TY - JOUR AB - Circadian rhythms are key regulators of immune functions. These endogenous oscillations help to maintain immune homeostasis, regulate responses to pathogens, and shape vaccine efficacy. Recent studies further indicate that they are of clinical relevance for cancer immunotherapies. While circadian immune rhythms are thus recognized to be important in adults, it is unknown at what developmental stage these rhythms begin to manifest. In this opinion article we review the development of circadian rhythms in the immune system in both rodents and humans, with a focus on their interactions during the perinatal period. Understanding their emergence in early life may help guide time-based clinical interventions for infants. AU - Li, X.* AU - Rothämel, P. AU - Nussbaum, C.* AU - Sperandio, M.* AU - Scheiermann, C.* C1 - 75141 C2 - 57835 CY - 50 Hampshire St, Floor 5, Cambridge, Ma 02139 Usa SP - 614-623 TI - Development of a circadian immune system. JO - Trends Immunol. VL - 46 IS - 9 PB - Cell Press PY - 2025 SN - 1471-4906 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Memory was traditionally considered an exclusive hallmark of adaptive immunity. This dogma was challenged by recent reports that myeloid cells can retain 'memory' of earlier challenges, enabling them to respond strongly to a secondary stimulus. This process, designated 'trained immunity', is initiated by modulation of precursors of myeloid cells in the bone marrow. The ancestral innate immune system of lower organisms (e.g., Caenorhabditis elegans) can build long-lasting memory that modifies responses to secondary pathogen encounters. We posit that changes in cellular metabolism may be a common denominator of innate immune memory from lower animals to mammals. We discuss evidence from C. elegans and murine/human systems supporting the concept of an ancestral principle regulating innate immune memory by controlling cellular metabolism. AU - Penkov, S. AU - Mitroulis, I.* AU - Hajishengallis, G.* AU - Chavakis, T. C1 - 54902 C2 - 45924 CY - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England SP - 1-11 TI - Immunometabolic crosstalk: An ancestral principle of trained immunity? JO - Trends Immunol. VL - 40 IS - 1 PB - Elsevier Sci Ltd PY - 2019 SN - 1471-4906 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The skin is the outermost barrier of the organism that ensures protection from external harm. Lately, our view of the skin has evolved from an inert mechanical barrier to an active organ that can sense danger signals and mount perfectly adapted defense measures in response to invading pathogens. This Review highlights the different levels of the cutaneous barrier (the microbiome, chemical, physical, and immune barriers), their characteristics, and functional, highly interconnected network of cells and mediators that allow balanced defense measures to protect the body and maintain barrier integrity. AU - Eyerich, S. AU - Eyerich, K.* AU - Traidl-Hoffmann, C. AU - Biedermann, T. C1 - 53279 C2 - 44637 CY - Oxford SP - 315-327 TI - Cutaneous barriers and skin immunity: Differentiating a connected network. JO - Trends Immunol. VL - 39 IS - 4 PB - Elsevier Sci Ltd PY - 2018 SN - 1471-4906 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Harmless microbes colonizing the gut require the establishment of a well-equilibrated symbiosis between this microbiota and its host. However, the immune system is primed to recognize both conserved microbial patterns and foreign antigens, and therefore developed strong tolerance mechanisms to prevent potential fatal immune reactivity to symbiotic microbes. The transcription factor RAR-related orphan-like γt [ROR(γt); encoded by Rorc] plays a key role in the gut for lymphoid tissue organogenesis, development of innate lymphoid cells type 3 (ILC3s) and proinflammatory type 17 T helper (Th17) cells. Surprisingly, recent research has revealed a contribution of ROR(γt)-expressing cells in a variety of tolerance mechanisms in both the innate and adaptive immune system. AU - Ohnmacht, C. C1 - 48737 C2 - 41287 CY - Oxford SP - 477-486 TI - Tolerance to the intestinal microbiota mediated by ROR(γt)+ cells. JO - Trends Immunol. VL - 37 IS - 7 PB - Elsevier Sci Ltd PY - 2016 SN - 1471-4906 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Atopic eczema (AE) is one of the most common inflammatory diseases, often constituting a lifelong burden for afflicted individuals. Recent findings have provided new insights into the pathogenesis of AE, revealing contributions of genetics, skin microbiota, and both innate and adaptive immunity in disease onset and progression. We review these findings here, assembling contributing factors conceptually into four modules that can interact in various ways to ultimately lead to epidermal barrier impairment, unchecked type 2 immunity, and chronic disease. We present this modular framework as a basis for understanding the varied presentations of AE, and in this context we propose a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm aimed at the precise stratification of AE patients and the implementation of individualized medicine in AE standard of care. AU - Eyerich, K.* AU - Eyerich, S. AU - Biedermann, T.* C1 - 47423 C2 - 40577 SP - 788–801 TI - The multi-modal immune pathogenesis of atopic eczema. JO - Trends Immunol. VL - 36 IS - 12 PY - 2015 SN - 1471-4906 ER - TY - JOUR AB - T helper (Th) cell subsets secrete cytokines that regulate other immune cells. Interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 belong to a new class of cytokines with predominant effects on epithelial cells. Thus, these cytokines are key molecules in several disease processes. IL-17 and IL-22 are released by leukocytes such as Th and natural killer cell populations. Both IL-17 and IL-22 induce an innate immune response in epithelial cells, but their functional spectra are generally distinct. IL-17 induces an inflammatory tissue response and is involved in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, whereas IL-22 is protective/regenerative. This review juxtaposes IL-17 and IL-22 and describes overlaps and differences regarding their cellular sources, biochemical structure, signaling cascades in target cells, and function. AU - Eyerich, S. AU - Eyerich, K. AU - Cavani, A.* AU - Schmidt-Weber, C.B.* C1 - 5763 C2 - 27896 SP - 354-361 TI - IL-17 and IL-22: Siblings, not twins. JO - Trends Immunol. VL - 31 IS - 9 PB - Elsevier Science Ltd. PY - 2010 SN - 1471-4906 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hültner, L. AU - Ehrenreich, H.* C1 - 835 C2 - 22662 SP - 235-238 TI - μMast cells and endothelin-1: A life-saving biological liaison? JO - Trends Immunol. VL - 26 PY - 2005 SN - 1471-4906 ER -