TY  - JOUR
AB  - Macrophages are innate immune cells with essential roles in host defense, inflammation, immune regulation and repair. During infection with multicellular helminth parasites, macrophages contribute to pathogen trapping and killing as well as to tissue repair and the resolution of type 2 inflammation. Macrophages produce a broad repertoire of effector molecules, including enzymes, cytokines, chemokines and growth factors that govern anti-helminth immunity and repair of parasite-induced tissue damage. Helminth infection and the associated type 2 immune response induces an alternatively activated macrophage (AAM) phenotype that – beyond driving host defense - prevents aberrant Th2 cell activation and type 2 immunopathology. The immune regulatory potential of macrophages is exploited by helminth parasites that induce the production of anti-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin 10 or prostaglandin E2 to evade host immunity. Here, we summarize current insights into the mechanisms of macrophage-mediated host defense and repair during helminth infection and highlight recent progress on the immune regulatory crosstalk between macrophages and helminth parasites. We also point out important remaining questions such as the translation of findings from murine models to human settings of helminth infection as well as long-term consequences of helminth-induced macrophage reprogramming for subsequent host immunity.
AU  - Lechner, A.
AU  - Bohnacker, S.
AU  - Esser-von Bieren, J.
C1  - 63572
C2  - 51562
CY  - 24-28 Oval Rd, London Nw1 7dx, England
TI  - Macrophage regulation & function in helminth infection.
JO  - Semin. Immunol.
VL  - 53
PB  - Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd
PY  - 2021
SN  - 1044-5323
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Most models regarding the 'clonal' origin of CD8(+) T cell effector and memory subset diversification suggest that during the first contact of a naive T cell with the priming antigen-presenting cell major decisions for subsequent differentiation are made. Data using novel single-cell T cell tracking technologies demonstrate that a single naive CD8(+) T cell can give rise to virtually all different subtypes of effector and memory T cells, and direct major determinants of subset diversification to the time period beyond the first cell division. Thereby, some 'stem cell-like' characteristics typical for naive T cells are probably still maintained within distinct subsets of memory T cells. These observations have direct consequences for clinical applications like adoptive T cell therapy.
AU  - Stemberger, C.*
AU  - Neuenhahn, M.*
AU  - Gebhardt, F.E.*
AU  - Schiemann, M.*
AU  - Buchholz, V.R.*
AU  - Busch, D.H.
C1  - 1967
C2  - 26158
SP  - 62-68
TI  - Stem cell-like plasticity of naïve and distinct memory CD8plusT cell subsets.
JO  - Semin. Immunol.
VL  - 21
IS  - 2
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2009
SN  - 1044-5323
ER  -