-194 TI - Computer simulations for internal dosimetry using voxel models. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 146 IS - 1-3 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2011 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The removal of transformed cells via induction of apoptosis through intercellular signalling by surrounding cells is supposed to represent an important control mechanism limiting carcinogenesis. Low doses of radiation influence the efficiency of this anti-carcinogenesis process, indicating possible beneficial effects of low doses of radiation mediated by intercellular communication ('non-targeted effects'). To quantitatively understand the signalling system involved and the effects of radiation and to assess the role of this phenomenon in radiation-induced carcinogenesis, multi-scale modelling studies have been started. The proposed kinetic model takes into account (i) triggering of the effector function in cells in the vicinity of transformed cells, (ii) intercellular signalling between effector and transformed cells and (iii) execution of apoptosis in attacked cells. The systems model without radiation perturbance is reviewed. First results accounting for radiation-induced modulations of the signalling schemes are presented. AU - Kundrát, P. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Jacob, P. C1 - 6409 C2 - 28625 SP - 549-553 TI - Modelling of intercellular induction of apoptosis in oncogenic transformed cells and radiation effects on the phenomenon. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 143 IS - 2-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2011 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A collaboration of the EURADOS working group on 'Internal Dosimetry' and the United States Transuranium and Uranium Registries (USTUR) has taken place to carry out an intercomparison on measurements and Monte Carlo modelling determining americium deposited in the bone of a USTUR leg phantom. Preliminary results and conclusions of this intercomparison exercise are presented here. AU - López, M.A.* AU - Broggio, D.* AU - Capello, K.* AU - Cardenas-Mendez, E.* AU - El-Faramawy, N. AU - Franck, D.* AU - James, A.C.* AU - Kramer, G.H. AU - Lacerenza, G.* AU - Lynch, T.P.* AU - Navarro, J.F.* AU - Navarro, T.* AU - Perez, B.* AU - Rühm, W. AU - Tolmachev, S.Y. AU - Weitzenegger, E. C1 - 3070 C2 - 27910 CY - Oxford, UK SP - 295-299 TI - EURADOS intercomparison on measurements and Monte Carlo modelling for the assessment of Americium in a USTUR leg phantom. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 144 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2011 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - EURADOS working group on 'Internal Dosimetry (WG7)' represents a frame to develop activities in the field of internal exposures as coordinated actions on quality assurance (QA), research and training. The main tasks to carry out are the update of the IDEAS Guidelines as a reference document for the internal dosimetry community, the implementation and QA of new ICRP biokinetic models, the assessment of uncertainties related to internal dosimetry models and their application, the development of physiology-based models for biokinetics of radionuclides, stable isotope studies, biokinetic modelling of diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid decorporation therapy and Monte-Carlo applications to in vivo assessment of intakes. The working group is entirely supported by EURADOS; links are established with institutions such as IAEA, US Transuranium and Uranium Registries (USA) and CEA (France) for joint collaboration actions. AU - López, M.A.* AU - Balashazy, I.* AU - Berard, P.* AU - Blanchardon, E.* AU - Breustedt, B.* AU - Broggio, D.* AU - Castellani, C.M.* AU - Franck, D.* AU - Giussani, A. AU - Hurtgen, C.* AU - James, A.C.* AU - Klein, W.* AU - Kramer, G.H.* AU - Li, W.B. AU - Marsh, J.W.* AU - Malatova, I.* AU - Nosske, D. AU - Oeh, U. AU - Pan, G.* AU - Puncher, M.* AU - Teixoto Telles, P.* AU - Schimmelpfeng, J.* AU - Vrba, T.* C1 - 3806 C2 - 28371 SP - 349-352 TI - EURADOS coordinated action on research, quality assurance and training of internal dose assessments. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 144 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2011 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A goal of whole body counting (WBC) is the estimation of the total body burden of radionuclides disregarding the actual position within the body. To achieve the goal, the detectors need to be placed in regions where the photon flux is as independent as possible from the distribution of the source. At the same time, the detectors need high photon fluxes in order to achieve better efficiency and lower minimum detectable activities. This work presents a method able to define the layout of new WBC systems and to study the behaviour of existing ones using both detection efficiency and its dependence on the position of the source within the body of computational phantoms. AU - Marzocchi, O.* AU - Breustedt, B.* AU - Mostacci, D.* AU - Zankl, M. AU - Urban, M.* C1 - 5646 C2 - 28424 CY - Oxford SP - 339-343 TI - Theoretical assessment of whole body counting performances using numerical phantoms of different gender and sizes. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 144 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2011 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The use of ionising radiation in medicine is the single largest man-made source of population exposure. Individual and collective doses to patients arising from the medical use of ionising radiations continue to rise significantly year on year. This is due to the increasing use of medical imaging procedures in modern healthcare systems as well as the continued development of new high dose techniques. This paper reviews the scientific basis for the principles of radiation protection as defined by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. These principles attempt to include exposures arising from both medical and non-medical applications within a common framework and have evolved over many years and changing socio-economic considerations. In particular, the concepts of justification and ALARA (doses should be as low as reasonably achievable), which underpin the principles for medical exposures are assessed in terms of their applicability to the scientific process and relevance to a rapidly changing technologically-led healthcare system. Radiation protection is an integral component of patient safety in medical practices and needs to be evidence based and amenable to the scientific process. The limitations imposed by the existing philosophy of radiation protection to the development of a quantitative framework for adequately assessing the performance of medical imaging systems are highlighted. In particular, medical practitioners will require quantitative guidance as to the risk-benefits arising from modern X-ray imaging methods if they are to make rational judgements as to the applicability of modern high-dose techniques to particular diagnostic and therapeutic tasks. At present such guidance is variable due to the lack of a rational framework for assessing the clinical impact of medical imaging techniques. The possible integration of radiation protection concepts into fundamental bio-medical imaging research activities is discussed. AU - Moores, B.M.* AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 6633 C2 - 29012 CY - Oxford, UK SP - 22-29 TI - A review of the scientific basis for radiation protection of the patient. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 147 IS - 1-2 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2011 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper describes new biokinetic and dosimetric models, especially those being developed by ICRP which will be used in the forthcoming documents on Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides. It also presents the results of a working group within the European project CONRAD which is being continued within EURADOS. This group is implementing the new models, performing quality assurance of the model implementation (including their description) and giving guidance to the scientific community on the application of the models for individual dose assessment. The dosimetry of internal radiation emitters is based on biokinetic and dosimetric models. Such models are developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). At present, ICRP is revising its Publications 30(1), 54(2), 68(3) and 78(4) on radiation protection for workers by preparing new reports on Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides (OIR), which will provide updated dose and bioassay coefficients. AU - Noßke, D. AU - Blanchardon, E.* AU - Bolch, W.E.* AU - Breustedt, B.* AU - Eckerman, K.F.* AU - Giussani, A. AU - Harrison, J.D.* AU - Klein, W.* AU - Leggett, R.W.* AU - López, M.A.* AU - Luciani, A.* AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 3807 C2 - 28023 SP - 314-320 TI - New developments in internal dosimetry models. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 144 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2011 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper presents the results of an intercomparison for extremity dosemeters organised by the European radiation dosimetry group in 2009. In total, 59 systems were tested during this exercise including ring, stall and wrist dosemeters. A total of 1652 dosemeters were irradiated in the selected fields of photons and beta radiation qualities on appropriate phantoms (ISO finger and pillar phantom) in the dose quantity H(p)(0.07). All irradiations were carried out in selected accredited reference dosemetry laboratories (Seibersdorf Laboratories, Austria and IRSN, France). The results show that, especially at low-energy beta radiations ((85)Kr) and for beta irradiations with large angles of incidence (60°), many tested systems show pronounced under responses. On the other hand, for photon irradiations down to energies of 16 keV most systems showed good results. A participants meeting was held at IM2010 with discussion on both general aspects of this intercomparison and specific problems. AU - Stadtmann, H.* AU - Grimbergen, T.W.* AU - Figel, M. AU - Romero, A.M.* AU - McWhan, A.F. C1 - 6533 C2 - 28916 CY - Oxford, UK SP - 275-281 TI - Results of the EURADOS extremity dosemeter intercomparison 2009. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 144 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2011 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Liquid scintillation counting (LSC) is a measuring technique, broadly applied in environmental monitoring. One of the possible applications of LSC is the measurement of radon and thoron progeny. Such a method can be stated as an absolute one. For long-term measurements, a different technique can be applied-monitors of potential alpha energy concentration (PAEC) with thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs). Such solution enables simultaneous measurements of PAEC and dust content. Moreover, the information which is stored in TLD chips is the energy of alpha particles and not the number of counted particles. Therefore, the readout of TL detector directly shows the potential alpha energy, with no dependence on equilibrium factor, etc. This technique, which had been used only for radon progeny measurements, was modified to allow simultaneous measurements of radon and thoron PAEC. AU - Chalupnik, S.* AU - Meisenberg, O. AU - Bi, L. AU - Wang, J. AU - Skubacz, K.* AU - Tschiersch, J. C1 - 4502 C2 - 27683 CY - Oxford SP - 390-394 TI - Application of LSC and TLD methods for the measurement of radon and thoron decay products in air. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 141 IS - 4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2010 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Owing to the introduction of new diagnostic procedures, such as computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), the individual dose caused by medical exposures has grown rapidly in the last years. This is especially a subject to radiation protection for nuclear medical diagnosis, since in this case radiopharmaceuticals are administered to the patient, meaning not only a radiation exposure to the diseased tissue but also to the healthy tissues of large parts of the body. 'Minimizing Activity and Dose with Enhanced Image quality by Radiopharmaceutical Administrations' (MADEIRA) is a project cofunded by the European Commission within the Seventh Euratom Framework Programme that aims to improve three-dimensional (3D) nuclear medical imaging technologies significantly. MADEIRA is aiming to improve the efficacy and safety of 3D PET and SPECT functional imaging by optimising the spatial resolution and the signal-to-noise ratio, improving the knowledge of the temporal variation of the radiopharmaceuticals' uptake in and clearance from tumourous and healthy tissues, and evaluation of the corresponding patient dose. Using an optimised imaging procedure that improves the information gained per unit administered dose, MADEIRA aims especially to reduce the dose to healthy tissues of the patient. In this paper, an overall summary of the current achievements will be presented. AU - Hoeschen, C. AU - Mattsson, S.* AU - Cantone, M.C.* AU - Mikuz, M.* AU - Lacasta, C.* AU - Ebel, G.* AU - Clinthorne, N.* AU - Giussani, A. C1 - 1031 C2 - 27324 SP - 250-253 TI - Minimizing activity and dose with enhanced image quality by radiopharmaceutical administrations. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 139 IS - 1-3 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2010 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The dosimetric studies required for planning individually tailored radioiodine therapy of benign thyroid pathologies may be too complex and time-demanding for many ordinary nuclear medicine departments. In this work, a preliminary population kinetics approach was applied to a model structure for iodine biokinetics in order to identify those model features that actually need to be individually investigated, in order to simplify the protocol for data collection in patients. Data from 29 patients undergoing radioiodine therapy for the treatment of the autonomous nodule syndrome were used in the analysis. The greatest inter-individual variations were observed in the parameters describing the transformation of iodide into organic iodine in the thyroid and in the kinetics of the organic form. AU - Janzen, T. AU - Giussani, A. AU - Canzi, C. AU - Gerundini, P.* AU - Oeh, U. AU - Hoeschen, C. C1 - 364 C2 - 27154 SP - 232-235 TI - Investigation of biokinetics of radioiodine with a population kinetics approach. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 139 IS - 1-3 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2010 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Mathematical models for kinetics of radiopharmaceuticals in humans were developed and are used to estimate the radiation absorbed dose for patients in nuclear medicine by the International Commission on Radiological Protection and the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) Committee. However, due to the fact that the residence times used were derived from different subjects, partially even with different ethnic backgrounds, a large variation in the model parameters propagates to a high uncertainty of the dose estimation. In this work, a method was developed for analysing the uncertainty and sensitivity of biokinetic models that are used to calculate the residence times. The biokinetic model of (18)F-FDG (FDG) developed by the MIRD Committee was analysed by this developed method. The sources of uncertainty of all model parameters were evaluated based on the experiments. The Latin hypercube sampling technique was used to sample the parameters for model input. Kinetic modelling of FDG in humans was performed. Sensitivity of model parameters was indicated by combining the model input and output, using regression and partial correlation analysis. The transfer rate parameter of plasma to other tissue fast is the parameter with the greatest influence on the residence time of plasma. Optimisation of biokinetic data acquisition in the clinical practice by exploitation of the sensitivity of model parameters obtained in this study is discussed. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Hoeschen, C. C1 - 365 C2 - 27155 SP - 228-231 TI - Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of biokinetic models for radiopharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 139 IS - 1-3 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2010 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The objective of this study is to separately analyse the effects of detection and image reconstruction on computed tomography (CT) performance to characterise standard and new CT systems. The focus here was on the determination of quantifiable parameters, such as the modulation transfer function, noise power spectrum and quantum efficiency of the detector and the entire system, considering the CT image and the raw data set. Because of the conversion of raw data and image data to the absolute scale of the photon number, a quantitative comparison between the quality parameters of both data sets is possible in this approach. The effort of the proposed method using simple, standardised test phantoms is comparable with the effort in the quality control in classical projection radiography. For the first time, the quantum efficiency of a CT detector and the entire system that is used in the daily clinical practice could be determined. This system reached a quantum efficiency up to 12 %. AU - Schegerer, A.A. AU - Schlattl, H. AU - Dietz, W. AU - Renger, B.* AU - Brunner, C. AU - Rummeny, E.J.* AU - Hoeschen, C. C1 - 1030 C2 - 27323 SP - 439-442 TI - Cascaded systems analysis in conventional X-ray CT: A new, objective approach. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 139 IS - 1-3 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2010 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In contrary to conventional screen film radiography digital radiographic methods allow the flexible adaptation of the visualisation of an image to a clinical question even after its generation. Nevertheless, the information content of an image is in addition to covering effects like anatomical noise ultimately limited by the applied exposure, its energy distribution and the dose to the detector. This limitation needs to be analysed quantitatively and in connection with efficiency properties of the image generation process. The random variation of pixel values in plane digital radiography is in general attributed to the limited number of imaging quanta. This allows determining a minimal number of applied quanta from requirements to the image information. The number of applied quanta is closely related to the entrance dose. It can be calculated by understanding the imaging process as the sum of many binomial sampling processes. This approach is useful for the separation and examination of the influences of the transmission, absorption and scattering properties of an imaging setup, including the used radiation quality. The model imaging task examined here is the detection of a thin contrast layer of one material behind a homogeneous main absorber of a second material by projection radiography. As the physical properties of the setup are dependent on the energy of the applied radiation, the energy leading to a minimal number of applied photons to achieve the required information can be calculated. It turns out to depend on the materials of both but on the thickness of only the main absorber. The efficiency of the exposure by other energies can be determined as the ratio between the minimal number and the number of quanta needed to achieve the same information. For monoenergetic exposures it is shown that changing the optimal energy by a fixed factor leads to the same loss of efficiency independent of the thicknesses of contrast layer and main absorber. The efficiency of the detection process can shift the optimal position. It directly follows that the optimal range of photon energy becomes smaller for thinner specimens. This clearly stresses the need for an adaptation of the applied energies to the physical properties of the patient especially when thin objects are examined. AU - Schöfer, F.H. AU - Hoeschen, C. C1 - 1301 C2 - 27322 SP - 81-85 TI - Exact calculation of the minimal exposure for the secure detection of a transmission contrast signal. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 139 IS - 1-3 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2010 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This work is part of the joint research project 'radiation-induced DNA damage' of the KVSF, a BMBF Initiative (maintenance of radiation biology expertise in Germany). The focus of the research is the mechanism of DNA repair, specifically damage repair aspects arising from radiation-induced reactive oxygen species production. The authors will systematically look at potential accessory proteins associated with primarily base excision repair using molecular and biochemical methods. The authors hope to gain knowledge on the initial response mechanisms to varying sources and doses of radiation. By using a highly sensitive marker system, it is intended to achieve a greater resolution of responses induced at lower doses. The work is of relevance for different human diseases caused by defects in DNA repair, e.g. spontaneous and radiation-related cancer. Beyond this, the risk of low radiation doses, for example, in the workplace is of relevance for radiation protection policy and decision-making thereof. AU - Schötz, U. AU - Heuer, S. AU - Caldwell, R.B. AU - Zitzelsberger, H. C1 - 4922 C2 - 28135 SP - 284-288 TI - Genetic and biochemical analysis of base excision repair complexes participating in radiation-induced ROS damage repair. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 143 IS - 2-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2010 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper discusses the advantages of both geometry of data required for the reconstruction algorithm, orthogonal polynomial expansion on disc (OPED), and polynomial structure of this algorithm. We show that this type of geometry is a result of special parameterisation used within the OPED formalism. The practicability of the OPED data geometry is discussed and it is shown that the data of such geometry can be acquired directly. A method of reducing typical artefacts by using the polynomial structure of the algorithm is summarised as well. AU - Tischenko, O. AU - Xu, Y.* AU - Hoeschen, C. C1 - 533 C2 - 27317 SP - 204-207 TI - Main features of the tomographic reconstruction algorithm OPED. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 139 IS - 1-3 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2010 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A thoron experimental house was constructed in a laboratory room of Helmholtz Zentrum München to perform exposure studies of thoron and its decay products under controlled conditions. The single room house (7.1 m(3)) was built from unfired clay stones and clay plaster. For the plaster of the inner side, the clay was mixed with granite powder enriched with (232)Th. The thoron inventory increased by this means to about 1700 Bq and the progeny potential alpha energy to 130 µJ inside the room. The instrumentation of the experimental house includes active and passive devices for thoron and thoron decay product measurement including attached and unattached progeny, for aerosol particle number and size measurement and characterisation of the climatic conditions. Various parameters as ventilation rate and aerosol concentration can be adjusted. Experiments performed in the experimental house demonstrate the experimental power of this new tool for indoor thoron exposure assessment. AU - Tschiersch, J. AU - Meisenberg, O. C1 - 5668 C2 - 27682 CY - Oxford SP - 395-399 TI - The HMGU thoron experimental house: A new tool for exposure assessment. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 141 IS - 4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2010 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The calculation of absorbed dose from internally incorporated radionuclides is based on the so-called specific absorbed fractions (SAFs) which represent the fraction of energy emitted in a given source region that is absorbed per unit mass in a specific target organ. Until recently, photon SAFs were calculated using MIRD-type mathematical phantoms. For electrons, the energy released was assumed to be absorbed locally ('ICRP 30 approach'). For this work, photon and electron SAFs were derived with Monte Carlo simulations in the new male voxel-based reference computational phantom adopted by the ICRP and ICRU. The present results show that the assumption of electrons being locally absorbed is not always true at energies above 300-500 keV. For source/target organ pairs in close vicinity, high-energy electrons escaping from the source organ may result in cross-fire electron SAFs in the same order of magnitude as those from photons. Examples of organ absorbed doses per unit activity are given for (18)F-choline and (123)I-iodide. The impact of the new electron SAFs used for absorbed dose calculations compared with the previously used assumptions was found to be small. The organ dose coefficients for the two approaches differ by not more than 6 % for most organs. Only for irradiation of the urinary bladder wall by activity in the contents, the ICRP 30 approach presents an overestimation of approximately 40-50%. AU - Zankl, M. AU - Petoussi-Henß, N. AU - Janzen, T. AU - Uusijärvi, H.* AU - Schlattl, H. