TY - JOUR AB - The increasing production and use of engineered silver nanoparticles (AgNP) in industry and private households are leading to increased concentrations of AgNP in the environment. An ecological risk assessment of AgNP is needed, but it requires understanding the long term effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of AgNP on the soil microbiome. Hence, the aim of this study was to reveal the long-term effects of AgNP on soil microorganisms. The study was conducted as a laboratory incubation experiment over a period of one year using a loamy soil and AgNP concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1 mg AgNP/kg soil. The short term effects of AgNP were, in general, limited. However, after one year of exposure to 0.01 mg AgNP/kg, there were significant negative effects on soil microbial biomass (quantified by extractable DNA; p = 0.000) and bacterial ammonia oxidizers (quantified by amoA gene copy numbers; p = 0.009). Furthermore, the tested AgNP concentrations significantly decreased the soil microbial biomass, the leucine aminopeptidase activity (quantified by substrate turnover; p = 0.014), and the abundance of nitrogen fixing microorganisms (quantified by nifH gene copy numbers; p = 0.001). The results of the positive control with AgNO3 revealed predominantly stronger effects due to Ag+ ion release. Thus, the increasing toxicity of AgNP during the test period may reflect the long-term release of Ag+ ions. Nevertheless, even very low concentrations of AgNP caused disadvantages for the microbial soil community, especially for nitrogen cycling, and our results confirmed the risks of releasing AgNP into the environment. AU - Grün, A.L.* AU - Straskraba, S.* AU - Schulz, S. AU - Schloter, M. AU - Emmerling, C.* C1 - 53720 C2 - 44963 CY - 16 Donghuangchenggen North St, Beijing 100717, Peoples R China SP - 12-22 TI - Long-term effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of silver nanoparticles on microbial biomass, enzyme activity, and functional genes involved in the nitrogen cycle of loamy soil. JO - J. Environ. Sci. VL - 69 PB - Science Press PY - 2018 SN - 1001-0742 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the first tier risk assessment (RA) of pesticides, risk for aquatic communities is estimated by using results from standard laboratory tests with algae, daphnids and fish for single pesticides such as herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides. However, fungi as key organisms for nutrient cycling in ecosystems as well as multiple pesticide applications are not considered in the RA. In this study, the effects of multiple low pesticide pulses using regulatory acceptable concentrations (RACs) on the dynamics of non-target aquatic fungi were investigated in a study using pond mesocosm. For that, fungi colonizing black alder (Alnus glutinosa) leaves were exposed to multiple, low pulses of 11 different pesticides over a period of 60. days using a real farmer's pesticide application protocol for apple cropping. Four pond mesocosms served as treatments and 4 as controls. The composition of fungal communities colonizing the litter material was analyzed using a molecular fingerprinting approach based on the terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (t-RFLP) of the fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) gene(s). Our data indicated a clear fluctuation of fungal communities based on the degree of leaf litter degradation. However significant effects of the applied spraying sequence were not observed. Consequently also degradation rates of the litter material were not affected by the treatments. Our results indicate that the nutrient rich environment of the leaf litter material gave fungal communities the possibility to express genes that induce tolerance against the applied pesticides. Thus our data may not be transferred to other fresh water habitats with lower nutrient availability. AU - Talk, A. AU - Kublik, S. AU - Uksa, M. AU - Engel, M. AU - Berghahn, R.* AU - Welzl, G. AU - Schloter, M. AU - Mohr, S.* C1 - 48486 C2 - 41152 CY - Beijing SP - 116-25 TI - Effects of multiple but low pesticide loads on aquatic fungal communities colonizing leaf litter. JO - J. Environ. Sci. VL - 46 PB - Science Press PY - 2016 SN - 1001-0742 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As one of the largest human activities, World Expo is an important source of anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas emission (GHG), and the GHG emission and other environmental impacts of the Expo Shanghai 2010, where around 59,397tons of waste was generated during 184 Expo running days, were assessed by life cycle assessment (LCA). Two scenarios, i.e., the actual and expected figures of the waste sector, were assessed and compared, and 124.01kg CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq.), 4.43kg SO2-eq., 4.88kg NO3(-)-eq., and 3509m(3) water per ton tourist waste were found to be released in terms of global warming (GW), acidification (AC), nutrient enrichment (NE) and spoiled groundwater resources (SGWR), respectively. The total GHG emission was around 3499ton CO2-eq. from the waste sector in Expo Park, among which 86.47% was generated during the waste landfilling at the rate of 107.24kg CO2-eq., and CH4, CO and other hydrocarbons (HC) were the main contributors. If the waste sorting process had been implemented according to the plan scenario, around 497ton CO2-eq. savings could have been attained. Unlike municipal solid waste, with more organic matter content, an incineration plant is more suitable for tourist waste disposal due to its high heating value, from the GHG reduction perspective. AU - Lou, Z.* AU - Bilitewski, B.* AU - Zhu, N.* AU - Chai, X.* AU - Li, B.Q.* AU - Zhao, Y.