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Giussani, A. AU - Hoeschen, C. C1 - 652 C2 - 27321 SP - 245-249 TI - New calculations for internal dosimetry of beta-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 139 IS - 1-3 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2010 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - no Abstract AU - Beck, P. AU - Bottolier, J.-F. AU - Reitz, G. AU - Rühm, W. AU - Wissmann, F. C1 - 412 C2 - 26992 SP - 231 TI - Cosmic radiation and aircrew exposure. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 136 IS - 4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2009 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The assessment of the exposure to cosmic radiation onboard aircraft is one of the preoccupations of bodies responsible for radiation protection. Cosmic particle flux is significantly higher onboard aircraft than at ground level and its intensity depends on the solar activity. The dose is usually estimated using codes validated by the experimental data. In this paper, a comparison of various codes is presented, some of them are used routinely, to assess the dose received by the aircraft crew caused by the galactic cosmic radiation. Results are provided for periods close to solar maximum and minimum and for selected flights covering major commercial routes in the world. The overall agreement between the codes, particularly for those routinely used for aircraft crew dosimetry, was better than +/-20 % from the median in all but two cases. The agreement within the codes is considered to be fully satisfactory for radiation protection purposes. AU - Bottollier-Depois, J.F.* AU - Beck, P.* AU - Bennett, B.* AU - Bennett, L.* AU - Bütikofer, R.* AU - Clairand, I.* AU - Desorgher, L.* AU - Dyer, C.* AU - Felsberger, E.* AU - Flückiger, E.* AU - Hands, A.* AU - Kindl, P.* AU - Latocha, M.* AU - Lewis, B.* AU - Leuthold, G.P. AU - Maczka, T. AU - Mares, V. AU - McCall, M.J.* AU - O'Brien, K.* AU - Rollet, S.* AU - Rühm, W. AU - Wissmann, F.* C1 - 1745 C2 - 26639 CY - Oxford SP - 317-323 TI - Comparison of codes assessing galactic cosmic radiation exposure of aircraft crew. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 136 IS - 4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2009 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Administration of diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) can enhance the urinary excretion rate of plutonium (Pu) for several days, but most of this Pu decorporation occurs on the first day after treatment. The development of a biokinetic model describing the mechanisms of decorporation of actinides by administration of DTPA was initiated as a task of the coordinated network for radiation dosimetry project. The modelling process was started by using the systemic biokinetic model for Pu from Leggett et al. and the biokinetic model for DTPA compounds of International Commission on Radiation Protection Publication 53. The chelation of Pu and DTPA to Pu-DTPA was treated explicitly and is assumed to follow a second-order process. It was assumed that the chelation takes place in the blood and in the rapid turnover soft tissues compartments of the Pu model, and that Pu-DTPA behaves in the same way as administered DTPA. First applications of this draft model showed that the height of the peak of urinary excretion after administration of DTPA was determined by the chelation rate. However, repetitions of DTPA administration shortly after the first one showed no effect in the application of the draft model in contrast to data from real cases. The present draft model is thus not yet realistic. Therefore several questions still have to be answered, notably about where the Pu-DTPA complexes are formed, which biological ligands of Pu are dissociated, if Pu-DTPA is stable and if the biokinetics of Pu-DTPA excretion is similar to that of DTPA. Further detailed studies of human contamination cases and experimental data about Pu-DTPA kinetics will be needed in order to address these issues. The work will now be continued within a working group of EURADOS. AU - Breustedt, B.* AU - Blanchardon, E.* AU - Berard, P.* AU - Fritsch, P.* AU - Giussani, A. AU - López, M.A.* AU - Luciani, A.* AU - Nosske, D.* AU - Piechowski, J.* AU - Schimmelpfeng, J.* AU - Sérandour, A.L.* C1 - 372 C2 - 26149 SP - 921-934 TI - Biokinetic modelling of DTPA decorporation therapy: The CONRAD approach. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 134 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2009 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Experiments using the induction of dicentric chromosomes (dicentrics) as well as the gamma-H2AX foci formation in lymphocytes of blood samples from a healthy donor were performed to directly evaluate the radiation sensitivity of both biological endpoints. For computed tomography scans at dose levels from 0.025 to 1 Gy, a linear-quadratic dose-response relationship for dicentrics and a linear dose-response relationship for gamma-H2AX foci were obtained. The coefficients of the dose-response relationship for dicentrics are alpha = (3.76 +/- 0.29) x 10(-2) Gy(-1) and beta = (5.54 +/- 0.45) x 10(-2) Gy(-2), the linear coefficient for gamma-H2AX foci is (7.38 +/- 0.11) Gy(-1). The findings indicate that scoring of dicentrics as well as microscopic analysis of gamma-H2AX foci are sensitive methods to quantify a radiation-induced biological damage at low doses. However, since gamma-H2AX foci can be partially repaired within a few hours, biological damages present for days or even months, which constitute the clinically relevant endpoints, can only be quantified reliably by scoring of chromosome aberrations. Thus currently the quantification of dicentrics or reciprocal translocations remains the recommended method for estimating the effect of exposures to low dose levels of radiation ('biological dosimetry'). However, owing to the high radiation sensitivity of the gamma-H2AX foci assay observed in the present study, further investigations on the effectiveness of low-linear energy transfer radiation qualities in producing gamma-H2AX foci in lymphocytes from healthy donors should be performed. AU - Golfier, S.* AU - Jost, G.* AU - Pietsch, H.* AU - Lengsfeld, P.* AU - Eckardt-Schupp, F. AU - Schmid, E.* AU - Voth, M.* C1 - 1000 C2 - 27116 SP - 55-61 TI - Dicentric chromosomes and γ-H2AX foci formation in lymphocytes of human blood samples exposed to a CT scanner: A direct comparison of dose response relationships. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 134 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2009 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - EPCARD.Net as completely new code is based on the same approved physical algorithm as EPCARD version 3.34. As a major feature, many significant changes were made in the information technology area. There are only a few physical improvements adopted in the parameters database of the new EPCARD.Net. These are mainly 'dynamic' fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients and the most recent model of the world grid cut-off rigidity. Differences between EPCARD.Net and EPCARD version 3.34 are discussed in terms of effective dose. These differences turned out to be less than approximately 8 %. AU - Mares, V. AU - Maczka, T. AU - Leuthold, G.P. AU - Rühm, W. C1 - 2114 C2 - 26414 CY - Oxford SP - 262-266 TI - Air crew dosimetry with a new version of EPCARD. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 136 IS - 4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2009 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Two Bonner sphere spectrometers (BSSs) have recently been installed to measure secondary neutrons from cosmic radiation continuously, one at the environmental research station ‘Schneefernerhaus’ at an altitude of 2650 m in Germany and the other at the Koldewey station close to the North Pole in Ny-Ålesund, Spitsbergen. After unfolding, both systems provide neutron fluence energy distributions as a function of time. Based on these distributions and on fluence-to-dose conversion coefficients, mean ambient dose equivalent rate values of 75.0 ± 2.9 nSv h–1 and 8.7 ± 0.6 nSv h–1 were obtained for October 2008, respectively (quoted uncertainties represent standard deviations of 124 values obtained during the measurement period). Ambient dose equivalent rates measured by means of an extended rem counter at the Schneefernerhaus agree with those based on the BSS neutron energy distributions within 5 %. The ambient dose equivalent rate was also calculated based on simulated FLUKA neutron energy distributions in the atmosphere. Even without detailed modelling of the local environment, an agreement better than 30 % was obtained between the ambient dose equivalent rate based on the FLUKA distributions and those based on the BSS measurements at the Schneefernerhaus, for neutrons above about 20 MeV. This agreement is expected to be even better if the influence of the local environment on the measured neutron fluence energy distribution will be calculated. AU - Rühm, W. AU - Mares, V. AU - Pioch, C. AU - Simmer, G. AU - Weitzenegger, E. C1 - 2081 C2 - 26567 CY - Oxford SP - 256-261 TI - Continuous measurement of secondary neutrons from cosmic radiation at mountain altitudes and close to the north pole - a discussion in terms of H*(10). JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 136 IS - 4 PB - Oxford Univ Press PY - 2009 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The activity concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides (U-238, Ra-226, Ra-228, Pb-210 and K-40) in Jordanian phosphate ore, fertilizer material and phosphogypsum piles were investigated. The results show the partitioning of radionuclides in fertilizer products and phosphogypsum piles. The outcome of this study will enrich the Jordanian radiological map database, and will be useful for an estimation of the radiological impact of this industrial complex on the immediate environment. The activity concentration of Pb-210 was found to vary from 95 +/- 8 to 129 +/- 8 Bq kg(-1) with a mean value of 111 +/- 14 Bq kg(-1) in fertilizer samples, and from 364 +/- 8 to 428 +/- 10 Bq kg(-1) with a mean value of 391 +/- 30 Bq kg(-1) in phosphogypsum samples; while in phosphate wet rock samples, it was found to vary between 621 +/- 9 and 637 +/- 10 Bq kg(-1), with a mean value of 628 +/- 7 Bq kg(-1). The activity concentration of Ra-226 in fertilizer samples (between 31 +/- 4 and 42 +/- 5 Bq kg(-1) with a mean value of 37 +/- 6 Bq kg(-1)) was found to be much smaller than the activity concentration of Ra-226 in phosphogypsum samples (between 302 +/- 8 and 442 +/- 8 Bq kg(-1) with a mean value of 376 +/- 62 Bq kg(-1)). In contrast, the activity concentration of U-238 in fertilizer samples (between 1011 +/- 13 and 1061 +/- 14 Bq kg(-1) with a mean value of 1033 +/- 22 Bq kg(-1)) was found to be much higher than the activity concentration of U-238 in phosphogypsum samples (between 14 +/- 5 and 37 +/- 7 Bq kg(-1) with a mean value of 22 +/- 11 Bq kg(-1)). This indicates that Pb-210 and Ra-226 show similar behaviour, and are concentrated in phosphogypsum piles. In addition, both isotopes enhanced the activity concentration in phosphogypsum piles, while U-238 enhanced the activity concentration in the fertilizer. Due to the radioactivity released from the phosphate rock processing plants into the environment, the highest collective dose commitment for the lungs was found to be 1.02 person nGy t(-1). Lung tissue also shows the highest effect due the presence of Ra-226 in the radioactive cloud (0.087 person nGy t(-1)). AU - Al-Jundi, J.* AU - Al-Ahmad, N.* AU - Shehadeh, H.* AU - Afaneh, F.* AU - Maghrabi, M.* AU - Gerstmann, U. AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Oeh, U. C1 - 3648 C2 - 25833 SP - 449-454 TI - Investigations on the activity concentrations of U-238, Ra-226, Ra-228, Pb-210 and K-40 in Jordan phosphogypsum and fertilizers. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 131 IS - 4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2008 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Dose assessment procedures for cosmic radiation exposure of aircraft crew have been introduced in most European countries in accordance with the corresponding European directive and national regulations. However, the radiation exposure due to solar particle events is still a matter of scientific research. Here we describe the European research project CONRAD, WP6, Subgroup-B, about the current status of available solar storm measurements and existing models for dose estimation at flight altitudes during solar particle events leading to ground level enhancement (GLE). Three models for the numerical dose estimation during GLEs are discussed. Some of the models agree with limited experimental data reasonably well. Analysis of GLEs during geomagnetically disturbed conditions is still complex and time consuming. Currently available solar particle event models can disagree with each other by an order of magnitude. Further research and verification by on-board measurements is still needed. AU - Beck, P.* AU - Bartlett, D.T.* AU - Bilski, P.* AU - Dyer, C.* AU - Flückiger, E.* AU - Fuller, N. AU - Lantos, P.* AU - Reitz, G.* AU - Rühm, W. AU - Spurný, F.* AU - Taylor, G.* AU - Trompier, F.* AU - Wissmann, F.* C1 - 697 C2 - 25865 SP - 51-58 TI - Validation of modelling the radiation exposure due to solar particle events at aircraft altitudes. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 131 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2008 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This communication briefly summarises the results obtained from the 'International comparison on MC modeling for in vivo measurement of Americium in a knee phantom' organised within the EU Coordination Action CONRAD (Coordinated Network for Radiation Dosimetry) as a joint initiative of EURADOS working groups 6 (computational dosimetry) and 7 (internal dosimetry). Monte Carlo simulations using the knee voxel phantom proved to be a viable approach to provide the calibration factor needed for in vivo measurements. AU - Gómez-Ros, J.M.* AU - de Carlan, L.* AU - Franck, D.* AU - Gualdrini, G.* AU - Lis, M.* AU - López, M.A.* AU - Moraleda, M.* AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 3199 C2 - 25674 SP - 24-27 TI - Analysis of a computational problem involving complex voxel geometries. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 131 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2008 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Within the scope of CONRAD (A Coordinated Action for Radiation Dosimetry) Work Package 4 on Computational Dosimetry jointly collaborated with the other research actions on internal dosimetry, complex mixed radiation fields at workplaces and medical staff dosimetry. Besides these collaborative actions, WP4 promoted an international comparison on eight problems with their associated experimental data. A first set of three problems, the results of which are herewith summarised, dealt only with the expression of the stochastic uncertainties of the results: the analysis of the response function of a proton recoil telescope detector, the study of a Bonner sphere neutron spectrometer and the analysis of the neutron spectrum and dosimetric quantity H(p)(10) in a thermal neutron facility operated by IRSN Cadarache (the SIGMA facility). A second paper will summarise the results of the other five problems which dealt with the full uncertainty budget estimate. A third paper will present the results of a comparison on in vivo measurements of the (241)Am bone-seeker nuclide distributed in the knee. All the detailed papers will be presented in the WP4 Final Workshop Proceedings. AU - Gualdrini, G.* AU - Tanner, R.J.* AU - Agosteo, S.* AU - Pola, A.* AU - Bedogni, R.* AU - Ferrari, P.* AU - Lacoste, V.* AU - Bordy, JM.* AU - Chartier, J.L.* AU - de Carlan, L.* AU - Gomez Ros, J.M.* AU - Grosswendt, B.* AU - Kodeli, I.* AU - Price, R.A.* AU - Rollet, S.* AU - Schultz, F.* AU - Siebert, B.* AU - Terrissol, M.* AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 106 C2 - 25675 SP - 7-14 TI - Analysis of the CONRAD computational problems expressing only stochastic uncertainties: Neutrons and protons. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 131 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2008 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The CONRAD Project is a Coordinated Network for Radiation Dosimetry funded by the European Commission 6th Framework Programme. The activities developed within CONRAD Work Package 5 ('Coordination of Research on Internal Dosimetry') have contributed to improve the harmonisation and reliability in the assessment of internal doses. The tasks carried out included a study of uncertainties and the refinement of the IDEAS Guidelines associated with the evaluation of doses after intakes of radionuclides. The implementation and quality assurance of new biokinetic models for dose assessment and the first attempt to develop a generic dosimetric model for DTPA therapy are important WP5 achievements. Applications of voxel phantoms and Monte Carlo simulations for the assessment of intakes from in vivo measurements were also considered. A Nuclear Emergency Monitoring Network (EUREMON) has been established for the interpretation of monitoring data after accidental or deliberate releases of radionuclides. Finally, WP5 group has worked on the update of the existing IDEAS bibliographic, internal contamination and case evaluation databases. A summary of CONRAD WP5 objectives and results is presented here. AU - López, M.A.* AU - Etherington, G.* AU - Castellani, C.M.* AU - Franck, D.* AU - Hurtgen, C.* AU - Marsh, J.W.* AU - Nosske, D.* AU - Breustedt, B.* AU - Blanchardon, E.* AU - Andrasi, A.* AU - Bailey, M.R.* AU - Balashazy, I.* AU - Battisti, P.* AU - Berard, P.* AU - Birchall, A.* AU - Broggio, D.* AU - Challeton-de-Vathaire, C.* AU - Cruz-Suarez, R.* AU - Doerfel, H.* AU - Giussani, A. AU - Hodgson, A.* AU - Koukouliou, V.* AU - Kramer, G.H.* AU - Le, Guen, B.* AU - Luciani, A.* AU - Malatova, I.* AU - Molokanov, A.* AU - Moraleda, M.* AU - Muikku, M.* AU - Oeh, U. AU - Puncher, M.* AU - Rahola, T.* AU - Stradling, N.* AU - Vrba, T.* C1 - 1887 C2 - 25671 SP - 28-33 TI - Internal dosimetry : Towards harmonisation and coordination of research. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 131 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2008 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The work of the Task Group 5.2 'Research Studies on Biokinetic Models' of the CONRAD project is presented. New biokinetic models have been implemented by several European institutions. Quality assurance procedures included intercomparison of the results as well as quality assurance of model formulation. Additionally, the use of the models was examined leading to proposals of tuning parameters. Stable isotope studies were evaluated with respect to their implications to the new models, and new biokinetic models were proposed on the basis of their results. Furthermore, the development of a biokinetic model describing the effects of decorporation of actinides by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid treatment was initiated. AU - Noßke, D.* AU - Birchall, A.* AU - Blanchardon, E.* AU - Breustedt, B. AU - Giussani, A. AU - Luciani, A.* AU - Oeh, U. AU - López, M.A.* C1 - 627 C2 - 25670 SP - 40-45 TI - Development, implementation and quality assurance of biokinetic models within CONRAD. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 131 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2008 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The idea of the IDEA project aimed to improve assessment of incorporated radionuclides through developments of more reliable and possibly faster in vivo and bioassay monitoring techniques and making use of such enhancements for improvements in routine monitoring. In direct in vivo monitoring technique the optimum choice of the detectors to be applied for different monitoring tasks has been investigated in terms of material, size and background in order to improve conditions namely to increase counting efficiency and reduce background. Detailed studies have been performed to investigate the manifold advantageous applications and capabilities of numerical simulation method for the calibration and optimisation of in vivo counting systems. This calibration method can be advantageously applied especially in the measurement of low-energy photon emitting radionuclides, where individual variability is a significant source of uncertainty. In bioassay measurements the use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) can improve considerably both the measurement speed and the lower limit of detection currently achievable with alpha spectrometry for long-lived radionuclides. The work carried out in this project provided detailed guidelines for optimum performance of the technique of ICP-MS applied mainly for the determination of uranium and thorium nuclides in the urine including sampling procedure, operational parameters of the instruments and interpretation of the measured data. The paper demonstrates the main advantages of investigated techniques in comparison with the performances of methods commonly applied in routine monitoring practice. AU - Andrasi, A.* AU - Bouvier, C.* AU - Brandl, A.* AU - de Carlan, L.* AU - Fischer, H.* AU - Franck, D.* AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Oeh, U. AU - Ritt, J.* AU - Roth, P. AU - Schlagbauer, M.* AU - Schmitzer, C.* AU - Wahl, W. AU - Zombori, P.* C1 - 2817 C2 - 25163 SP - 456-459 TI - Practical implications of procedures developed in IDEA project—comparison with traditional methods. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 125 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In 1995, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) issued ICRP Publication 70 which provided an extensive update to the physiological and anatomical reference data for the skeleton of adults and children originally issued in ICRP Publication 23. Although ICRP Publication 70 has been a valuable document in the development of reference voxel computational phantoms, additional guidance is needed for dose assessment in the skeletal tissues beyond that given in ICRP Publication 30. In this study, a computed tomography (CT) and micro-CT-based model of the skeletal tissues is presented, which considers (1) a 50-mum depth in marrow for the osteoprogenitor cells, (2) electron escape from trabecular spongiosa to the surrounding cortical bone, (3) cortical bone to trabecular spongiosa cross-fire for electrons and (4) variations in specific absorbed fraction with changes in bone marrow cellularity for electrons. A representative data set is given for electron dosimetry in the craniofacial bones of the adult male. AU - Bolch, W.E.* AU - Shah, A.P.* AU - Watchman, C.J.* AU - Jokisch, D.W.* AU - Patton, P.W.* AU - Rajon, D.A.* AU - Zankl, M. AU - Petoussi-Henß, N. AU - Eckerman, K.F.* C1 - 2168 C2 - 25338 SP - 169-173 TI - Skeletal absorbed fractions for electrons in the adult male: Considerations of a revised 50-{micro}m definition of the bone endosteum. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 127 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The calculation of absorbed dose in skeletal tissues at radiogenic risk has been a difficult problem because the relevant structures cannot be represented in conventional geometric terms nor can they be visualised in the tomographic image data used to define the computational models of the human body. The active marrow, the tissue of concern in leukaemia induction, is present within the spongiosa regions of trabecular bone, whereas the osteoprogenitor cells at risk for bone cancer induction are considered to be within the soft tissues adjacent to the mineral surfaces. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommends averaging the absorbed energy over the active marrow within the spongiosa and over the soft tissues within 10 microm of the mineral surface for leukaemia and bone cancer induction, respectively. In its forthcoming recommendation, it is expected that the latter guidance will be changed to include soft tissues within 50 microm of the mineral surfaces. To address the computational problems, the skeleton of the proposed ICRP reference computational phantom has been subdivided to identify those voxels associated with cortical shell, spongiosa and the medullary cavity of the long bones. It is further proposed that the Monte Carlo calculations with these phantoms compute the energy deposition in the skeletal target tissues as the product of the particle fluence in the skeletal subdivisions and applicable fluence-to-dose-response functions. This paper outlines the development of such response functions for photons. AU - Eckerman, K.F.* AU - Bolch, W.E.* AU - Zankl, M. AU - Petoussi-Henß, N. C1 - 2169 C2 - 25339 SP - 187-191 TI - Response functions for computing absorbed dose to skeletal tissues from photon irradiation. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 127 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An extensive study using stable isotopes of molybdenum as tracers was undertaken to investigate intestinal uptake, systemic kinetics and urinary excretion of molybdenum in healthy human volunteers. In total 63 experiments with 17 volunteers were performed administering the tracers in different chemical forms and measuring their concentrations in blood plasma and urine samples by means of activation analysis and mass spectrometry. Molybdenum was eliminated very rapidly from the circulation. The amount eliminated via the renal pathway was observed to be dependent on several factors, such as form and modality of administration and also the total amount of circulating molybdenum. The fact that the urinary excretion patterns diverged significantly from the current predictions of the International Commission on Radiological Protection model might be relevant when using the model for retrospective intake assessments in case of an accident. On the basis of the experimental data, a more realistic compartmental structure has been presented. AU - Giussani, A. AU - Cantone, M.C.* AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Oeh, U. AU - Tavola, F.* AU - Veronese, I.* C1 - 3460 C2 - 25345 SP - 136-139 TI - Modelling urinary excretion of molybdenum after oral and intravenous administration of stable tracers. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 127 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The general criteria and the scientific approach adopted for an 'International comparison on Monte Carlo modelling for in vivo measurement of Americium in a knee phantom' that is being organised within the EU Coordination Action CONRAD (Coordinated Network for Radiation Dosimetry) are described her. Detection system and a knee voxel phantom based on a computerised axial tomography of the Spitz anthropometric knee phantom with a homogeneous distribution of (241)Am in bone have been considered for the simulation of three specific situations: (a) a single Low Energy Germanium detector for a point (241)Am source in air; (b) the calculation of photon fluence spectra in air around the voxel phantom; and (c) the calculation of the energy distribution of pulses and peak detection efficiency in the real detection system geometry. AU - Gómez-Ros, J.M.* AU - de Carlan, L.* AU - Franck, D.* AU - Gualdrini, G.* AU - Lis, M.* AU - López, M.A.* AU - Moraleda, M.* AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 3240 C2 - 25334 SP - 245-248 TI - Monte Carlo modelling for in vivo measurements of americium in a knee voxel phantom: General criteria for an international comparison. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 127 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Biokinetic models are used in radiation protection to assess internal radiation doses. Experiments with stable isotopes as tracers can be performed to obtain characteristic parameters of these models. Two methods for the measurement of zirconium isotopes in human biological samples are presented--thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS) and proton nuclear activation analysis (PNA). Descriptions include sample preparation, operating conditions, relative uncertainties and method detection limits as well as important properties of both methods. AU - Greiter, M. AU - Abbas, K.* AU - Cantone, M.C.* AU - Carli, W.* AU - Geisler, A. AU - Gerstmann, U. AU - Giussani, A. AU - Hertenberger, R.* AU - Holzwarth, U.* AU - Meisenberg, O. AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Oeh, U. AU - Veronese, I.* AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 3459 C2 - 25344 SP - 266-269 TI - Measurement techniques for tracer kinetic studies with stable isotopes of zirconium. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 127 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Systemic kinetics and urinary excretion after intravenous injection of stable strontium 84Sr were evaluated in 42 investigations in human subjects. Tracer concentrations in plasma and urine were determined by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. The initial strontium plasma clearance measured after tracer administration was found to be much faster than that predicted by the current model of the International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP). The biological half-life of the fast component plasma clearance (T(1/2)) was 0.25 h in comparison with 1.1 h of the ICRP value. This early clearance could be the consequence of a more rapid transfer from blood plasma to other compartments of the human body. In vitro blood tests have shown that strontium was not bound to red blood cells. Cumulative urinary excretion is considerably lower than the model prediction. The reason could be the reduced transfer rate of strontium from plasma to urine in the first 12 h after tracer administration. Plasma clearance and urinary excretion showed no dependency on the age or gender of the adult volunteers. AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Greiter, M. AU - Oeh, U. C1 - 818 C2 - 25342 SP - 144-147 TI - Plasma clearance and urinary excretion after intravenous injection of stable 84Sr in humans. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 127 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A Bonner multi-sphere spectrometer has been installed in 2005 at the Environmental Research Station 'Schneefernerhaus' (2660 m above sea level) on the Zugspitze mountain, Germany, to measure the energy spectrum of cosmic-ray neutrons at high altitudes continuously. The system can be used to investigate small temporal variations in the cosmic radiation intensity. For example, measurements were done during periods of 2 Forbush decreases of the cosmic radiation intensity in July and September 2005, respectively. The results were compared with those obtained by using neutron monitors, and neutron fluence spectra measured during these events are presented and discussed. AU - Leuthold, G.P. AU - Mares, V. AU - Rühm, W. AU - Weitzenegger, E. AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 2819 C2 - 25199 SP - 506-511 TI - Long-term measurements of cosmic ray neutrons by means of a Bonner spectrometer at mountain altitudes - first results. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 126 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The retention of naturally occurring thorium (228Th, 230Th, 232Th) in model compartments and its daily urinary and faecal excretion after acute and chronic injections and ingestions were calculated for male and female subjects of six age groups based on the current age-dependent biokinetic model for thorium (Th) recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The results are tabulated in a database. The calculated contents of 228,230,232Th in organs or tissues using their reference concentrations in foodstuffs for the European population are compared with autopsy data. The model prediction of 232Th in whole body for a 50-year-old unexposed person is 22 mBq, 86% of that in skeleton, 9.7% in other soft tissues, 3.4% in liver, 0.7% in kidneys and 0.01% in blood. The modelling predicts lower contents of the natural Th isotopes in whole body, especially in blood compared with measured data for the unexposed public. Modelled 232Th daily urinary excretions are 5 to 10 times less than bio-assay data from the authors' own laboratory. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Wahl, W. AU - Oeh, U. AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Roth, P. C1 - 3252 C2 - 25161 SP - 500-505 TI - Biokinetic modelling of natural thorium in humans by ingestion. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 125 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has issued an age-specific systemic biokinetic model for plutonium (Pu), which was later modified to give better agreement with measured urinary excretion data. Recently, the current ICRP systemic Pu model was improved by Leggett et al. based on recently developed data. Incorporation of 239Pu in the human body may result in significant internal radiation exposure. In the present work, the retentions in organs and tissues, the equivalent dose and effective dose from 239Pu for workers and members of the public were estimated and compared under the current ICRP and the proposed models. 239Pu contents in liver and in other soft tissue calculated with the proposed model are higher than predicted by the ICRP model, whereas bone content is lower than predicted by the ICRP model. Based on the proposed model, the inhalation equivalent dose coefficient in some organs, e.g. liver and kidneys, is increased, but there is no significant change in the effective inhalation dose coefficients of 239Pu for workers and members of the public. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Oeh, U. AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 3458 C2 - 25343 SP - 148-152 TI - Comparisons of 239Pu inhalation doses calculated with ICRP 67 and proposed systemic models. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 127 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The EUropean RAdiation DOSimetry Group (EURADOS) initiated in 2005 the CONRAD Project, a Coordinated Network for Radiation Dosimetry funded by the European Commission (EC), within the 6th Framework Programme (FP). The main purpose of CONRAD is to generate a European Network in the field of Radiation Dosimetry and to promote both research activities and dissemination of knowledge. The objective of CONRAD Work Package 5 (WP5) is the coordination of research on assessment and evaluation of internal exposures. Nineteen institutes from 14 countries participate in this action. Some of the activities to be developed are continuations of former European projects supported by the EC in the 5th FP (OMINEX and IDEAS). Other tasks are linked with ICRP activities, and there are new actions never considered before. A collaboration is established with CONRAD Work Package 4, dealing with Computational Dosimetry, to organise an intercomparison on Monte Carlo modelling for in vivo measurements of (241)Am deposited in a knee phantom. Preliminary results associated with CONRAD WP5 tasks are presented here. AU - López, M.A.* AU - Etherington, G.* AU - Castellani, C.M.* AU - Franck, D.* AU - Hurtgen, C.* AU - Marsh, J.W.* AU - Nosske, D.* AU - Doerfel, H.* AU - Andrasi, A.* AU - Bailey, M.* AU - Balashazy, I.* AU - Battisti, P.* AU - Berard, P.* AU - Berkowski, V.* AU - Birchall, A.* AU - Blanchardon, E.* AU - Bonchuk, Y.* AU - de, Carlan, L.* AU - Cantone, M.C.* AU - Challeton-de, Vathaire, C.* AU - Cruz-Suarez, R.* AU - Davis, K.* AU - Dorrian, D.* AU - Giussani, A.* AU - Le Guen, B.* AU - Hodgson, A.* AU - Jourdain, J.R.* AU - Koukouliou, V.* AU - Luciani, A.* AU - Malatova, I.* AU - Molokanov, A. AU - Moraleda, M.* AU - Muikku, M.* AU - Oeh, U.* AU - Puncher, M.* AU - Rahola, T.* AU - Ratia, H.* AU - Stradling, N.* C1 - 471 C2 - 25340 SP - 311-316 TI - Coordination of research on internal dosimetry in Europe: The CONRAD project. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 127 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Conversion coefficients that depend on altitude, cutoff rigidity and solar activity were developed and introduced in the European Program Package for the Calculation of Aviation Route Doses (EPCARD). A set of specially chosen long-distance flights were used to compare the new particle effective doses and ambient dose equivalents with those calculated using the previous averaged constant conversion coefficients. The data show very good agreement to each other. The dose differences for the chosen flights are <11%, for typical civil flight levels. AU - Mares, V. AU - Leuthold, G.P. C1 - 2820 C2 - 25200 SP - 581-584 TI - Altitude-dependent dose conversion coefficients in EPCARD. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 126 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The objective of this Task Group is the coordination of research studies on biokinetic models and the evaluation of the implications of new biokinetic models on dose assessment and safety standards. For this the new ICRP models, which will be used for a revision of ICRP Publications 30, 54, 68 and 78, are implemented into six different computer codes in five European countries and quality assured by intercomparison procedures. The work has started with the implementation of the new ICRP Alimentary Tract Model. New systemic models and the new NCRP wound model will follow. The work also includes the evaluation of experimental results in terms of formulation by the new model structures and a quality assurance of model formulation. AU - Nosske, D.* AU - Berkovski, V.* AU - Birchall, A.* AU - Blanchardon, E.* AU - Cantone, M.C.* AU - Davis, K.* AU - Giussani, A.* AU - Luciani, A.* AU - Marsh, J.* AU - Oeh, U. AU - Ratia, H.* AU - López, M.A.* C1 - 472 C2 - 25341 SP - 93-96 TI - The work of the CONRAD task group 5.2: Research studies on biokinetic models. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 127 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The present work which was carried out in the framework of an EU project (IDEA: Internal Dosimetry—Enhancements in Application; Contract Number: FIKR CT2001 00164) shall provide commonly acceptable guidelines for optimum performance of ICP-MS measurements with focus on urinary measurements of uranium, thorium and actinides. From the results of this work it is recommended that, whenever feasible, 24 h urine sampling should be conducted to avoid large uncertainties in the quantitation of daily urinary excretion values. For storage, urine samples should be acidified and kept frozen before analysis. Measurement of total uranium in urine by ICP-MS at physiological levels (<10 ng·l–1) requires no sample preparation besides UV photolysis and/or dilution. For the measurement of thorium in urine by ICP-MS, it can be concluded, that salt removal from the urine samples is not recommended. For the measurement of actinides in urine it is shown that ICP-MS is well-suited and a good alternative to alpha-spectrometry for isotopes with T1/2>5x104 years. In general, ICP-MS measurements are an easy, fast and cost-saving methodology. New improved measuring techniques (HR-SF-ICP-MS) with detection limits in urine of 150 pg·l–1 (1.9 µBq·l–1) for 238U, 30 pg·l–1 (2.4 µBq·l–1) for 235U and 100 pg·l–1 (0.4 µBq·l–1) for 232Th, respectively, meet all necessary requirements. This method should therefore become the routine technique for incorporation monitoring of workers and of members of the general public, in particular for uranium contamination. AU - Oeh, U. AU - Andrasi, A.* AU - Bouvier-Capely, C.* AU - de Carlan, L.* AU - Fischer, H.* AU - Franck, D.* AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Ritt, J.* AU - Roth, P. AU - Schmitzer, C.* AU - Wahl, W.* AU - Zombori, P.* C1 - 175 C2 - 25162 SP - 444-448 TI - Implementation of bioassay methods to improve assessment of incorporated radionuclides. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 125 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An investigation was performed to assess a possible health risk of depleted uranium (DU) for residents and German peacekeeping personnel serving on the Balkans. In order to evaluate a possible DU intake, the urinary uranium excretions of volunteers were collected and analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In total, more than 1300 urine samples from soldiers, civil servants and unexposed controls of different genders and ages were analysed to determine uranium excretion parameters. All participating volunteers, aged 3-92 y, were grouped according to their gender and age for evaluation. The results of the investigation revealed no significant difference between the unexposed controls and the peacekeeping personnel. In addition, the geometric means of the daily urinary excretion in peacekeeping personnel, ranging from 3 to 23 ng d(-1) for different age groups, fall toward the lower end of renal uranium excretion values published for unexposed populations in literature. The measured data were compared with the International Commission on Radiological Protection prediction for the intake of natural uranium by unexposed members of the public. The two data sets are in good agreement, indicating that no relevant intake of additional uranium, either natural or DU, has appeared for German peacekeeping personnel serving on the Balkans. AU - Oeh, U. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Giussani, A. AU - Schramel, P. AU - Roth, P. AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 3461 C2 - 25346 SP - 329-332 TI - Daily uranium excretion in German peacekeeping personnel serving on the Balkans compared to ICRP model prediction. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 127 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The computer program SEECAL, written by Cristy and Eckerman from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA, calculates specific effective energies (also known as S factors in the MIRD terminology) for an adult male, an adult female and five paediatric ages. Its dosimetric methodology is that of the ICRP. Among other parameters, SEECAL requires input data on specific absorbed fractions (SAF) and utilises those derived from the MIRD-type stylised anthropomorphic phantoms. SEECAL has been used worldwide for dose estimations concerning occupational or public exposures due to radionuclides incorporated into the body and has formed the basis for programs developed by other laboratories to calculate, for example, dose to the patients undergoing nuclear medicine procedures. The revised version of SEECAL is at the moment limited to adults and utilises the photon SAFs derived with Monte Carlo methods for the new reference male and female voxel-based phantoms to be adopted by the ICRP. AU - Petoussi-Henß, N. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Zankl, M. AU - Eckerman, K.F.* C1 - 3241 C2 - 25335 SP - 214-219 TI - SEECAL utilizing voxel-based SAFs. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 127 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Medical Internal Radiation Dose Committee (MIRD) formalism assumes reference mass values for the organs (source and target) and the total body. MIRD publication 11 provides guidance on how patient-specific scaling of reference radionuclide S-values are to be performed for the electron component of the emission spectrum. However, guidance on patient-specific scaling of the photon contributions to the S-value is given only for those cases where the source and target organs are either far apart or are the same. The photon component of the S-value is derived from photon-Specific Absorbed Fractions (SAFs). These are obtained by Monte Carlo calculation of photon transport. The objective of this work is to verify the MIRD 11 guidance and to examine the relationship between photon SAFs and source/target organ mass when the conditions listed above do not apply. Furthermore, the scaling for photon cross-dose to distributed organs is at present not defined due to lack of data for models other than the reference model. The validity of mass scaling for cross irradiation from near and distant photons sources, especially for Red Bone Marrow (RBM) as a target tissue is also investigated. This is achieved by comparing Monte Carlo-derived SAFs for different source organs to RBM across the GSF voxel phantom series. The results show that, for photon energies greater than 100 keV, the SAF of most source organs to RBM need not be corrected for target mass (error < 5%). In contrast to the results obtained for well-defined source organs, the SAF for RBM irradiating RBM gives a deviation of up to 16% across the different GSF voxel phantoms. AU - Petoussi-Henß, N. AU - Bolch, W.E.* AU - Zankl, M. AU - Sgouros, G.* AU - Wessels, B.* C1 - 3242 C2 - 25335 SP - 192-196 TI - Patient-specific scaling of reference S-values for cross-organ radionuclide S-values: What is appropriate? JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 127 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Currently, most analyses of the A-bomb survivors' solid tumour and leukaemia data are based on a constant neutron relative biological effectiveness (RBE) value of 10 that is applied to all survivors, independent of their distance to the hypocentre at the time of bombing. The results of these analyses are then used as a major basis for current risk estimates suggested by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for use in international safety guidelines. It is shown here that (i) a constant value of 10 is not consistent with weighting factors recommended by the ICRP for neutrons and (ii) it does not account for the hardening of the neutron spectra in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which takes place with increasing distance from the hypocentres. The purpose of this paper is to present new RBE values for the neutrons, calculated as a function of distance from the hypocentres for both cities that are consistent with the ICRP60 neutron weighting factor. If based on neutron spectra from the DS86 dosimetry system, these calculations suggest values of about 31 at 1000 m and 23 at 2000 m ground range in Hiroshima, while the corresponding values for Nagasaki are 24 and 22. If the neutron weighting factor that is consistent with ICRP92 is used, the corresponding values are about 23 and 21 for Hiroshima and 21 and 20 for Nagasaki, respectively. It is concluded that the current risk estimates will be subject to some changes in view of the changed RBE values. This conclusion does not change significantly if the new doses from the Dosimetry System DS02 are used. AU - Rühm, W. AU - Walsh, L. C1 - 2195 C2 - 25198 SP - 423-431 TI - Current risk estimates based on the A-bomb survivors data - A discussion in terms of the ICRP recommendations on the neutron weighting factor. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 126 IS - 1 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The IDEA project aimed to improve the assessment of incorporated radionuclides through developments of advanced in vivo and bioassay monitoring techniques and making use of such enhancements for improvements in routine monitoring. Many of these findings are not new in the sense that they are being already employed in advanced laboratories or for specialised applications. The primary goal was to categorise those new developments regarding their potential and eligibility for the routine monitoring community. Attention has been given to in vivo monitoring techniques with respect to detector characteristics and measurement geometry to improve measurement efficiency with special attention to low energy gamma emitters. Calibration—specifically supported by or through methods of numerical simulation—have been carefully analysed to reduce overall measurement uncertainties and explore ways to accommodate the individual variability based on characteristic features of a given person. For bioassay measurements at low detection limits, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy offers significant advantages both in accuracy, speed, and sample preparation. Specifically, the determination of U and Th in urine and the associated models have been investigated. Finally, the scientific achievements have been analysed regarding their potential to offer benefits for routine monitoring. These findings will be presented in greater detail in other papers at this conference, whereas this paper intends to give an overview and put both the scientific achievements as well as the derived benefits into perspective. AU - Schmitzer, C.* AU - Fischer, H.* AU - Andrasi, A.* AU - Bouvier, C.* AU - Carlan, L.* AU - Franck, D.* AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Oeh, U. AU - Ritt, J.* AU - Roth, P. AU - Wahl, W. AU - Zombori, P.* C1 - 2818 C2 - 25164 SP - 472-476 TI - Improvements in routine internal monitoring— an overview of the IDEA project. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 125 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Increased concentrations of thoron (220Rn) and its progenies were recently measured in traditional residential dwellings and gave rise to concern about thoron dose assessment. A compartment model for the attached and unattached thoron progenies in the human body by inhalation was adapted, applied to individual measurements and examined in regard to model parameters. It was found that the lung dose is the dominant contribution to the thoron effective dose in spite of the transfer of 212Pb to other tissue. The organ equivalent dose and effective dose coefficients may change by about a factor of 2 within the 0.0-0.2 range of the unattached fraction. A decrease of the dissolution half-life of the inhaled particles in the lungs by a factor of 10 results in a decrease of the effective dose by <50%. Individual measurements of total concentration and unattached fraction result in a mean dose conversion factor of 1.3 Sv per Jhm(-3) and a mean annual dose to the residents of 11 mSv for permanent stay. AU - Tschiersch, J. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Meisenberg, O. C1 - 6207 C2 - 25475 SP - 73-78 TI - Increased indoor thoron concentrations and implication to inhalation dosimetry. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 127 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - For the forthcoming update of organ dose conversion coefficients, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) will use voxel-based computational phantoms due to their improved anatomical realism compared with the class of mathematical or stylized phantoms used previously. According to the ICRP philosophy, these phantoms should be representative of the male and female reference adults with respect to their external dimensions, their organ topology and their organ masses. To meet these requirements, reference models of an adult male and adult female have been constructed at the GSF, based on existing voxel models segmented from tomographic images of two individuals whose body height and weight closely resemble the ICRP Publication 89 reference values. The skeleton is a highly complex structure of the body, composed of cortical bone, trabecular bone, red and yellow bone marrow and endosteum ('bone surfaces' in their older terminology). The skeleton of the reference phantoms consists of 19 individually segmented bones and bone groups. Sub-division of these bones into the above-mentioned constituents would be necessary in order to allow a direct calculation of dose to red bone marrow and endosteum. However, the dimensions of the trabeculae, the cavities containing bone marrow and the endosteum layer lining these cavities are clearly smaller than the resolution of a normal CT scan and, thus, these volumes could not be segmented in the tomographic images. As an attempt to represent the gross spatial distribution of these regions as realistically as possible at the given voxel resolution, 48 individual organ identification numbers were assigned to various parts of the skeleton: every segmented bone was subdivided into an outer shell of cortical bone and a spongious core; in the shafts of the long bones, a medullary cavity was additionally segmented. Using the data from ICRP Publication 89 on elemental tissue composition, from ICRU Report 46 on material mass densities, and from ICRP Publication 70 on the distribution of the red bone marrow among and marrow cellularity in individual bones, individual elemental compositions for these segmented bone regions were derived. Thus, most of the relevant source and target regions of the skeleton were provided. Dose calculations using these regions will be based on fluence-to-dose response functions that are multiplied with the particle fluence inside specific bone regions to give the dose quantities of interest to the target tissues. AU - Zankl, M. AU - Eckerman, K.F.* AU - Bolch, W.E.* C1 - 1368 C2 - 25337 SP - 174-186 TI - Voxel-based models representing the male and female ICRP reference adult--the skeleton. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 127 IS - 1-4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2007 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - DNA higher-order structures and (non-histonic) •;OH radical scavengers have well known protective effects in the induction of single- and double-strand breaks by ionising radiation. In a previous work, such protective roles have been quantified for gamma radiation (Valota et al., Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 79, 2003). As a starting base for the simulations, we used the PARTRAC Monte Carlo code, developed within a collaboration involving the University of Pavia and the GSF institute. The code can reproduce the track structure of photons, electrons, protons and heavier ions in liquid water, and it can simulate the DNA content of a human cell at different organisation levels, based on an atom-by-atom approach. In this work we extended the calculations to Ultra-Soft X rays (USX) and protons, separately analysing the effects of different radiation types on various DNA structures (i.e. linear DNA, SV40 ‘minichromosomes’ and compact chromatin) as a function of the •;OH scavenging capacity (SC). Both for USX and protons, the calculated damage yields decreased by increasing the SC for the three considered target types. Such decrease can be ascribed to the competition between the reactions •;OH-DNA and •;OH-scavenger, which becomes more and more likely by increasing the SC. Furthermore, linear DNA was found to be more radiosensitive than SV40 ‘minichromosomes’, which in turn were more radiosensitive than compact chromatin, which is protected by histones. Comparisons with experimental data by Fulford et al. (Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 77, 2001) relative to USX irradiation showed very good agreement. The dependence of the modulating role played by DNA organisation and scavenging capacity on radiation quality is presented and discussed. AU - Alloni, D.* AU - Ballarini, F.* AU - Friedland, W. AU - Liotta, M.* AU - Molinelli, S.* AU - Ottolenghi, A.* AU - Paretzke, H.G. AU - Rossetti, M.* C1 - 2974 C2 - 24519 SP - 141-146 TI - Role of DNA/chromatin organisation and scavenging capacity in USX- and proton- induced DNA damage. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 122 PY - 2006 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The biophysical simulation code PARTRAC was extended by a module to handle ions heavier than alpha particles. Cross sections for ion–electron interactions were taken from He++ ions of the same velocity and scaled by Zeff2/4. Calculated linear energy transfer values, radial dose distributions and secondary electron spectra were found in agreement with experimental results. DNA damage due to irradiation of human fibroblast cells by several light ions from H to S was calculated for various energies complemented by 220 kVp X rays as reference radiation. With increasing linear energy transfer, the calculated total yield of double-strand breaks per dose showed saturation behaviour at about twice the value for reference radiation. When data analysis methods for experimental double-strand break yield determination were applied to the simulated DNA damage patterns, the two data sets were found in accord. The calculated patterns of DNA damage clusters were analysed on local and regional scale finding regional clusters in closer correlation to experimental cell inactivation data. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Paretzke, H.G. AU - Ottolenghi, A.* AU - Ballarini, F.* AU - Liotta, M.* C1 - 2504 C2 - 24492 SP - 116-120 TI - Simulation of light ion induced DNA damage patterns. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 122 PY - 2006 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gerber, G.B.* AU - Wick, R.R. AU - Kellerer, A.M.* AU - Hopewell, J.W.* AU - di Majo, V.* AU - Dudoignon, N.* AU - Gössner, W. AU - Stather, J.* C1 - 3858 C2 - 23585 SP - 70-77 TI - The European radiobiology archives (ERA): Content, structure and use illustrated by an example. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 118 PY - 2006 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Göksu, H.Y. AU - Bailiff, I.K.* C1 - 5187 C2 - 23653 SP - 413-420 TI - Luminescence dosimetry using building materials and personal objects. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 119 PY - 2006 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Harder, D.* AU - Petoussi-Henß, N. AU - Regulla, D.F. AU - Zankl, M. AU - Dietze, G.* C1 - 5694 C2 - 23853 SP - 453-454 TI - Letter to the Editor. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 117 PY - 2006 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The decay of the radioisotope 125I into 125Te is typically followed by the emission of two groups of approximately 10 electrons each via Auger processes. In deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with 125I incorporated, these electrons produce various types of damage to DNA, e.g. single strand breaks (SSBs) and double strand breaks (DSBs) through direct actions of physical tracks, or indirect actions of radicals produced in water. Among the direct actions one should consider not only the excitation and ionisation of DNA by Auger electrons, but also the neutralisation of highly charged 125mTe ions with electrons from neighbouring molecules. Comparison between experiment and simulation done recently revealed that without including neutralisation effect the simulated yield of SSBs was 50% less than the measured result. In the present work a calculation of DNA strand breakage by the neutralization effect in a 41-mer synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide (oligoDNA) model was done using the charge transfer theory. Calculation based on transfer rate using the newly evaluated electronic coupling of DNA bases showed that the positive charge (hole) transfer rate is of the order of magnitudes of several 1013 s–1, implying that a charge higher than 10 units might not build on a 125mTe atom. The potential energy accumulated on the decay base is transferred to bases along the DNA chain nearby and destroys those bases and ionises the sugar-phosphate group, leading a DNA SSB with a frequency of 0.2% per eV in average. AU - Li, W.B. C1 - 4858 C2 - 24470 SP - 89-94 TI - Calculation of DNA strand breakage by neutralisation effect after 125I decays in a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide using charge transfer theory. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 122 PY - 2006 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Olko, P.* AU - Bilski, P.* AU - El-Faramawy, N.A. AU - Göksu, H.Y. AU - Kim, J.L.* AU - Kopec, R.* AU - Waligorski, M.P.R.* C1 - 5120 C2 - 24013 SP - 15-22 TI - On the relationship between dose-, energy- and LET-response of thermoluminescent detectors. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 119 PY - 2006 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - 'QUADOS', a concerted action of the European Commission, has promoted an intercomparison aimed at evaluating the use of computational codes for dosimetry in radiation protection and medical physics. This intercomparison was open to all users of radiation transport codes. Eight problems were selected for their relevance to the radiation dosimetry community, five of which involved photon and proton transport. This paper focuses on a discussion of lessons learned from the participation in solving the photon and charged particle problems. The lessons learned from the participation in solving the neutron problems are presented in a companion paper (in this issue). © 2006 Oxford University Press. AU - Price, R.A.* AU - Gualdrini, G.* AU - Agosteo, S.* AU - Ménard, S.* AU - Chartier, JL.* AU - Grosswendt, B.* AU - Kodeli, I.* AU - Leuthold, G.P. AU - Siebert, B.R.* AU - Tagziria, H.* AU - Tanner, R.J.* AU - Terrissol, M.* AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 5740 C2 - 23809 SP - 155-166 TI - Pitfalls and modelling inconsistencies in computational radiation dosimetry: Lessons learnt from the QUADos intercomparison. Part II: Photons, electrons and protons. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 118 IS - 2 PY - 2006 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The QUADOS EU cost shared action conducted an intercomparison on the usage of numerical methods in radiation protection and dosimetry. The eight problems proposed were intended to test the usage of Monte Carlo and deterministic methods by assessing the accuracy with which the codes are applied and also the methods used to evaluate uncertainty in the answer gained through these methods. The overall objective was to spread good practice through the community and give users information on how to assess the uncertainties associated with their calculated results. © 2006 Oxford University Press. AU - Siebert, B.R.L.* AU - Tanner, R.J.* AU - Chartier, J.-L.* AU - Agosteo, S.* AU - Großwendt, B.* AU - Gualdrini, G.* AU - Ménard, S.* AU - Kodeli, I.* AU - Leuthold, G.P. AU - Price, R.A.* AU - Tagziria, H.* AU - Terrissol, M.* AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 5739 C2 - 23808 SP - 144-154 TI - Pitfalls and modelling inconsistencies in computational radiation dosimetry: Lessons learnt from the QUADos intercomparison. Part I: Neutrons and uncertainties. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 118 IS - 2 PY - 2006 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Human exposure to space radiation implies two kinds of risk, both stochastic and deterministic. Shielding optimisation therefore represents a crucial goal for long-term missions, especially in deep space. In this context, the use of radiation transport codes coupled with anthropomorphic phantoms allows to simulate typical radiation exposures for astronauts behind different shielding, and to calculate doses to different organs. In this work, the FLUKA Monte Carlo code and two phantoms, a mathematical model and a voxel model, were used, taking the Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) spectra from the model of Badhwar and O'Neill. The time integral spectral proton fluence of the August 1972 Solar Particle Event (SPE) was represented by an exponential function. For each aluminium shield thickness, besides total doses the contributions from primary and secondary particles for different organs and tissues were calculated separately. More specifically, organ-averaged absorbed doses, dose equivalents and a form of ‘biological dose’, defined on the basis of initial (clustered) DNA damage, were calculated. As expected, the SPE doses dramatically decreased with increasing shielding, and doses in internal organs were lower than in skin. The contribution of secondary particles to SPE doses was almost negligible; however it is of note that, at high shielding (10 g cm–2), most of the secondaries are neutrons. GCR organ doses remained roughly constant with increasing Al shielding. In contrast to SPE results, for the case of cosmic rays, secondary particles accounted for a significant fraction of the total dose. AU - Trovati, S.* AU - Ballarini, F.* AU - Battistoni, G.* AU - Cerutti, F.* AU - Fasso, A.* AU - Ferrari, A.* AU - Gadioli, E.* AU - Garzelli, M.V.* AU - Mairani, A.* AU - Ottolenghi, A.* AU - Paretzke, H.G. AU - Parini, V.* AU - Pelliccioni, M.* AU - Pinsky, L.* AU - Sala, P.R.* AU - Scannicchio, D.* AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 5342 C2 - 24400 SP - 362-366 TI - Human exposure to space radiation: Role of primary and secondary particles. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 122 IS - 1-4 PY - 2006 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The possibility of using a single grain OSL attachment system developed by the Risø National Laboratory (Roskilde, Denmark) for assessing the spatial distribution of radionuclides incorporated in human tissues was investigated. Detectors containing arrays of single grains of alpha-Al2O3)C powder (Landauer Inc., USA) were prepared using aluminium discs (diameter 9.7 mm), which can accommodate 100 single grains in 0.3 mm holes positioned in a 10 x 10 grid. The luminescence and dosimetric properties of each grain were investigated by exposing the detectors to uniform photon radiation fields. After the characterisation of the detectors, the systems were tested to assess the spatial dose rate distribution because of 90Sr incorporated in a tooth sample extracted from an inhabitant of the Techa River region. AU - Veronese, I.* AU - El-Faramawy, N. AU - Giussani, A.* AU - Cantone, M.C.* AU - Shiskina, E.A.* AU - Göksu, H.Y. C1 - 5119 C2 - 24012 SP - 408-412 TI - The use of alpha-Al2O3: C in Riso OSL single grains attachment system for assessing the spatial dose rate distribution due to incorporation of 90Sr in human teeth. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 119 IS - 1-4 PY - 2006 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The objective of the Third International Intercomparison on EPR Tooth Dosimetry was to evaluate laboratories performing tooth enamel dosimetry <300 mGy. Final analysis of results included a correlation analysis between features of laboratory dose reconstruction protocols and dosimetry performance. Applicability of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tooth dosimetry at low dose was shown at two applied dose levels of 79 and 176 mGy. Most (9 of 12) laboratories reported the dose to be within 50 mGy of the delivered dose of 79 mGy, and 10 of 12 laboratories reported the dose to be within 100 mGy of the delivered dose of 176 mGy. At the high-dose tested (704 mGy) agreement within 25% of the delivered dose was found in 10 laboratories. Features of EPR dose reconstruction protocols that affect dosimetry performance were found to be magnetic field modulation amplitude in EPR spectrum recording, EPR signal model in spectrum deconvolution and duration of latency period for tooth enamel samples after preparation. AU - Wieser, A. AU - Debuyst, R.* AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Meghzifene, A.* AU - Onori, S.* AU - Bayankin, S.N.* AU - Brik, A.* AU - Bugay, A.* AU - Chumak, V.* AU - Ciesielski, B.* AU - Hoshi, M.* AU - Imata, H.* AU - Ivannikov, A.* AU - Ivanov, D.* AU - Junczewska, M.* AU - Miyazawa, C.* AU - Penkowski, M.* AU - Pivovarov, S.* AU - Romanyukha, A.* AU - Romanyukha, L.* AU - Schauer, D.* AU - Scherbina, O.* AU - Schultka, K.* AU - Sholom, S.* AU - Skvortsov, V.* AU - Stepanenko, V.* AU - Thomas, J.A.* AU - Tielewuhan, E.* AU - Toyoda, S.* AU - Trompier, F.* C1 - 5248 C2 - 23875 SP - 176-183 TI - The third International Intercomparison on EPR tooth dosimetry: Part 2, Final analysis. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 120 IS - 1-4 PY - 2006 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The FLUKA Monte Carlo code has been evolving over the last several decades and is now widely used for radiation shielding calculations. In order to facilitate the use of FLUKA in dosimetry and therapy applications, supporting software has been developed to allow the direct conversion of the output files from standard CT-scans directly into a voxel geometry for transport within FLUKA. Since the CT-scan information essentially contains only the electron density information over the scanned volume, one needs the specific compositions for each voxel individually. We present here the results of a simple algorithm to assign tissues in the human body to one of four categories: soft-tissue, hard-bone, trabecular-bone and porous-lung. In addition, we explore the problem of the pathlength distributions in porous media such as trabecular bone. A mechanism will be implemented within FLUKA to allow for variable multipal fixed density materials to accommodate the pathlength distributions discovered. © The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. AU - Andersen, V.* AU - Ballarini, F.* AU - Battistoni, G.* AU - Cerutti, F.* AU - Empl, A.* AU - Fasso, A.* AU - Ferrari, A.* AU - Garzelli, MV.* AU - Ottolenghi, A.* AU - Paretzke, H.G. AU - Pinsky, L.* AU - Ranft, J.* AU - Sala, P.* AU - Wilson, T.* AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 4977 C2 - 23531 SP - 113-117 TI - The application of FlUKA to dosimetry and radiation therapy. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 116 IS - 1-4 PY - 2005 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Chiavassa, S.* AU - Lemosquet, A.* AU - Aubineau-Laniece, I. AU - de Carlan, L.* AU - Clairand, I.* AU - Ferrer, L.* AU - Bardies, M.* AU - Franck, D.* AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 4045 C2 - 23553 SP - 631-635 TI - Dosimetric comparison of Monte Carlo codes (EGS4, MCNP, MCNPX) considering external and internal exposures of the Zubal phantom to electron and photon sources. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 116 PY - 2005 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The European Commission (EC) quality criteria for screen-film mammography are used as a tool to asses image quality. A new set of criteria was developed and initially tested in a previous study. In the present study, these criteria are futher evauated using screen-film mammograms that have been digitised, manipulated to simulated different image quality level and reprinted on film. Expert radiologists have evaluated these manipulated to simulate different image quality levels and reprinted on film. Expert radiologists have evaluated these manipulated images using both the original (EC) and the new criteria. A comparison of three different simulated dose levels that the new criteria yield a larger separation of image criteria scores than the old ones. These results indicated that the new set of image quality crieteria has a higher discriminative power than the old set and thus seems to be more suitable for evaluation of image quality in mammography. © The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. AU - Grahn, A.* AU - Hemdal, B.* AU - Andersson, I.* AU - Ruschin, M.* AU - Thilander-Klang, A.* AU - Börjesson, S.* AU - Tingberg, A.* AU - Mattsson, S.* AU - Håkansson, M.* AU - Båth, M.* AU - Mansson, L.G.* AU - Medin, J.* AU - Wanninger, F. AU - Panzer, W. C1 - 4807 C2 - 22920 SP - 389-394 TI - Clinical evaluation of a new set of image quality criteria for mammography. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 114 IS - 1-3 PY - 2005 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - QUADOS, a Concerted Action of the European Commission, has promoted an intercomparison aimed at evaluating the use of computational codes for dosimetry in radiation protection and medical physics. This intercomparison was open to all users of radiation transport codes. Eight problems were selected for their relevance to the radiation dosimetry community, five of which involved photon and proton transport. This paper focuses on the analysis of the photon and charged particle problems. The neutron problems were presented in a paper at the NEUDOS9 conference. © The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. AU - Gualdrini, G.* AU - Agosteo, S.* AU - Ménard, S.* AU - Price, RA.* AU - Chartier, JL.* AU - Grosswendt, B.* AU - Kodeli, I.* AU - Leuthold, G.P. AU - Siebert, B.R.* AU - Tagziria, H.* AU - Tanner, R.J.* AU - Terrissol, M.* AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 2835 C2 - 23552 SP - 587-599 TI - ΚQUADos intercomparison: A summary of photon and charged particle problems. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 115 IS - 1-4 PY - 2005 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hoeschen, C. AU - Tischenko, O. AU - Buhr, E.* AU - Illers, H.* C1 - 1774 C2 - 22901 SP - 75-80 TI - Comparison of technical and anatomical noise in digital thorax X-ray images. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 114 PY - 2005 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hoeschen, C. AU - Fill, U. AU - Zankl, M. AU - Panzer, W. AU - Regulla, D.F. AU - Döhring, W.* C1 - 2077 C2 - 22921 SP - 406-409 TI - A high-resolution voxel phantom of the breast for dose calculations in mammography. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 114 PY - 2005 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Li, W.B. AU - Oeh, U. AU - Röhmuß, M. AU - Roth, P. C1 - 1754 C2 - 22720 SP - 403-407 TI - Can default ICRP f1 values be applied to determine radiation dose from the intake of diet-incorporated thorium? JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 113 PY - 2005 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Moores, B.M.* AU - Mattsson, S.* AU - Mansson, L.G.* AU - Panzer, W. AU - Regulla, D.F. AU - Dance, D.* AU - Carlsson, G.A.* AU - Verdun, F.R.* AU - Buhr, E.* AU - Hoeschen, C. C1 - 4806 C2 - 22919 SP - 450-457 TI - RADIUS - closing the circle on the assessment of imaging performance. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 114 PY - 2005 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Redlich, U.* AU - Hoeschen, C. AU - Doehring, W.* C1 - 1773 C2 - 22900 SP - 264-268 TI - Assessment and optimisation of the image quality of chest-radiography systems. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 114 PY - 2005 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Regulla, D.F. AU - Eder, H.* C1 - 1776 C2 - 22903 SP - 11-25 TI - Patient exposure in medical X-ray imaging in Europe. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 114 PY - 2005 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tischenko, O.* AU - Hoeschen, C.* AU - Dance, D.R.* AU - Hunt, R.A.* AU - Maidment, A.D.A.* AU - Bakic, P.R.* C1 - 1772 C2 - 22899 SP - 81-84 TI - Evaluation of a novel method of noise reduction using computer-simulated mammograms. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 114 PY - 2005 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tischenko, O. AU - Hoeschen, C. AU - Buhr, E.* C1 - 1775 C2 - 22902 SP - 69-74 TI - Reduction of anatomical noise in medical X-ray images. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 114 PY - 2005 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Zankl, M. AU - Fill, U. AU - Hoeschen, C. AU - Panzer, W. AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 1777 C2 - 22904 SP - 410-414 TI - Average glandular dose conversion coefficients for segmented breast voxel models. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 114 PY - 2005 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bailey, M.R.* AU - Kreyling, W.G. C1 - 5294 C2 - 22503 SP - 535-536 TI - Radionuclide biokinetics database (RBDATA-EULEP : An update. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 112 PY - 2004 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gerber, G.B.* AU - Wick, R.R. C1 - 3800 C2 - 22405 SP - 529-530 TI - The European radiobiology archives (ERA), present state and future developments. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 112 PY - 2004 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gering, F.* AU - Weiss, W.* AU - Wirth, E.* AU - Stapel, R.* AU - Jacob, P. AU - Müller, H. AU - Pröhl, G. C1 - 5064 C2 - 21865 SP - 25-29 TI - Assessment and evaluation of the radiological situation in the late phase of a nuclear accident. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 109 PY - 2004 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Harder, D.* AU - Petoussi-Henß, N. AU - Regulla, D.F. AU - Zankl, M. AU - Dietze, G.* C1 - 1726 C2 - 21923 SP - 291-295 TI - Spectra of scattered photons in large absorbers and their importance for the values of radiation weighting factor WR. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 109 PY - 2004 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Heidenreich, W.F. AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 4717 C2 - 22540 SP - 501-507 TI - Interpretation by modelling of observations in radon radiation carcinogenesis. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 112 PY - 2004 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kellerer, A.M. AU - Leuthold, G.P. AU - Mares, V.* AU - Schraube, H. C1 - 1888 C2 - 21932 SP - 181-188 TI - Options for the modified radiation weighting factor of neutrons. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 109 PY - 2004 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schofield, P.N.* AU - Goessner, W. AU - Höfler, H. AU - Quintanilla-Martinez, L. C1 - 3427 C2 - 22388 SP - 525-528 TI - Pathbase: A new reference resource and database for laboratory mouse pathology. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 112 PY - 2004 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tanner, R.J.* AU - Chartier, J.-L.* AU - Siebert, B.R.L.* AU - Agosteo, S.* AU - Großwendt, B.* AU - Gualdrini, G.* AU - Kodeli, I.* AU - Leuthold, G.P. AU - Ménard, S.* AU - Price, R.A.* AU - Tagziria, H.* C1 - 3939 C2 - 22094 SP - 769-780 TI - Intercomparison on the usage of computational codes in radiation dosimetry. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 110 PY - 2004 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ulanowski, A. AU - Drozdovitch, V.* AU - Bouville, A.* C1 - 2792 C2 - 22346 SP - 405-418 TI - Influence of radionuclides distributed in the whole body on the thyroid dose estimates obtained from direct thyroid measurements made in Belarus after the Chernobyl accident. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 112 PY - 2004 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hodgson, A.* AU - Shutt, A.L.* AU - Etherington, G.* AU - Hodgson, S.A.* AU - Rance, E.* AU - Stradling, G.N.* AU - Youngman, M.J.* AU - Ziesenis, A. AU - Kreyling, W.G. C1 - 9899 C2 - 21367 SP - 91-94 TI - Comparison of predicted with observed biokinetics of inhaled plutonium nitrate and gadolinium oxide in humans. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 105 PY - 2003 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jacob, P. AU - Jacob, V. C1 - 9898 C2 - 21263 SP - 357-366 TI - Biological parameters for lung cancer in mathematical models of carcinogenesis. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 104 PY - 2003 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kinase, S.* AU - Zankl, M. AU - Kuwabara, J.* AU - Sato, K.* AU - Noguchi, H.* AU - Funabaki, J.* AU - Saito, K.* C1 - 9896 C2 - 21189 SP - 557-563 TI - Evaluation of specific absorbed fractions in voxel phantoms using Monte Carlo simulation. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 105 PY - 2003 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rojas-Palma, C.* AU - Madsen, H.* AU - Gering, F.* AU - Puch, R.* AU - Turcanu, C.* AU - Astrup, P.* AU - Müller, H. AU - Richter, K. AU - Zheleznyak, M.* AU - Treebushny, D.* AU - Kolomeev, M.* AU - Kamaev, D.* AU - Wynn, H.* C1 - 9894 C2 - 21039 SP - 31-40 TI - Data assimilation in the decision support system Rodos. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 104 PY - 2003 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Roth, P. AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Werner, E. AU - Schramel, P. C1 - 9895 C2 - 21187 SP - 157-161 TI - Assessment of exposure to depleted uranium. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 105 PY - 2003 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The interest in the biokinetics of ruthenium and zirconium in humans is justified by the potential radiological risk represented by their radionuclides. Only a few data related to the biokinetics of ruthenium and zirconium in humans are available and, accordingly, the biokinetic models currently recommended by the ICRP for these elements are mainly based on data from animal experiments. The use of stable isotopes as tracers, coupled with a proper analytical technique (nuclear activation analysis with protons) for their determination in biological samples, represents an ethically acceptable methodology for biokinetic investigations, being free from any radiation risk for the volunteer subjects. In this work, the results obtained in eight biokinetic investigations for ruthenium, conducted on a total of three healthy volunteers, and six for zirconium, performed on a total of three subjects, are presented and compared to the predictions of the ICRP models. AU - Veronese, I.* AU - Cantone, M.C.* AU - Giussani, A.* AU - Maggioni, T.* AU - Birattari, C.* AU - Bonardi, M.L.* AU - Groppi, F.* AU - Garlaschelli, L. AU - Werner, E. AU - Roth, P. AU - Höllriegl, V. AU - Louvat, P. AU - Felgenhauer, N.* AU - Zilker, T.H.* C1 - 33090 C2 - 21188 SP - 209-212 TI - Stable tracer investigations in humans for assessing the biokenetics of ruthenium and zirconium radionuclides. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 105 IS - 1-4 PY - 2003 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Zankl, M. AU - Petoussi-Henß, N. AU - Fill, U. AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 9897 C2 - 21191 SP - 539-548 TI - The application of voxel phantoms to the internal dosimetry of radionuclides. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 105 PY - 2003 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Ceramic materials that are widely employed in dental prosthetics and repairs exhibit luminescent properties. Because of their use in the body, these materials are potentially of interest in situations where retrospective dosimetry for individuals is required but where monitoring was not planned, The luminescent properties of dental ceramics obtained front Germany, Spain and the UK were examined. Linear dose-response characteristics were obtained in the range <100 mGy to 10 Gy using thermoluminescence (TL), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and infrared-stimulated luminescence (IRSL) measurement techniques. Measurements of time-resolved luminescence were also performed to examine the nature of the luminescence recombination under visible (470 run) and IR (855 run) stimulation. The results obtained by TL and optically stimulated techniques suggest that there may be deeper traps than previously observed in certain types of dental ceramic. Such traps may be less susceptible to optical and athermal fading than was reported in earlier studies. AU - Bailiff, I.K.* AU - Correcher, V.* AU - Delgado, A.* AU - Göksu, Y. AU - Hübner, S. C1 - 9888 C2 - 20343 SP - 519-524 TI - Luminescence Characteristics of Denal Ceramics for Retrospective Dosimetry : A Preliminary Study. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 101 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2002 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To test possible effects of the heterogeneous nature of the cell nucleus on simulation results of radiation-induced DNA damage. inhomogeneous targets have been implemented in the biophysical code PARTRAC. The geometry of the DNA and the histones was defined by spheres around the constituent atoms, Electron cross sections in liquid water were scaled according to the mass density of the different materials. whereas photon cross sections were derived from the sum of the cross section, for the constituent atoms. In the case of higher energy electrons the simulations show an increase of energy deposition in the DNA proportional to its high mass density. For photons with energies in the range of the carbon and the oxygen K-shell (0.28-0.53 keV), cross sections of DNA are larger than those of water. leading to an increased yield of strand breaks per average absorbed dose in the cell nucleus. AU - Bernhardt, Ph. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Meckbach, R. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 9883 C2 - 20256 SP - 203-206 TI - Monte Carlo Simulation of DNA Damage by Low Let Radiation using Inhomogeneous Higher Order DNA Targets. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 99 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2002 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bougrov, N.G.* AU - Baturin, V.A.* AU - Goeksu-Ögelman, H.Y. AU - Degteva, M.O.* AU - Jacob, P. C1 - 9893 C2 - 21009 SP - 225-228 TI - Investigations of Thermoluminescence Dosimetry in the Techa River Flood Plain : Analysis of the New Results. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 101 PY - 2002 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A module for proton track structure simulation in liquid water was implemented in the biophysical model PARTRAC. Simulated tracks of energy deposition events from the radiation under investigation were superimposed on a higher-order DNA target model describing the whole genome inside a human cell. The parameters controlling DNA damage from direct and indirect effects were adapted to agree with yields and pathway contributions derived from gamma ray irradiation experiments. Single and double strand break (DSB) induction Was Simulated for irradiations by protons, photon, and electrons over a wide range of initial energies. The relative biological effectiveness for DSB induction after proton irradiation was found to rise from 1.2 at 5 keV mum(-1) to about 2.5 at 70 keV.mum(-1). About half of this grown resulted from an increased production of DSB clusters associated with Small (< 10 kbp) fragments. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Bernhardt, Ph. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Paretzke, H.G. AU - Dingfelder, M.* C1 - 9884 C2 - 20283 SP - 99-102 TI - Simulation of DNA Damage after Proton and Low Let Irradiation. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 99 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2002 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The use of thin-layer alpha-Al2O3:C thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs) for the assessment of current beta dose rate ill human teeth due to Sr-90 intake is investigated. The teeth used in this study were collected front members of the Techa river population who were exposed to radiation as a result of releases of the Mayak plutonium production facilities (Southern Urals-Russia) between 1949 and 1956. The beta dose rates from different parts of the tooth (enamel. crown dentine, and root) were determined by storing the detectors over the samples in a shielded environment. The Cumulative dose measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in different dental tissues is found to be proportional to current dose rate obtained front alpha-Al2O3:C thermoluminescence dosemeters. The retention of Sr-90 in various parts of the teeth is discussed. AU - Göksu, H.Y. AU - Semioshkina, N.A. AU - Shiskina, E.A.* AU - Wieser, A. AU - El-Faramawy, N.A. AU - Degteva, M.O.* AU - Jacob, P. AU - Ivanov, D.V.* C1 - 9889 C2 - 20344 SP - 507-513 TI - Thin Layer alpha-AI2O3:C Beta Dosemeters for the Assessment of Current Dose Rate in Teeth Due to 90Sr Intake, and Comparison with Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Dosimetry. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 101 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2002 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kellerer, A.M. C1 - 9892 C2 - 20582 SP - 17-22 TI - Microdosimetry : Reflections on Harald Rossi. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 99 PY - 2002 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The E. coli catabolite gene activator protein (CAP)-DNA complex with I-125 located at the position of the H5 atom of the cytosine near the centre was incorporated into the PARTRAC track structure code. DNA strand breaks due to irradiation were calculated by track structure and radical attack simulations strand breaks due to neutralisation of the highly charged Te-125 ion were derived from a semi-empirical distribution. According to the calculations, the neutralisation effect dominates the strand breakage frequency at 2 bases away front the I-125 decay site on both strands. The first breakage distribution counted from a P-32 labelled end on the strand with I-125 agreed well with experimental data. but on the opposite strand. the calculated distribution is more concentrated around the decay site and its yield is about 20% larger than the measured data. AU - Li, W. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Paretzke, H.G. AU - Panyutin, I.* AU - Neumann, R.D.* C1 - 9885 C2 - 20306 SP - 109-112 TI - Simulation of 125I induced DNA strand breaks in a CAP-DNA complex. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 99 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2002 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Powdered human tooth enamel was exposed to Co-60 gamma rays up to a dose of 100 kGy. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) signal intensity (1) of the radiation-generated carbon dioxide radicals was measured for dependence on absorbed dose (D). The EPR dose response can be fitted with an exponential saturation function I I-M[1 - exp(-D/D-37)] with the saturated signal intensity (I-M) and the dose saturation value (D-37). The obtained value D-37 = 9.64 (+/- 0.96) kGy (measured at least one month after irradiation) exceeds those given in the literature. The saturated concentration of orthorhombic CO2- radicals was estimated at 6.5 X 10(17) per gram of enamel by comparing the integrated EPR spectra of enamel and a standard MgO:Cr probe. For enamel samples, which were heated before irradiation for one hour at +405degreesC, the value of D-37T = 3.89 (+/- 0.44) kGy and the saturated value of CO2- radicals 3.4 X 10(17) per gram of enamel were lower than for unheated samples. The initial rise of the signal with the dose was slightly higher (8.8 X 10(13) radicals/g X Gy) for heated compared with unheated samples (6.8 X 10(13) radicals/g X Gy). AU - Liidja, G.* AU - Wieser, A. C1 - 9886 C2 - 20309 SP - 503-506 TI - Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Human Tooth Enamel at High Gamma Ray Doses. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 101 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2002 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Possible implications of the effects of low LET radiation on the induction of cancer at low doses are studied Low dose hypersensitivity and adaptive response were identified as candidates which may give a non-linear dose effect curve for acute exposures. whereas adaptive response may influence protracted exposures. In this paper acute exposures are studied. Several radiobiological reports on studies with mammalian cell lines have indicated the presence of a hypersensitive region in the radiation survival response at low doses followed by an increase in radioresistance. The two step clonal expansion (TSCE) model for the process of carcinogenesis was adapted in such a way that cell killing after acute radiation induces increased clonal expansion for some time and thus gives a promoting effect of radiation. As a first step, the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) data on the lung cancer incidence are fitted to Study how such a model would influence the assessment of the cancer risk at low doses. AU - Prokic, J. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Heidenreich, W.F. C1 - 9882 C2 - 20255 SP - 279-281 TI - Possible Implications of Non-Linear Radiobiological Effects for the Estimation of Radiation Risk at Low Doses. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 99 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2002 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rosemann, M. AU - Kuosaite, V. AU - Nathrath, M. AU - Atkinson, M.J. C1 - 21948 C2 - 20463 SP - 257-259 TI - The Genetics of Radiation-Induced Osteosarcoma. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 99 PY - 2002 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Absorbed dose is a quantity which is scientifically rigorously defined and used to quantify the exposure of biological objects, including humans. to ionising radiation. There is. however. no unique relationship between absorbed dose and induced biological effects. The effects induced by a given absorbed dose to a given biological object depend also oil radiation quality and temporal distribution of the irradiation. In radiation therapy, empirical approaches are still used today to account for these dependencies in practice. In hadron therapy (neutrons, protons. ions). radiation quality is accounted for with a diversity of (almost hospital specific) methods. The necessity to account for temporal aspects is well known in external beam therapy and in high dose rate brachytherapy, The paper reviews the approaches for weighting the absorbed dose in radiation therapy, and focusses on the clinical aspects of these approaches, in particular the accuracy requirements. AU - Wambersie, A.* AU - Menzel, H.G.* AU - Gahbauer, R.A.* AU - Jones, D.T.* AU - Michael, B.D.* AU - Paretzke, H.G. C1 - 9890 C2 - 20367 SP - 445-452 TI - Biological Weighting of Absorbed Dose in Radiation Therapy. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 99 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2002 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tooth dosimetry for calculation of organ doses requires conversion of the measured absorbed dose in enamel. Before deriving conversion factors from simulation calculations with a realistic anthropomorphic human phantom, in the current study a simplified phantom was chosen to compare EPR measurement and Monte Carlo calculation. The dose response of tooth enamel of molars at various positions inside a cylindrical Plexiglas phantom of head-size was calculated by Monte Carlo modelling in parallel photon beams of X rays of 63 keV equivalent energy and Co-60 gamma rays (1.25 Mev). For X ray exposure, preliminary results of EPR dosimetry with tooth enamel samples prepared front molars irradiated in the phantom were in agreement with calculation. The mean value of the ratio of the measured to the calculated dose was 0.93 +/- 0.08. AU - Wieser, A. AU - Aragno, D.* AU - El-Faramawy, N. AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Meckbach, R. AU - Onori, S.* AU - Pressello, M.C.* AU - Pugliani, L.* AU - Ulanowski, A. AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 8796 C2 - 20310 CY - Oxford SP - 549-552 TI - Monte Carlo Calculation and Experimental Verification of the Photon Energy Response of Tooth Enamel in a Head-Sized Plexiglas Phantom. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 101 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2002 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the present study the feasibility of using whole, naturally loose deciduous incisors for dose reconstruction with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was investigated. The properties of EPR signals were analysed before and after laboratory irradiation. The parameters of the native EPR signal of deciduous incisors was found to be different front those from enamel of permanent molars. The native EPR signal of deciduous incisors with peak-to-peak line width of 0.65 mT was located at g = 2.0050. The evaluated parameters of the dosimetric EPR signal (CO2-) of deciduous incisors were ill agreement with those for enamel of permanent molars. A detection threshold for absorbed dose of about 100 mGy was estimated. AU - Wieser, A. AU - El-Faramawy, N. C1 - 9887 C2 - 20311 SP - 545-548 TI - Dose Reconstruction with Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Deciduous Teeth. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 101 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2002 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Zdravkova, M.* AU - Wieser, A. AU - El-Faramawy, N. AU - Gallez, B.* AU - Debyst, R.* C1 - 9891 C2 - 20308 SP - 497-502 TI - An in vito L-Band Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Study of Highly Irradiated Whole Teeth. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 101 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2002 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Polysulphone film is used as a personal UV dosemeter in dermatological or epidemiological studies. The relative efficiency of this detector does not exactly match the action spectrum as proposed by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and to which the UV dose and exposure limits refer. Therefore, the calibration of the dosemeter depends on the spetrum. In the present paper the variation of the calibration factor for terrestrial solar UV spectra is analysed on the basis of a two year observation period at a site near Munich. Germany. A detailed error estimation is included. It is shown that the variation of the calibration factor within this class of spectra is the main contribution to the total uncertainty of the dose determination, which can be up to 40%. The shape of the spectrum of terrestrial solar UV radiation is mainly determined by the total ozone column and the solar elevation angle. It is shown how the calibration depends on these two parameters and how this additional information can help to reduce the measurement error to a residual uncertainty of 17%. Exposure studies of terrestrial solar UV radiation using polysulphone film as a dosemeter would gain in accuracy if total ozone column values at the study's site could be measured or taken from satellite or weather service data. The interpretation of the magnitude of the dose uncertainty depends on the further use of these data. AU - Krins, A. AU - Dörschel, B.* AU - Knuschke, P.* AU - Seidlitz, H.K. AU - Thiel, S.* C1 - 23372 C2 - 31095 SP - 345-352 TI - Determination of the calibration factor of polysulphone film UV dosemeters for terrestrial solar radiation. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 95 IS - 4 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2001 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gössner, W. AU - Masse, R.* AU - Stather, J.W.* C1 - 21547 C2 - 19671 SP - 209-213 TI - Cells at risk for dosimetric modelling relevant to bone tumour induction. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 92 PY - 2000 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Pilot study was performed with measurements in a German, inhabited, two-family house, to obtain data on the correlation between the equilibrium equivalent radon concentration Ceq and the 210Pb concentration CPb in indoor air. Aerosol samples were collected in various rooms of the house under conditions of low ventilation. The data indicate a linear correlation between Ce and CPb. A regression analysis, assuming such a relationship, resulted in the following equation: CPb (in mBq.m -3) = 8.2 × 10-3 Ceq (in Bq.m-3) + 0.32. From this relationship it follows that in environments with enhanced radon concentrations direct inhalation of 210Pb is an important source for 210Pb accumulation in man. It was estimated that at an indoor 222Rn concentration of 1000 Bq.m 3, the 210Pb uptake from inhalation amounts 32 mBq.d-1 of which 62% originates from the direct inhalation of 210Pb. Only the remaining third can be attributed to inhaled short-lived radon progeny and to radon gas dissolved in body tissues. It is shown that, in addition to ingestion and even for elevated indoor radon concentrations, direct inhalation of indoor 210Pb is a further important source of uncertainty, when in vivo measurements of the 210Pb activity in the human body are used as a measure of cumulative radon exposure. AU - Haninger, T. AU - Winkler, R. AU - Roth, P. AU - Trautmannsheimer, M. AU - Wahl, W. C1 - 9900 C2 - 19175 SP - 187-191 TI - Indoor air as an important source for 210Pb accumulation in man. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 87 PB - Oxford Univ. Press PY - 2000 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Herrmann, C. C1 - 21654 C2 - 19807 SP - 101-104 TI - Precision and Accuracy with respect to optical density: Performance of a High Resolution Medical Laser Imager. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 90 PY - 2000 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Herrmann, C. AU - Tingberg, A.* AU - Besjakov, J.* AU - Rodenacker, K. C1 - 21656 C2 - 19802 SP - 113-116 TI - Simulation of Nodule-Like Pathology in Radiographs of the Lumbar Spine. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 90 PY - 2000 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jessen, K.A.* AU - Bongartz, G.* AU - Geleijns, J.* AU - Golding, S.J.* AU - Jurik, A.G.* AU - Leonardi, M.* AU - van Merten, E.v.P.* AU - Panzer, W. AU - Shrimpton, P.C.* AU - Tosi, G.* C1 - 21669 C2 - 19831 SP - 79-83 TI - Quality criteria development within the fourth framework research programme : Computed tomography. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 90 PY - 2000 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jurik, A.* AU - Petersen, J.* AU - Jessen, K.A.* AU - Bongartz, G.* AU - Geleijns, J.* AU - Golding, S.J.* AU - Leonardi, M.* AU - van Meerten, E.v.P.* AU - Panzer, W. AU - Shrimpton, P.C.* AU - Tosi, G.* C1 - 21668 C2 - 19832 SP - 47-52 TI - Clinical use of image quality criteria in computed tomography : A pilot study. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 90 PY - 2000 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lanhede, B.* AU - Tingberg, A.* AU - Mansson, L.G.* AU - Kheddache, S.* AU - Widell, M.* AU - Björneld, L.* AU - Sund, P.* AU - Almen, A.* AU - Besjakov, J.* AU - Mattsson, S.* AU - Zankl, M. AU - Panzer, W. AU - Herrmann, C. C1 - 21655 C2 - 19806 SP - 203-206 TI - The influence of different technique factors on image quality for chest radiographs : Application of the recent CEC image quality criteria. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 90 PY - 2000 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Moores, B.M.* AU - Mattsson, S.* AU - Mansson, L.G.* AU - Panzer, W. C1 - 21667 C2 - 19833 SP - 63-71 TI - Quality criteria development within the fourth framework research programme. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 90 PY - 2000 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - O'Sullivan, D.* AU - Bartlett, D.* AU - Grillmaier, R.* AU - Heinrich, W. AU - Lindborg, L.* AU - Schraube, H. AU - Silari, M.* AU - Tommasino, L.* AU - Zhou, D.* C1 - 21832 C2 - 20040 SP - 195-198 TI - Investigation of Radiation Fields at Aircraft Altitudes. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 92 PY - 2000 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Regulla, D.F. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Hieber, L. AU - Panzer, W. AU - Seidenbusch, M.C. AU - Schmid, E. C1 - 21666 C2 - 19834 SP - 159-163 TI - Spatially limited effects of dose and LET enhancement X ray qualities. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 90 PY - 2000 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schneider, K.* AU - Perlmutter, N.* AU - Arthur, R.* AU - Cook, V.* AU - Horwitz, A.E.* AU - Thomas, P.* AU - Krämer, P.* AU - Montagne, J.P.* AU - Ernst, G.* AU - Panzer, W. AU - Wall, B.* C1 - 21665 C2 - 19835 SP - 197-201 TI - Micturition cystourethrography in paediatric patients in selected children's hospitals in Europe : Evaluation of fluoroscopy technique, image quality criteria and dose. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 90 PY - 2000 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tingberg, A.* AU - Herrmann, C. AU - Lanhede, B.* AU - Almen, A.* AU - Besjakov, J.* AU - Mattsson, S.* AU - Sund, P.* AU - Kheddache, S.* AU - Mansson, L.G.* C1 - 21664 C2 - 19836 SP - 165-168 TI - Comparison of two methods for evaluation of the image quality of lumbar spine radiographs. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 90 PY - 2000 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Zankl, M. AU - Panzer, W. AU - Herrmann, C. C1 - 21663 C2 - 19837 SP - 155-158 TI - Calculation of patient doses using a human voxel phantom of variable diameter. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 90 PY - 2000 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - da Rosa, L.A.R.* AU - Seidenbusch, M.C. AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 21149 C2 - 19190 SP - 433-436 TI - Dose profile assessment at gold-tissue interfaces by using tsee. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 85 PY - 1999 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - da Rosa, L.A.R.* AU - Regulla, D.F. AU - Fill, U.A. C1 - 21150 C2 - 19191 SP - 175-178 TI - Precision for low dose assessment using TLD-100 chips and computerised glow curve analysis. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 85 PY - 1999 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Figel, M. AU - Sprunck, M. C1 - 20781 C2 - 18830 SP - 259-264 TI - Fast cooling and computerised glow curve deconvolution in routine personnel monitoring with TLD-100. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 81 PY - 1999 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Figel, M. AU - Goedicke, C.* C1 - 20949 C2 - 19004 SP - 433-438 TI - Simulation of the pre-dose effect of the 100COD,1,248C TL peak in quartz. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 84 PY - 1999 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Figel, M. AU - Brand, H.-N. AU - Sprunck, M. C1 - 20950 C2 - 19005 SP - 407-410 TI - A new TL extremity dosimetry system optimised for routine personnel monitoring. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 84 PY - 1999 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Göksu, H.Y. AU - Bulur, E. AU - Wahl, W. C1 - 20983 C2 - 19032 SP - 451-455 TI - Beta dosimetry using thin-layer alpha -Al2O3:C TL detectors. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 84 PY - 1999 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Haskell, E.H.* AU - Hayes, R.B.* AU - Kenner, G.H.* AU - Wieser, A. AU - Aragno, D.* AU - Fattibene, P.* AU - Onori, S. C1 - 21152 C2 - 19193 SP - 527-535 TI - Achievable precision and accuracy in EPR dosimetry of tooth enamel. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 84 PY - 1999 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Heinrich, W.* AU - Roesler, S.* AU - Schraube, H. C1 - 21134 C2 - 19173 SP - 253-258 TI - Physics of cosmic radiation fields. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 86 PY - 1999 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kicken, P.J.H.* AU - Zankl, M. AU - Kemerink, G.J.* C1 - 20792 C2 - 18842 SP - 37-45 TI - Patient dosimetry in arteriography of the lower limbs. Part II: dose conversion coefficients, organ doses and effective dose. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 81 PY - 1999 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schraube, H. AU - Mares, V.* AU - Roesler, S.* AU - Heinrich, W.* C1 - 21135 C2 - 19174 SP - 309-315 TI - Experimental verification and calculation of aviation route doses. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 86 PY - 1999 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schütz, R. AU - Wielunski, M. AU - Fehrenbacher, G. AU - Biersack, J.P.* AU - Wahl, W. C1 - 20953 C2 - 19008 SP - 393-397 TI - Calculation of pulse height distributions for neutron irradiated 6LiF converter silicon detectors. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 84 PY - 1999 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rühm, W.* AU - König, K. AU - Malatova, I.* AU - Doerfel, H.* AU - Foltanova, S.* AU - Sahre, P.* AU - Schütz, R. AU - Wahl, W. C1 - 20795 C2 - 18845 SP - 517-521 TI - Intercomparison exercise for the determination of 241Am in the human skeleton. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 79 PY - 1998 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A MS Windows software has been developed that abandons low temperature annealing in TL dosimetry with LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100). This is achieved by a glow curve analysis based on the first order kinetics model of Randall and Wilkins. Different from commercial deconvolution, and aimed to process exact trap parameters, the new software is optimised for straight-forward assessment of peak areas as a measure of dose. The program allows manual or automatical analysis of glow curves (even of different TL materials). Typical for LiF:Mg,Ti is a processing time of less than 1 s per glow curve. Under laboratory conditions coefficients of variation, V, were found within 0,2 < V < 0.6% for 50 non-selected LiF:Mg,Ti samples re-used 10 times at 1 Gy. No thermal fading could be found for one week storage at temperatures up to 40°C. The flexible software is user-friendly and may serve for routine and quality assurance programmes in clinical dosimetry. AU - Sprunck, M. AU - Regulla, D.F. AU - Fill, U. C1 - 33121 C2 - 35568 SP - 269-271 TI - TL measurements with computerised glow curve analysis in clinical dosimetry. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 66 IS - 1-4 PY - 1996 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Microdosimetry can be an important tool in fundamental radiobiology towards an improved understanding of the primary mechanisms of radiation action. In addition, its applications in radiation protection and in clinical radiology have been of increasing importance. The variance-covariance method relates to such applications; it permits the determination of the dose averaged microdosimetric parameters in radiation fields of varying intensity. Measurements with the variance-covariance method are here reported for therapy electron beams with acceleration voltages from 5 to 20 MV. The experimental results are compared with Monte-Carlo simulations. AU - Chen, J. AU - Hahn, K.R. AU - Roos, H. AU - Kellerer, A.M. C1 - 40001 C2 - 38951 SP - 435-438 TI - Microdosimetry of therapy electron beams - Measurements and Monte-Carlo simulations. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 52 IS - 1-4 PY - 1994 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The application of the radiation weighting factor WR and the new concept of effective dose to determine a radiation risk relevant body dose, results in large differences in comparison with the old concept of effective dose equivalent of ICRP 26. Modifications of the radiation weighting factor are proposed, which will not change the general concept of ICRP 60, but will lead to a reduction of these differences. The methods are discussed and the resulting fluence-to-effective dose conversion function is calculated. AU - Leuthold, G.P. AU - Schraube, H. C1 - 40020 C2 - 38055 SP - 217-220 TI - Critical analysis of the ICRP 60 proposals for neutron radiation and a possible solution. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 54 IS - 3-4 PY - 1994 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The program system for the assessment of radiological consequences (PARK) evaluates measurement data of the German integrated measurement and information system (IMIS) to analyse and predict the impact of environmental contamination after atmospheric radionuclide releases. The assessment of radionuclide deposition on soil and on different types of plants is one important step in analysing measurement data. Depending on the accident phase, the type of the available data set and correspondingly the quality of the model result, is different. In the first phase the PARK deposition model is based on data for gamma dose rates, air concentrations of gamma emitting radionuclides and the amount of precipitation at 23 (planned 41) stations of the German weather service (DWD). Sources of uncertainties of the results for these stations and about 2000 additional stations, where only the gamma dose rate is known, are discussed for different scenarios. As soon as data of in situ γ spectrometry are available the deposition model results will be improved. After the passage of the radioactive cloud, an adaptation algorithm is performed to correct model deposition results. Further improved results can be expected if additional precipitation measurements at the stations of the Federal Office for Civil Defence (BZS) are available. AU - Bleher, M. AU - Jacob, P. C1 - 40428 C2 - 37981 SP - 343-348 TI - Real-time assessment of radionuclide deposition by PARK. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 50 IS - 2-4 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The industrial prototype of an individual extremity thermoluminescence (TL) dosimetry system is presented which is based on a GSF patent and has been developed by Physikalisch-Technische Werkstatten (PTW), Freiburg. The system consists of a flexible strip type TL dosemeter also serving as a ring dosemeter, and a PC controlled readout equipment. The dosemeter carries a permanent identification code and is prepared for one use. Performance tests have revealed system compliance with the dosimetric requirements of the German standard DIN 6816. AU - Brand, H.N. AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 33956 C2 - 38902 SP - 465-467 TI - A new individual extremity TL dosemetry system. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 47 IS - 1-4 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Cetin, O. AU - Wieser, A. AU - Walther, R. AU - Özer, A.M. AU - Fill, U. AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 20469 C2 - 13677 SP - 675-678 TI - Models of the g = 2.0006 ESR Signal Growth Curve in Carbonates. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 47 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Drexler, G.G. C1 - 40330 C2 - 0 SP - 2 TI - Opening address. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 49 IS - 1-3 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Models and databases for predicting doses and the effect of countermeasures taken to reduce dose following the accidental release of radioactive material into the environment are an important part of a system for assisting emergency response decisions after an accident. The module ECOAMOR comprises a dynamic radioecological model which takes into account all relevant processes leading to contamination of foodstuffs and a dose module for the calculation of internal and external doses in the absence of countermeasures. The module FRODO assesses the consequences of the long-term countermeasures; relocation, food countermeasures and decontamination. In the development of FRODO so far, emphasis has been placed on modelling the effects of countermeasures that could be applied to cows' milk based on a number of different criteria. This paper gives an overview of the main features of the ECOAMOR and FRODO modules and their associated databases for integration into the decision support system RODOS. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Müller, H.M. AU - Pröhl, G. AU - Brown, J. AU - McColl, N.P. AU - Jones, J.A. AU - Haywood, S.M. C1 - 40348 C2 - 38965 SP - 227-234 TI - Modules for foodchain transport, dose assessment and long-term countermeasures in RODOS, the European decision support system. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 50 IS - 2-4 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Göksu, H.Y. AU - Regulla, D.F. AU - Vogenauer, A. C1 - 20467 C2 - 13675 SP - 331-333 TI - Reconstruction of gamma Dose Distribution in Salt at Radioactive Waste Disposal Site by the Water Insoluble Fraction. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 47 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since 1968 the GSF has been carrying out research and development programmes for the final disposal of high activity waste in salt mines. The long term stability of the rock salt formations is assessed, by simulation of heat-producing waste by means of electrical heater and 60Co sources. After the termination of the simulation experiment, vertical and horizontal gamma dose profiles in the rock salt are determined by using the natural rock salt as dosemeters. At the initial stage the thermoluminescence and lyoluminescence properties of rock salt were investigated and found not to be suitable for the dose reconstruction due to inhomogeneity of the salt. However, the water insoluble fraction of the rock salt was found to have more favourable TL dosimetric properties to measure absorbed doses up to 5 x 103 Gy. It is proposed that the method be used for regular check-ups at salt mines used as radioactive waste disposal sites. AU - Göksu, H.Y. AU - Regulla, D.F. AU - Vogenauer, A. C1 - 40268 C2 - 0 SP - 331-333 TI - Reconstruction of gamma dose distribution in salt at radioactive waste disposal site by the water insoluble fraction. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 47 IS - 1-4 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hütt, G. AU - Brodski, L. AU - Bailiff, I.K. AU - Göksu, Y. AU - Haskell, E. AU - Jungner, H. AU - Stoneham, D. C1 - 20442 C2 - 13648 SP - 307-311 TI - Accident Dosimetry using Environmental Material Collected from Regions Downwind of Chernobyl: A Preliminary Evaluation. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 47 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - National scale decision support systems for radioactive contaminations of large areas in France, Germany, Russia and the United Kingdom are compared. The preparedness of the systems to support decisions on countermeasures during depositions that last several days is very different and seems to be best developed in Germany. All of the systems need further tests and exercises to prove and to improve the functionality and an international exchange of corresponding experiences is strongly recommended. AU - Jacob, P. C1 - 40432 C2 - 40057 SP - 191-193 TI - National scale decision support systems. Rapporteur's report. Part II: Monitoring of depositions and related consequences. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 50 IS - 2-4 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper focuses on the uncertainty due to parameter variabilities in the food chain model and the ingestion dose calculation of the radioecological model ECOSYS, which is the basis of the food chain and the dose module in the European decision support system RODOS. Investigations on parameter sensitivity and model uncertainty are performed by applying a Monte Carlo method with Latin Hypercube sampling. The uncertainties of predicted contamination of foodstuffs as well as the uncertainties of dose predictions are estimated taking into account the correlations between parameters. Both, the sensitivity of model parameters and the uncertainties of model results are dependent on the actual radioecological situation; important factors are especially the type of radionuclide and the time of year when the deposition occurs. AU - Müller, H.M. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Pröhl, G. AU - Gardner, R.H. C1 - 40350 C2 - 38967 SP - 353-357 TI - Uncertainty in the ingestion dose calculation. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 50 IS - 2-4 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper discusses the origin and size of the radiation exposure in civil aircraft from cosmic rays and compares the associated estimated health risks with normal mortality rates and their changes with time and location. The average annual exposure of air crew members might be approximately 5 mSv and the resulting increase in the age-dependent incidence of late somatic radiation effects is very small as compared with the total death probability rate. AU - Paretzke, H.G. AU - Heinrich, W. C1 - 40415 C2 - 0 SP - 33-40 TI - Radiation exposure and radiation risk in civil aircraft. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 48 IS - 1 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The dynamic food chain model ECOSYS-87 is used to estimate the mitigating effect of selected countermeasures after radioactive contamination of farmland. The considerations focus on probably the most relevant countermeasures in the first 2 years following the accident such as storage of food, food bans, application of derived intervention levels; changes in the processing of foodstuffs, and changes in the feeding regimes of domestic animals. The effect of countermeasures is quantified in terms of potential collective dose saved or, if possible, as individual dose saved. The effectiveness of countermeasures depends on a variety of situation-specific factors which have to be taken into account before any interventions are applied. Such factors are the season during which the deposition occurs, the radionuclide composition of the deposit, and the practicability of the countermeasure in a given situation. AU - Pröhl, G. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Müller, H.M. C1 - 20304 C2 - 13493 SP - 359-366 TI - Potential Reduction of the Ingestion Dose after Nuclear Accidents Due to the Application of Selected Countermeasures. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 50 IS - 2-4 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The dynamic food chain model ECOSYS-87 is used to estimate the mitigating effect of selected countermeasures after radioactive contamination of farmland. The considerations focus on the most probably relevant countermeasures in the first 2 years following the accident such as storage of food, food bans, application of derived intervention levels, changes in the processing of foodstuffs, and changes in the feeding regimes of domestic animals. The effect of countermeasures is quantified in terms of potential collective dose saved or, if possible, as individual dose saved. The effectiveness of countermeasures depends on a variety of situation-specific factors which have to be taken into account before any interventions are applied. Such factors are the season during which the deposition occurs, the radionuclide composition of the deposit, and the practicability of the countermeasure in a given situation. AU - Pröhl, G. AU - Friedland, W. AU - Müller, H.M. C1 - 33776 C2 - 38736 SP - 359-366 TI - Potential reduction of the ingestion dose after nuclear accidents due to the application of selected countermeasures. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 50 IS - 2-4 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Radiation measurements have been performed onboard passenger aircraft of Lufthansa German Airlines to get relevant and consistent information about radiation exposure of aircrews. The flights originated from Frankfurt with the destinations Vancouver, Tokyo, Sydney, Buenos Aires and Mexico City. The measurements were carried out on altitudes up to 41.000 ft (12.5 km) as a function of latitude and longitude, using established dosemeters for environmental control as well as a new microdosimetric device. At the most frequently used flight levels between 33.000 and 39.000 ft ( 10-11.7 km), area dose equivalent rates were conservatively estimated to be as high as 5-8 μSv.h-1, at geomagnetic latitudes around N50°. Corresponding area dose equivalents reach 3-5 mSv.y-1 with the assumption of 600 flight hours annually and the quality factor function according to ICRP 60. AU - Regulla, D.F. AU - David, J.P. C1 - 33786 C2 - 13680 SP - 65-72 TI - Measurements of cosmic radiation on board Lufthansa aircraft on the major intercontinental flight routes. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 48 IS - 1 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An important aspect of the workshop on optimisation of image quality and patient exposure in diagnostic radiology in Oxford 1989 was the need to elaborate on objective criteria for the image radiograph and its parameters in accordance with defined physical quantities and units. Procedures to assess the radiographic image in a way appropriate for the clinical problem are based on understanding the information generated by X rays and the properties of the visual system that perceives this information. The physical parameters for the evaluation of clinical radiographs are mainly: mean optical density, useful density range, detail size and detail contrast, object contours and transitions, noise, mottle and texture, amount of scattered radiation, image distortion, artefacts, and dose. The fundamental relationships between these parameters will be discussed together with their variation and accepted tolerances. The methods for measuring these parameters, i.e. densitometry, microdensitometry, histogram methods and luminance are briefly described. The final image, produced as a function of imaging conditions, also including viewing, is converted to the quantitative information derived from test objects, although these objects bear no resemblance to radiographs of the human body. In evaluating diagnostic X ray systems, the use of anthropomorphic phantoms may therefore solve the problem and bridge the gap between physical parameters and the diagnostic need to perform optimal and harmonic radiographs. AU - Stieve, F.-E. AU - Hagemann, G.K. AU - Stender -St. H., H. C1 - 40316 C2 - 38996 SP - 3-18 TI - Relationship between medical requirements and technical parameters of good imaging performance and acceptable dose. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 49 IS - 1-3 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The voxel type phantoms BABY and CHILD are used to quantify the dependence of organ dose per exit dose conversion factors on patient diameter in diagnostic paediatric radiology by variation of the voxel size in the relevant dimension. The results of Monte Carlo simulations of the five most frequent examinations, i.e. skull AP, thorax AP and PA, abdomen AP and pelvis AP, are presented for both phantoms. The organ doses increase very differently with increasing patient diameter, depending on the phantom, the examination, the radiation quality and the relative position and percentage of the organ in the beam. Using these results, phantom and examination specific organ dose scaling factors from 'standard patients' to patients with different diameters can be obtained. AU - Veit, R. AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 40447 C2 - 40102 SP - 353-356 TI - Variation of organ doses in paediatric radiology due to patient diameter, calculated with phantoms of varying voxel size. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 49 IS - 1-3 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Optical grade crystals of lithium fluoride (LiF) have been developed for high level (50 MGy) and high temperature (250°C) dosimetry at GSF, based on optical density (OD) measurements. The measuring accuracy however was limited by a relatively high coefficient of variation (20%) for the interspecimen scattering of response. A method is described to improve precision by individual probe calibration at a relatively low dose level (1 kGy) by using F-centres only. It is shown that the calibration factors are applicable at high doses, where other centres are involved. By this procedure, the coefficient of variation for interspecimen scattering can be reduced to ≤ 5%. Thermoluminescence (TL) and trace element analysis was performed to find an explanation for the interspecimen scattering. While no correlation could be found between optical density and trace element content and between optical density and TL, a strong correlation was observed between optical density and fluorescence. AU - Waibel, A. AU - Göksu, Y. AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 33785 C2 - 13676 SP - 581-583 TI - A method of individual calibration of LiF optical absorption dosemeters. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 47 IS - 1-4 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wieser, A. AU - Figel, M. AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 20470 C2 - 13678 SP - 465-467 TI - Conductivity of Alanine Solution for High Level Dosimetry. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 47 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The amino acid alanine is well known as a dosimetric detector material for high level dosimetry. Its application is based on the formation of radicals by ionising radiation. The free radicals are earlier detected by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy or chemically after dissolving the irradiated samples. Of all these methods the ESR/alanine system is the most advanced and is suggested for reference dosimetry. At present, however, the high cost of the system is a serious handicap for a large scale routine application in radiation plants. In this study the variation of electrical conductivity of L-alanine solution with applied dose is investigated in the range from 0.5-200 kGy. The conductivity was measured with a 50 MHz RF oscillator. This readout method is uncomplicated and may be suitable for routine application. The experiments were performed with L-alanine solution in glass ampoules. AU - Wieser, A. AU - Figel, M. AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 40390 C2 - 40073 SP - 585-587 TI - Conductivity of alanine solution for high level dosimetry. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 47 IS - 1-4 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Optimisation in diagnostic radiology means achieving a reasonable compromise between high image quality and low dose to the patient. A convenient method to evaluate the influence of an examination technique on patient dose is the calculation of organ doses using radiation transport codes together with computational human models. A brief history of the computational models is given and the differences between mathematical and tomographic models are described. Dose calculations performed in nuclear medicine and diagnostic radiology are briefly summarised; the limitations of calculated organ doses with respect to accuracy and applicability to individual situations are discussed. Finally, the possible use of dose calculations for optimisation procedures in diagnostic radiology, due to quantification of the effects of measures aimed at dose reduction or limitation on single organ doses, is illustrated. AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 40308 C2 - 40001 SP - 339-344 TI - Computational models employed for dose assessment in diagnostic radiology. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 49 IS - 1-3 PY - 1993 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A new extremity dosemeter system has been developed at GSF serving equally as a partial body dosemeter. It consists of (1) a TL detector sealed in a heat resistant plastic capsule as part of a thin and flexible plastic strip which can also be formed into a ring and closed with a re-usable closing mechanism, (2) automatic PC controlled readout equipment. The advantages of the detector device are: sterilisable even at autoclave temperatures if unirradiated, high resistance against chemical solvents, permanent identification number, mechanical stability, suitable for wearing in a number of places and easy readout. The readout equipment provides automatic dosemeter evaluation including magazine transport, code detection and heating control. The TL signal is detected by a PMT via a flexible fluid light pipe using a digitally operated photon counting system. The system provides a dose range according to DIN 6816 for extremity dosimetry, and passed the annual quality control by PTB. The prototype system was studied in a field test for six months at different radiological institutions with about 240 users each month. AU - Brand, H.N. AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 40537 C2 - 13674 SP - 179-181 TI - A new extremity dosemeter system based on thermoluminescence dosimetry. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 43 IS - 1-4 PY - 1992 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In its 1990 Recommendations (ICRP Publication 60), the International Commission on Radiological Protection revised and extended the definition of dosimetric quantities previously given in ICRP Publication 26. In this paper, the four types of quantities used in radiological protection - basic physical quantities, specific quantities for radiological protection, operational quantities and subsidiary dosimetric quantities - are presented and their definitions are given. AU - Drexler, G.G. C1 - 40607 C2 - 38790 SP - 93-98 TI - The dosimetric quantities in the new ICRP recommendations. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 43 IS - 1-4 PY - 1992 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kellerer, A.M. AU - Barclay, D. C1 - 19868 C2 - 13021 SP - 273-281 TI - Age Dependences in the Modelling of Radiation Carcinogenesis. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 41 PY - 1992 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kreienbrock, L. AU - Wichmann, H.-E. AU - Gerken, M. AU - Heinrich, J. AU - Goetze, H.-J. AU - Kreuzer, M. AU - Keller, G. C1 - 20573 C2 - 13782 SP - 643-649 TI - The German Radon Project - Feasibility of Methods and first Results. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 45 PY - 1992 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - On the basis of new radiobiological findings, the ICRP has recently revised the LET dependence of the quality factor Q(LET) for charged particles. In consequence, many in-phantom defined radiation protection quantities have to be re-evaluated. Among these, the most important operational quantity in radiation protection is the ambient dose equivalent h(*)(10). This study deals with the calculation of h(*)(10), as defined at a depth of 10 mm in the ICRU sphere for a broad parallel neutron beam. Additionally, the ratio of ambient dose equivalent to ambient dose, the effective quality factor q(*)(eff) as function of neutron energy, is derived. AU - Leuthold, G.P. AU - Mares, V. AU - Schraube, H. C1 - 40627 C2 - 38016 SP - 77-84 TI - Calculation of the neutron ambient dose equivalent on the basis of the ICRP revised quality factors. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 40 IS - 2 PY - 1992 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Spectra of the total direct and scattered radiation behind a phantom (30 x 30 x 20 cm3) and an antiscatter grid (8/40) were measured. The results show that the antiscatter grid has a remarkable impact on the spectral distribution and that spectra used up to now for standard sensitometry of film-screen systems differ widely from the spectra as they are in practice; the latter can be simulated by filtration. AU - Panzer, W. AU - Petoussi, N. C1 - 40505 C2 - 38677 SP - 151-154 TI - Diagnostic X ray spectra behind phantom and antiscatter grid. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 43 IS - 1-4 PY - 1992 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Spectral evidence is needed to show that the phantoms for quality control accurately simulate an average patient. For this purpose, some of the standard dosimetric/imaging phantoms used in diagnostic radiology, for example, the DIN (Deutsches Institut fur Normung) phantom and the CDRH (Center for Devices and Radiological Health, USA) phantom were simulated, taking into account their special geometry and various materials of composition. Photon spectra at the position of the dosemeters were estimated for various radiation qualities, using the Monte Carlo code KASTENSPEC. These spectra were compared with relevant ones previously calculated for cubic and cuboid water or lung tissue phantoms. It is a purpose of this presentation to present some examples from a large set of spectral data given in a Catalogue. AU - Petoussi, N. AU - Zankl, M. AU - Panzer, W. AU - Drexler, G.G. AU - Nette, P.H. C1 - 40584 C2 - 38735 SP - 147-149 TI - Photon spectra in standard dosimetric or imaging phantoms calculated with Monte Carlo methods. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 43 IS - 1-4 PY - 1992 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schneider, K. AU - Fendel, H. AU - Bakowski, C. AU - Stein, E. AU - Kohn, M. AU - Kellner, M. AU - Schweighofer, K. AU - Cartagena, G. AU - Padovani, R. AU - Panzer, W. AU - Scheurer, C. AU - Wall, B.F. C1 - 20302 C2 - 13491 SP - 31-36 TI - Results of a Dosimetry Study in the European Community on Frequent X Ray Examinations in Infants. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 43 PY - 1992 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Methods and results are described for the determination of 10B reaction rates in a simple homogeneous phantom of head size by experiment and Monte Carlo calculation. A depth-rate matrix for monoenergetic neutrons is established. Neutron spectra are folded into the matrix in order to simulate experimental results from an existing reactor neutron therapy facility and to predict the characteristics of a facility which is under design. AU - Schraube, H. AU - Wagner, F.M. AU - Mares, V. AU - Pfister, G. C1 - 40578 C2 - 38714 SP - 433-436 TI - In-phantom 10B capture rates for medical applications at a reactor therapy facility. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 44 IS - 1-4 PY - 1992 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The present study aims at quantifying the variation of organ doses due to the variation of entrance doses and the varying anatomical position of single organs among different patients and at emphasising the limitations of dose assessments using literature values only, without performing any measurements. Entrance doses were measured for 93 patients undergoing intravenous pyelography with the same X ray equipment. It was found that the entrance doses varied by up to a factor of 4.7, even for patients with the same abdominal diameter (AP). As an example of the deviation of an individual patient's anatomy from that of a 'standard' patient, the variation of the position of the uterus was studied using computed tomography data from 103 patients. For the different uterus positions found, uterus doses for a pelvis AP examination were estimated for constant entrance dose using a depth-dose curve in water. Among patients with a diameter of approximately 19 cm the doses varied by a factor of 2.7. AU - Stieve, F.E. AU - Zankl, M. AU - Nahrstedt, U. AU - Kühnel, A. AU - Schult, S. C1 - 40535 C2 - 38023 SP - 161-163 TI - Entrance dose measurements on patients and their relation to organ doses. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 43 IS - 1-4 PY - 1992 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since organ doses are very difficult to measure in diagnostic radiology, they are mainly determined by means of Monte Carlo calculations using anthropomorphic phantoms. These calculations provide so-called conversion factors from measurable quantities (such as air kerma free-in-air at a reference point or entrance dose) to the organ doses of interest. These can then be derived by multiplying the dose conversion factors by the measured values of the corresponding reference quantity. However, in reality there are limitations mainly due to the great variation in patient size. Strictly speaking, these conversion factors can only be applied to the 'standard person' having the same body dimensions and masses as the respective phantom. This is true for adults and children regardless of the phantom, which can be MIRD type like the MIRD-5 phantom, the adult GSF phantoms ADAM and EVA and the child phantoms of Cristy or voxel-type like the pediatric GSF phantoms BABY and CHILD that are based on computed tomographic (CT) data. As there is no complete set of phantoms of all body forms in every age group available, one has to use approximations. Using the voxel-phantom BABY a simple method is presented to vary the body dimensions by changing the voxel size in one or more dimensions. Simulating four common examinations in pediatric radiology it is shown that only the dimension in the direction of the irradiation (in the present study this is the AP diameter) has a relevant effect on the organ dose conversion factors. The size of the influence is very different for the various organs, depending mainly on the type of examination, the photon energy (the tube voltage), the position of the organ in the relevant direction and the percentage of the organ being directly irradiated. AU - Veit, R. AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 40586 C2 - 38734 SP - 241-243 TI - Influence of patient size on organ doses in diagnostic radiology. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 43 IS - 1-4 PY - 1992 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Computed tomography (CT) is a technique in diagnostic radiology which offers a high diagnostic capability; however, the dose to the patient is high. At the GSF, a catalogue of organ doses resulting from CT examinations was compiled. The doses were calculated for single slices of 1 cm width at positions varying contiguously throughout the body. These dose values can be used as a data base from which organ doses resulting from a particular CT examination can be estimated by suitable summation of the calculated values. The organ doses were calculated for the type of CT scanners most commonly used in the FRG and for three different radiation qualities. For the calculations, the patients were represented by adult mathematical phantoms. The radiation transport in the body was simulated using a Monte Carlo method. The doses were calculated as conversion factors of mean organ doses per air kerma free-in-air on the axis of rotation. AU - Zankl, M. AU - Panzer, W. AU - Drexler, G.G. C1 - 40541 C2 - 38020 SP - 237-239 TI - The calculation of organ doses from computed tomography examinations. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 43 IS - 1-4 PY - 1992 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Alevra, A.V. AU - Cosack, M. AU - Hunt, J.B. AU - Thomas, D.J. AU - Schraube, H. C1 - 19504 C2 - 12600 TI - Experimental Determination of the Response of Four Bonner Sphere Sets to Monoenergetic Neutrons (II). JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY - 1991 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - It is evident from statistical reviews of medical exposure in Brazil that appropriate standards of availability and quality of diagnostic X ray examinations are not reached. Furthermore, the effectiveness of worker protection could be improved by more frequent use of more efficient personal monitoring. An analysis of the distribution of individual exposures and, consequently, the initiation of an optimisation process would enhance dose limitation. AU - Drexler, G.G. AU - da Cunha, P.G. AU - Peixoto, J.E. C1 - 40818 C2 - 0 SP - 101-105 TI - Medical and occupational exposures in Brazil. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 36 IS - 2-4 PY - 1991 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Organ doses for babies, children and adults and doses to foetuses from environmental gamma rays were calculated using Monte Carlo codes. Firstly, gamma ray fields in the air-over-ground geometry were simulated, neglecting the disturbance of the radiation field by the human body. The exposure modes considered were semi-infinite homogeneous volume sources in the air, infinite plane sources at a depth of 0.5 g.cm-2 in the ground and homogeneous volume sources of natural radionuclides in the ground. The results of the simulation of the gamma ray transport in the air-over-ground geometry were used as sources irradiating the anthropomorphic phantoms: an 8 week old baby, a seven year old child and two 'reference' adult phantoms of a male and a female. The doses to foetuses were estimated from the dose to the uterus of the adult female. Dose conversion factors normalised to source intensity and air kerma were calculated for monoenergetic sources (15 keV to 10 MeV) and natural and artificial radionuclides. AU - Petoussi, N. AU - Jacob, P. AU - Zankl, M. AU - Saito, K. C1 - 40760 C2 - 38670 SP - 31-41 TI - Organ doses for foetuses, babies, children and adults from environmental gamma rays. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 37 IS - 1 PY - 1991 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bertelli, L. AU - Nascimento, J.E.C. AU - Drexler, G.A. C1 - 18605 C2 - 11741 TI - Influence of Tissue Weighting Factors on Risk Weighted Dose Equivalent Quantities. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY - 1990 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Colautti, P. AU - Leuthold, G.P. AU - Talpo, G. AU - Tornielli, G. C1 - 18602 C2 - 11738 SP - 129-135 TI - Parallel-to-anode alpha Probe in a Cylindrical TEPC at Simulated Lengths Less than 1 mm. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 31 PY - 1990 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Drexler, G.A. AU - Veit, R. AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 18392 C2 - 11593 TI - The Quality Factor for Photons. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY - 1990 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The justification for the new dose equivalent quantities is essentially based on metrological arguments. Desirable properties from the viewpoint of radiation protection have less weight in the ICRU proposal. Critical considerations are expressed on the usefulness of these new quantities in the system of optimisation and limitation of occupational exposures. Difficulties in the field of other exposure situations from external radiation are indicated. AU - Drexler, G.G. AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 41199 C2 - 36485 SP - 1-5 TI - Practical radiation protection aspects of the ICRU 39 quantities. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 33 IS - 1-4 PY - 1990 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the past 5-10 years the concept of the quality factor Q in radiation protection has been widely discussed. Various proposals for Q as a function of LET (linear energy transfer) or y (lineal energy) have been made in order to consider properly the results of radiobiological experiments indicating a higher RBE (radiobiological effectiveness) of neutrons than is expressed by the quality factor for neutrons according to the present convention. A method is presented here for calculating effective quality factors for organ dose equivalents and the operational quantities defined in the ICRU sphere, according to the dose distribution in LET or y. It is shown that all proposed functions for Q, as well as the present convention, lead to photon quality factors considerably in excess of unity for low energy photons. This is in contrast to the need in practical radiation protection where the desirable approximation is that photons of all energies have a quality factor equal to unity. Consequently, there is a need to specify a function of Q which has this property and also leads to a sufficiently high quality factor for neutrons. Such a function is proposed. AU - Drexler, G.G. AU - Veit, R. AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 42258 C2 - 40201 SP - 83-89 TI - The quality factor for photons. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 32 IS - 2 PY - 1990 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The extent of the OH* -mediated induction of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) was determined for sparsely ionising 25 MeV electrons and for densely ionising 4.2 MeV alpha particles. Using haploid yeast cells which, in stationary phase, are not capable of DSB repair, DSB induction can be determined simply by measuring cell survival of these cells. The OH*-mediated DSB induction for 25 MeV electrons amounts to 27% under anoxic and 60% under oxic conditions whereas for 4.2 MeV α particles these contributions are 44% and 53%, respectively. For 25 MeV electrons the OER value of the OH*-mediated DSB induction is 5.9 whereas it is only 1.5 for the direct effect. For 4.2 MeV α particles the OER values are 1.4 (OH*-mediated) and 1.0 (direct). AU - Frankenberg, D. AU - Frankenberg-Schwager, M. AU - Harbich, R. C1 - 41213 C2 - 11747 SP - 249-252 TI - The contribution of OH* in densely ionising electron track ends or particle tracks to the induction of DNA double strand breaks. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 31 IS - 1-4 PY - 1990 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Göksu, H.Y. AU - Regulla, D.F. AU - Hietel, B. AU - Popp, G. C1 - 18811 C2 - 11932 SP - 319-322 TI - Thermoluminescent Dust for Identification of Irradiation Spices. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 34 PY - 1990 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - It is shown that most of the natural products contain minute amounts of wind blown or intruding dust which can be separated and used to identify irradiated spices by measuring its thermoluminescence (TL). The method has several advantages over the use of the whole grains of spices. There is no spurious signal due to oxidation of the organic components, therefore the samples can be heated to higher temperatures at which more stable TL peaks are accessible. As a consequence, the method provides (1) high reliability in identification, (2) an access to a quantitative assessment of the administered dose even after some years, (3) determination of the time elapsed between the food irradiation and the TL readout. Thermoluminescent dust obtained from cumin, green pepper, sage, rosemary, mugwort, lovage, thyme, dill weed, oregano, savory, marjoram and basil is investigated. AU - Göksu, H.Y. AU - Regulla, D.F. AU - Hietel, B. AU - Popp, G. C1 - 33804 C2 - 36419 SP - 319-322 TI - Thermoluminescent dust for identification of irradiated spices. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 34 IS - 1-4 PY - 1990 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Several proposals have been presented recently (ICRU 40, Zaider and Brenner, Kellerer) on the definition of the quality factor for charged particles on lineal energy density rather than on LET. The models of ICRU 40 and Kellerer result in a direct proportionality of the quality factor to y in the lower range of y up to to about 100 keV.μm-1 with q(y)=0.3 y. From this the neutron quality factor is derived to be Q(n)=0.3 ȳ(D). The version of Zaider and Brenner results in a expression Q(n)=0.03 + 0.24 ȳ(D). A similar expression was used by Bengtson in 1969. Without the knowledge of the f(y) distribution, Y(D) can be calculated using the proximity function approach by Kellerer applied on calculated ion event tracks. Such calculations were performed for protons, α particles and heavy recoils in the energy range of 0.2 MeV.amu-1 up to 15 MeV.amu-1 in water vapour. From the charged particle data ȳ(D) is then calculated as a function of neutron energy in soft tissue from thermal energy up to 14.1 MeV. The new proposals are related to the f(y) distribution in a sphere of 1 μm diameter. Smaller target sizes have, however, been proven to be relevant in quantitative radiation biology. The variation of ȳ(D) with target size (1 nm up to 1μm) is shown as a function of neutron energy and the deviation from the LET approximation is discussed, which is caused by straggling effects and δ ray escape and is most pronounced at small target sizes. Results of the several new concepts are compared with each other and with old ones, based on q(L), and the impact on neutron radiation protection is discussed. AU - Leuthold, G.P. AU - Burger, G.T. C1 - 41906 C2 - 36460 SP - 223-226 TI - Dose mean lineal energy for neutrons. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 31 IS - 1-4 PY - 1990 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - For the study of radiation effects in rock salt caused by highly radioactive waste in potential repository sites, it is essential that dosimetry can be carried out at high doses and high irradiation temperatures. Radiation induced colour centres in LiF crystals are shown to be appropriate for the assessment of gamma doses up to at least 50 MGy at irradiation temperatures up to 250°C. The irradiations were performed at 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C and 250°C under calibration conditions in a gamma cell irradiator using a specially designed oven. The effect of the irradiation temperature on the dose response and shape of optical spectra of LiF is investigated. A method is described that allows for the estimation of the irradiation temperature. The experiments are designed to be used at the HAW project in the Asse salt mine, Braunschweig, FRG. AU - Waibel, A. AU - Göksu, H.Y. AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 42444 C2 - 0 SP - 327-330 TI - The use of LiF for dosimetry in the megaray range and at elevated irradiation temperatures. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 34 IS - 1-4 PY - 1990 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - At present there is a great interest in ultra-high-level dosimetry exceeding the 0.5 MGy which can still be detected more conventionally by the ESR spectroscopy of alanine. Recently, the E1' defect in SiO2 was discovered for dosimetry. The defect generated in crystalline quartz by gamma irradiation was found to be an excellent candidate for ultra-high-level dosimetry at ambient temperatures up to 300 oC. The E1' centre is observed in all pure forms of quartz and silicate, but its dosimetric properties are specific for each material. This provides the precondition for a wide range of applications in dosimetry. Here, the properties of the E1' centre are compared for fused silicates and crystalline quartz. For the first time, supralinearity was observed for the E1' centre and that in silicate glass. The experiments are designed to be used at the HAW project in the Asse salt mine, Braunschweig, FRG. AU - Wieser, A. AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 18810 C2 - 11931 SP - 291-294 TI - Ultra High Level Dosimetry by ESR Spectroscopy of Crystalline Quartz and Fused Silicate. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 34 IS - 1-4 PY - 1990 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - At present there is a great interest in ultra-high-level dosimetry exceeding the 0.5 MGy which can still be detected more conventionally by the ESR spectroscopy of alanine. Recently, the E1' defect in SiO2 was discovered for dosimetry. The defect generated in crystalline quartz by gamma irradiation was found to be an excellent candidate for ultra-high-level dosimetry at ambient temperatures up to 300°C.The E1' centre is observed in all pure forms of quartz and silicate, but its dosimetric properties are specific for each material. This provides the precondition for a wide range of applications in dosimetry. Here, the properties of the E1' centre are compared for fused silicates and crystalline quartz. For the first time, supralinearity was observed for the E 1' centre and that in silicate glass. The experiments are designed to be used at the HAW project in the Asse salt mine, Braunschweig, FRG. AU - Wieser, A. AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 41140 C2 - 36387 SP - 291-294 TI - Ultra high level dosimetry by ESR spectroscopy of crystalline quartz and fused silicate. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 34 IS - 1-4 PY - 1990 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The beta radiation of a 85Kr (3.7 GBq) source was determined, using a scintillator detector, an extrapolation chamber and thermoluminescence dosemeters of CaSO4:Tm. The absorbed dose rates were determined at different distances (region of the operators' localisation) to obtain the isodose curves (in air) for bremsstrahlung and beta radiation. AU - Caldas, L.V.E. AU - David, J.P. C1 - 41204 C2 - 36513 SP - 47-51 TI - Bremsstrahlung and beta radiation fields determination of an industrial radioactive source. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 27 IS - 1 PY - 1989 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Low energy X rays in the context of this paper are photons with energies less than 200 keV. These energies are found in many fields of radiation protection as shown by the results of a personal monitoring service. The number of people involved and the collective dose in this energy range make it worthwhile to think about these sources. Physically it is a field of complex interaction of photons with matter, especially because of the considerable influence of the shape and the composition of the interactor. That means that the presence of a phantom changes the radiation field substantially. Data basic to this are backscattering factors and ratios of the mass absorption coefficients. This surely reinforces the main argument for the new quantities, which should allow a conservative estimation of the effective and the organ dose equivalent. The interpretation of the area doses, H* and H', is now easier, but the interpretation of the individual doses, H(p), within the energy range mentioned above has become more difficult. AU - David, J.P. AU - Drexler, G.G. C1 - 33849 C2 - 36525 SP - 131-134 TI - Application of the new dose equivalent operational quantities in low energy X ray dosimetry. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 28 IS - 1-2 PY - 1989 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - For the determination of organ doses and the effective dose equivalent either physical or mathematical exposure models have to be used in order to establish suitable conversion factors between the dose values considered and certain measurable quantities. As the measurement of dose distributions in a realistic phantom of the human body is restricted to special situations, most of the conversion factors needed have to be derived by theoretical calculations using mathematical human phantoms and, usually, Monte Carlo methods. For these calculations, various more or less simplified models of the radiation source, the human body and the interactions between radiation and matter have been introduced. In this work, some examples of the influence of details in modelling on the resulting organ doses are demonstrated. AU - Drexler, G.A. AU - Eckerl, H. AU - Zankl, M. C1 - 18082 C2 - 10930 SP - 181-188 TI - On the Influence of the Exposure Model on Organ Doses. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 28 IS - 3 PY - 1989 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A summary of the recently published ICRP Task Group report on the lung cancer risk from environmental exposure to radon daughters is given. The attributable risk has been estimated proceeding from the excess lung cancer rate observed among Rn exposed miners and among the atomic bomb survivors, taking into account appropriate correction factors. Different types of approaches are outlined, using absolute and relative risk projection models and assuming a linear exposure-risk relationship at low exposure levels. The main emphasis is given to a proportional hazard model which has been adapted to account for these epidemiological data. The results of surveys yield, for most countries a population-averaged mean value of 10-25 Bq · m-3 for the equilibrium equivalent 222Rn concentration in houses. Assuming a chronic lifetime exposure at this mean indoor level the risk analysis indicates that about 3-15% of the total observed lung cancer rate among populations might be associated with the environmental exposure to radon daughters. The proportional hazard model leads to the suggestion that this relative fraction might be nearly the same for smokers and non-smokers, and for males and females. To so called 'dosimetric approach' yields a risk value at the lower end of the given range. AU - Jacobi, W. C1 - 41701 C2 - 36162 SP - 19-22 TI - Lung cancer risk from environmental exposure to radon daughters. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 24 IS - 1-4 PY - 1988 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The calculation of microdosimetric distributions for neutrons, has so far been performed for target sizes in the micrometre region, where the LET approximation is valid. In small spherical targets straggling and δ ray effects strongly influence the energy deposition. The dose mean lineal energy ȳ(D) can, however, be calculated using Kellerer's proximity function approach from a computer simulated ion track event pattern. In such tracks, different structural components can be distinguished. The calculation was performed for the main constituents of secondary charged particle spectra produced by 14.1 MeV neutrons in tissue. The influence of δ rays on the energy deposition in small targets of 1 to 100 nm diameter is shown and the deviation from the LET approximation is discussed. AU - Leuthold, G.P. AU - Burger, G.T. C1 - 42569 C2 - 36595 SP - 49-51 TI - Dose mean lineal energy for fast neutrons in small spherical targets. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 23 IS - 1-4 PY - 1988 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A simple formalism has been employed to average data on neutron fluence-to-directional dose equivalent conversion factors, h'(10;En,a), as given by three different research groups. h'(10;En,a) is numerically represented as the product of the neutron fluence-to-ambient dose equivalent conversion factor, h* and a simple expansion using only 15 pairs of coefficients for describing the angular dependence in the neutron energy region from thermal up to En = 20 MeV. Good agreement between the fit, the inputed data and more recent data which were not included in the evaluation has been obtained. The ICRU sphere may serve as the defining phantom for operational quantities for individual radiation protection, restricted, however, to irradiation from the frontal half-space. AU - Morhart, A. AU - Siebert, B.R.L. C1 - 17196 C2 - 10257 SP - 47-51 TI - A proposed Procedure for Standardizing the Relationship between the Directional Dose Equivalent and Neutron Fluence. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 28 IS - 1-2 PY - 1988 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The aim of these investigations was to improve gamma dose determination with Geiger-Muller counters. The required values of the responses of the detector for neutrons and gamma rays were taken from the literature. The time discrimination of the signals, a method used to discriminate neutron and gamma radiation in neutron response measurements, makes possible the determination of the gamma doses caused by (n,n'γ) and (n,γ) processes. The experiments were performed with an accelerator in pulse mode. The radiation time was selected to be as small as possible to reduce the build-up of thermal neutrons in the phantom during irradiation. The pause time was chosen to allow the decrease of thermal neutrons produced after moderation. The different gamma spectra emitted by (n,n'γ) and (n,γ) processes were considered in calculating the gamma dose. In the centre of the trunk of the water phantom, the H(γ(n,n'γ))/H(γ(n,γ)) ratio is given by 2.0 ± 0.2. AU - Reulein, W. AU - Kühn, H. C1 - 42125 C2 - 36133 SP - 305-308 TI - The determination of gamma doses due to capture and inelastic scattering processes in a trunk phantom irradiated with 15 MeV neutrons. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 23 IS - 1-4 PY - 1988 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schraube, H. AU - Booz, J. AU - Burger, G. C1 - 17217 C2 - 10234 TI - Proceedings Sixth Symposium on Neutron Dosimetry. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY - 1988 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The proposals of an ISO working group (ISO-TC85/SC2/WG2) for standardising the procedures to be used for the calibration of neutron measuring devices are summarised. Definitions and techniques are given both for type testing and routine calibration. The aim of the standard is to obtain calibration factors independent of the particular calibration facility or experimental technique employed. AU - Schraube, H. AU - Chartier, J.L.J.L. AU - Cosack, M. AU - Delafield, H.J. AU - Hunt, J.B. AU - Schwartz, R.B. C1 - 42615 C2 - 36420 SP - 217-221 TI - Calibration procedures for determining the radiation response characteristics of neutron measuring devices used for radiation protection. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 23 IS - 1-4 PY - 1988 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A review is given of neutron sources used in science, medicine and industry. The principal physical production processes are briefly desscribed, and typical examples are given of neutron spectra met in beam applications, slowing down radiation fields, natural background and for calibration purposes. AU - Schraube, H. C1 - 42108 C2 - 0 SP - 9-17 TI - Sources of neutrons, characteristic fields and spectra. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 20 IS - 1-2 PY - 1987 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The spectra of the electrons in the track of 1 MeV protons passing through water vapour were measured with a retarding field spectrometer mounted in a movable evacuated probe. About 50,000 measurements were performed in the energy range from 0 to 3000 eV at more than 1300 different radial and angular positions relative to the proton path. The radial distances, reduced to density 1g.cm-3, range from 0.25 nm, where the primary electron spectrum is predominant, to 30 nm, where the electrons are slowed down by collisions with water molecules. From the dense net of data the following were calculated: (i) The dependency of the energy fluence on the solid angle at different distances; (ii)The energy flux vectors for different energy ranges as a function of the radial distance from the proton path; (iii) The spectral fluences at different distances from the proton path; (iv) The degradation spectrum. AU - Combecher, D. AU - Kollerbaur, J. C1 - 33124 C2 - 35566 SP - 23-26 TI - The measurement of electron spectra in the track of protons in water vapour. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 13 IS - 1-4 PY - 1985 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In order to evaluate the efficiency of ultrasoft X rays in inducing DNA double strand breaks (DSB) yeast cells deficient in the repair of DSB (rad52 mutant) were irradiated with X rays generated at 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 7.0 kV using a silver anode and a Hostaphane foil as the window. Using the calculated photon spectra within the cell nucleus and the measured D0 values of the exponential survival curves of the rad52 mutant the RBE values for different photon energies were determined. The results show that the RBE value relative to 30 MeV electrons increases with decreasing photon energy and amounts to 2.0 for photons in the energy range from 1.1 to 1.5 keV. The direct determination of the mean number of DSB per cell for 2.0 kV and 4.0 kV X rays confirms results with 30 MeV electrons and 150 kV X rays that in the rad52 mutant one DSB is a lethal event. AU - Frankenberg, D. AU - Binder, A. C1 - 41791 C2 - 0 SP - 157-159 TI - RBE values for the induction of DNA double strand breaks as a function of photon energy. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 13 IS - 1-4 PY - 1985 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In yeast mutants deficient in the repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) one DSB per cell corresponds to one lethal event. This suggests that an unrepaired DSB may lead to cell death and, by definition, a DSB may represent a potentially lethal lesion. Support for this comes from the observation that liquid holding recovery of colony forming ability is due to the repair of DSBs. The shape of survival curves is determined by the extent of DSB repair allowed to occur in cells after irradiation. DSB repair affects both the shoulder width and the slope of survivial curves. Repair of sublethal damage, as deduced from split dose experiments, is due to the repair of DSB . From these results it is concluded that DSBs may lead to cell killing by two mechanisms: firstly, a DSB is lethal on its own and secondly, at least two DSBs may interact to form a lethal lesion. Thus, both the radiobiological phenomena 'repair of potentially lethal damage' and 'repair of sublethal damage' can be interpreted in terms of the same molecular lesion, the DNA double strand break. AU - Frankenberg-Schwager, M. AU - Frankenberg, D. AU - Harbich, R. C1 - 41335 C2 - 38243 SP - 171-174 TI - Potentially lethal damage, sublethal damage and DNA double strand breaks. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 13 IS - 1-4 PY - 1985 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - For a linear sequence of stochastic events the probability distribution for energy deposition can be calculated analytically, using multiple overlap volumes of spheres of different diameters. We have generated proton event tracks in water vapour in the energy range 0.3-1.5 MeV, by computer simulation. In these tracks we identify the inner core of events caused by direct proton interaction, and the extended part of the track caused by the δ rays. For the core and the individual δ track the number and energy distribution, as a function of target size, we determined seperately. From this, conclusions on the relative importance of the different track component, as a function of proton energy, can be drawn. An often helful classification is the applicability of the LET approximation in spherical targets. On the basis of the criteria derived by Kellerer, the calculations were extended to smaller target sizes, using realistic cross sections for the production of secondary electrons in proton and alpha tracks. AU - Leuthold, G.P. AU - Burger, G.T. C1 - 41011 C2 - 40321 SP - 37-40 TI - Structure and microdensitometric classification of computer simulated ion tracks. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 13 IS - 1-4 PY - 1985 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The dose, D, absorbed in cavity exposed to neutron radiation depends on cavity size, d. D(d) may not lie in the region given by the dose in an infinitesimally small cavity, D(0), and that in an infinite one, D(∞). The dose may vary between 0 and D(0)+D(∞). Local extrema in D(d) may appear. The effect depends on the difference between initial energy distributions of the charged particles originating in the wall and those in the gas, and between their stopping powers in gas and wall material. The effect is explained by means of a simple model. A condition for extremum is also given. AU - Makarewicz, M. AU - Burger, G.T. C1 - 40875 C2 - 38514 SP - 369-371 TI - Dose dependence on cavity size: A contribution to cavity theory. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 13 IS - 1-4 PY - 1985 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - New quantities have been specified by ICRU for use as operational or calibrational quantities in radiation protection dosimetry. These are the ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), and the directional dose equivalent, H'(0.07), for environmental, and H(p)(10) and H(s)(0.07) for individual dosimetry. The first two quantities are defined in the ICRU sphere and the fluence-to-dose equivalent conversion functions can be calculated. The latter two quantities are defined below a specified point on the surface of the trunk at depths of 10 and 0.07 mm. They have basically nothing to do with the ICRU sphere. Yet the calibration of individual dosemeters worn on the trunk should be performed in or on the 30 cm sphere, respectively. The corresponding calibration quantity, whenever not explicitly defined, is hence the dose equivalent below a specified point on the surface of the sphere. There is no mention of whether this calibration quantity is a directional one or whether it is defined only for AP radiation. Problems related to this question will be discussed, the fluence-to-dose equivalent conversion functions for the calibration quantity assesed, and its relationship with other well defined quantities in the sphere demonstrated. AU - Morhart, A. AU - Burger, G.T. C1 - 41439 C2 - 38226 SP - 107-111 TI - Specified dose equivalent quantities for neutrons in the ICRU sphere and their applicability. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 12 IS - 2 PY - 1985 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the production of biological radiation effects a temporal sequence of different physical, physico-chemical and biological actions can be distinguished. At each step radiation action can be produced from single particle tracks with intratrack interaction leading to linear increase with absorbed dose of the mean number of actions. If, however, inter-track interaction takes place, a quadratic dependence of the mean number of actions on absorbed dose has to be expected. It is shown here that no inter-track interactions can be observed in experiments with mammalian cells during the production of reparable and irreparable primary DNA lesions. Such interaction may take place during repair, misrepair and lesion fixation. AU - Pohlit, W. C1 - 41792 C2 - 38221 SP - 271-273 TI - Interaction of energy depositions and primary radiation lesions along a particle track and between particle tracks. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 13 IS - 1-4 PY - 1985 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - For quantitative models of radiation action in living cells it is necessary to know what fraction of the absorbed dose affects the target molecule by direct radiation action and what fraction by indirect radiation action. Mammalian cells were irradiated in suspension, saturated with N2O or CO2. With these gases the production of OH-radicals is changed by a factor of two in aqueous solutions and a corresponding change in cell survival would be expected, if only indirect radiation action is involved in the production of lethal lesions in the living cell. No difference could be detected, however, and it is concluded that indirect radiation action does not contribute to radiation lethality in mammalian cells. AU - Pohlit, W. AU - Drenkard, S. C1 - 42120 C2 - 38381 SP - 195-198 TI - Quantitative determination of the contribution of indirect and direct radiation action to the production of lethal lesions in mammalian cells. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 13 IS - 1-4 PY - 1985 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The determination of dose equivalents from environmental radiation is most frequently performed on a TLD basis. As a matter of common language between authorities, customers and manufacturers of TLD systems, recommendations and standards are being set up by international and national bodies. Here, comments are made on the present state of standardisation by focussing attention on the energy range required. The different lower energy limits found are reviewed and discussed in terms of the metrologically feasible and with reference to a dose equivalent quantity as stated in ICRU 39. AU - Regulla, D.F. C1 - 33122 C2 - 35567 SP - 223-227 TI - The radiation environment and its effect on the spectral response requirements of environmental dosemeters. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 12 IS - 2 PY - 1985 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The use of a commercial G-M counter as a neutron insensitive device in mixed neutron/photon fields was explored experimentally. The counter was operated in the proportional region, and the event size spectra were measured and analysed. Pulse height spectra were collected over a dynamic range of 104. Considerable experimental difficulties were encountered because of the steep slope of the relationship between pulse height and collection voltage in the proportional region. Values of k(u) for monoenergetic neutrons of 0.57 and 1.5 MeV were obtained from an analysis of the pulse height spectra. They are compared with data available from other techniques. Theoretical considerations are given to explain qualitatively the spectra caused by the nuclear reactions of the neutrons in the counter gas and wall. AU - Schraube, H. AU - Bichsel, H.C. C1 - 33053 C2 - 38351 SP - 373-375 TI - Study of the neutron response of a G-M counter. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 13 IS - 1-4 PY - 1985 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - For a modified version of the anthropoid MIRD phantom the organ doses and the effective dose equivalent for external neutron irradiation have been calculated in the past by the so called CHORD method. It was anticipated from a few preliminary Monte Carlo Calculations and based upon basic physical considerations that CHORD results may be generally too high in the case of organs positioned on the exit side of radiation, especially for the smaller head and neck part of the phantom. To prove this, extensive calculations have been performed with the Monte Carlo code SAM-CE for a male and a female phatom and the results of both calculations have been intercompared. In addition, organ doses were derived by the CHORD method for gamma irradiation, and have been compared with Monte Carlo calculations by other authors. The deviations are discussed with respect to their relevance for the determination of the primary limited quantities and with respect to the economy of the calculations. AU - Wittmann, A. AU - Morhart, A. AU - Burger, G.T. C1 - 42299 C2 - 36205 SP - 101-106 TI - Organ doses and effective dose equivalent. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 12 IS - 2 PY - 1985 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Chromosome analyses were carried out on lymphocytes from 11 persons with annual exposures to gamma rays below the occupational limit of 50 mSv, employed in a hospital department of radiotherapy and nuclear medicine. Cytogenetic damage indicated radiation exposure significantly above background in six cases. In four of them a dose estimate between 30 and 275 mSv with 95% confidence was derived, reflecting their accumulated occupational exposures. In one case a partial body exposure to about 30% of lymphocytes was inferred and inquiries revealed previously unknown radiotherapy. In order to avoid misinterpretation of cytogenetic data, reliable chromosome dosimetry requires that the individual's radiation history must be known. AU - Bauchinger, M. AU - Eckerl, H. AU - Drexler, G.G. C1 - 41737 C2 - 38414 SP - 93-97 TI - Chromosome dosimetry and occupational radiation exposure. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 9 IS - 2 PY - 1984 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The continuous registration of radon daughter concentrations in room air is often needed, e.g. for measuring the variation of the equilibrium factor. Usually a moving filter system is used for this purpose. Such an instrument is quite large and insensitive. The new instrument is an arrangement of two filter detector assemblies for alpha spectroscopy with a data processor. The on-line processor collects the alpha spectra of both filters and calculates the concentration of the different radon daughters in the air with respect to time. Both filter devices sample the air alternatively with a cycle time of two hours while the alpha detectors are running continuously. The alternating sampling technique is used to reset the 218Po and 214Pb activities of the filters by radioactive decay each hour. The time resolution is in the order of five minutes for each daughter. With decreasing activity concentration the time resolution will also decrease. In the worst case the instrument operates in the long-term integration mode with a lower detection limit of 10-4 WL.h. The whole direct reading instrument is of light weight, portable, and battery powered. A similar set-up is suitable for measuring the fraction of unattached radon daughters. AU - Haider, B. C1 - 42498 C2 - 38343 SP - 211-213 TI - A twin channel device for the continuous spectrometry of radon daughters. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 7 IS - 1-4 PY - 1984 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Direct epidemiological studies about the lung cancer risk associated with indoor exposure to radon daughters are so far not available. In this paper different types of indirect risk approaches are outlined which proceed from the observed excess of lung cancer among Rn exposed miners, the atomic bomb survivors and among X ray treated ankylosing spondylitis patients. In addition to the absolute risk concept a modified relative risk concept is used to estimate the possible lifetime risk from indoor exposure to radon daughters. Taking into account the influence of smoking, the risk factors derived as best estimates from the different approaches agree relatively well. For a typical reference population exposed to a mean indoor level of 15 Bq.m-3 (EEC), it should be expected that probably about 5 percent of the observed lung cancer frequency might be associated with this radiation exposure. For the non-smoking part of this population this fraction is probably about 10 percent. However, the uncertainty range of these preliminary risk estimates is rather large. It remains questionable whether these uncertainties can be clarified by direct epidemiological studies. AU - Jacobi, W. C1 - 42308 C2 - 38341 SP - 395-401 TI - Possible lung cancer risk from indoor exposure to radon daughters. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 7 IS - 1-4 PY - 1984 SN - 0144-8420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Dose enhancement factors at plane TEM/metal interfaces have experimentally been determined for photon beams. The measurements were performed ionometrically and, for comparison, with solid state dosemeters. Emphasis was given to TSEE allowing for transition-zone dosimetry on a near-microscopic scale. Dose enhancement of as much as 58 directs interest towards radiological and technical applications. AU - Regulla, D.F. AU - Leischner, U. C1 - 42311 C2 - 38346 SP - 174-176 TI - Comparing interface dosimetry with conventional methods and TSEE. JO - Radiat. Prot. Dosim. VL - 4 IS - 3-4 PY - 1983 SN - 0144-8420 ER -