* AU - Otieno, P.O. C1 - 44868 C2 - 37179 CY - Beijing SP - 44-50 TI - Greenhouse gas emission and its potential mitigation process from the waste sector in a large-scale exhibition. JO - J. Environ. Sci. VL - 31 PB - Science Press PY - 2015 SN - 1001-0742 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the urban air of Dalian, China was monitored from November 2009 to October 2010 with active high-volume sampler and semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) passive sampler. The concentration of PCBs (particle + gas) (Sigma PCBs) ranged from 18.6 to 91.0 pg/m(3), with an average of 50.9 pg/m(3), and the most abundant dioxin-like PCB (DL-PCBs) was PCB 118. The WHO-TEQ values of DL-PCBs were 3.6-22.1 fg/m(3), with an average of 8.5 fg/m(3), and PCB 126 was the maximum contributor to Sigma TEQ. There was a much larger amount of PCBs in the gas phase than in the particulate phase. The dominant PCB components were lower and middle molecular weight PCBs. With increasing chlorination level, the concentration of the PCB congeners in the air decreased. The gas-particulate partitioning of PCBs was different for the four seasons. The gas-particulate partitioning coefficients (logK(p)) vs. subcooled liquid vapor pressures (logP(L)(0)) of PCBs had reasonable correlations for different sampling sites and seasons. The absorption mechanism contributed more to the gas-particulate partitioning process than adsorption. Correlation analysis of meteorological parameters with the concentration of PCBs was conducted using SPSS packages. The ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure were important factors influencing the concentration of PCBs in the air. The distribution pattern of the congeners of PCBs and the dominant contributors to DL-PCBs and TEQ in active samples and SPMDs passive samples were similar. SPMD mainly sequestrated gas phase PCBs. AU - Xu, Q.* AU - Zhu, X.H.* AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Chen, J.P.* AU - Ni, Y.W.* AU - Wang, W.* AU - Pfister, G. AU - Mu, J.* AU - Qin, S.T.* AU - Li, Y.* C1 - 23159 C2 - 31007 SP - 133-143 TI - Simultaneous monitoring of PCB profiles in the urban air of Dalian, China with active and passive samplings. JO - J. Environ. Sci. VL - 25 IS - 1 PB - Science Press PY - 2013 SN - 1001-0742 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The photodegradation of mefenpyrdiethyl (MFD), an herbicide safener, was investigated in aqueous suspensions by using Degussa P-25 and Hombikat UV100 titanium oxide under simulated sunlight irradiation. The effects of initial concentration of the herbicide, pH, catalysts and hydrogen peroxide doses as well as their combinations were studied and optimized. Accordingly, the kinetic parameters were determined and the effectiveness of the processes was assessed by calculating the rate constants. A pseudo first-order kinetics was observed. Under experimental conditions, the degradation rate constants were strongly influenced using P-25 and no noticeable effect was observed for Hombikat UV100. DFT calculations with B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory were performed to check whether significant conformational changes occur when the charge state of the MFD substrate changes and whether these changes could play a role in the dependency of photodegradation rate constant on the studied pH. High resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR/MS) was implemented to identify the main degradation products. AU - Chnirheb, A. AU - Harir, M. AU - Kanawati, B. AU - El Azzouzi, M.* AU - Gebefügi, I. AU - Schmitt-Kopplin, P. C1 - 10721 C2 - 30462 SP - 1686-1693 TI - Efficiency and degradation products elucidation of the photodegradation of mefenpyrdiethyl in water interface using TiO2 P-25 and Hombikat UV100. JO - J. Environ. Sci. VL - 24 IS - 9 PB - Science Press PY - 2012 SN - 1001-0742 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The leaching behaviors of enrofloxacin (ENR), a fluoroquinolone group antibiotic, in three different standard soils, namely sandy, loamy sand and sandy loam were investigated according to OECD guideline 312. In addition, the effects of tenside, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) on the mobility of ENR in two different soils were studied. The mobility of ENR in all three standard soils was very similar and was mostly (98%) concentrated on the top 0–5 cm segment of the soils at pH 5.7. The DBS can enhance the mobility of ENR in soils but the impact was in general negligible under the studied conditions. AU - Yu, Z.* AU - Yediler, A. AU - Yang, M.* AU - Schulte-Hostede, S. C1 - 7292 C2 - 29652 SP - 435-439 TI - Leaching behavior of enrofloxacin in three different soils and the influence of a surfactant on its mobility. JO - J. Environ. Sci. VL - 24 IS - 3 PB - Elsevier PY - 2012 SN - 1001-0742 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The organochlorine pesticides (OCP) in Eastern-Barvaria at Haidel 1160 m a.s.l. were monitored with a low volume active air sampler and semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMD). The air sampling rates (Rair) of SPMD for OCP were calculated. Quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models of Rair of SPMD were developed for OCP with partial least square (PLS) regression. Quantum chemical descriptors computed by semi-empirical PM6 method were used as predictor variables. The cumulative variance of the dependent variable explained by the PLS components and determined by cross-validation (Q(2)cum), for the optimal models, is 0.637, indicating that the model has good predictive ability and robustness, and could be used to estimate Rair values of OCP. The main factors governing Rair of OCP are intermolecular interactions and the energy required for cave-forming in dissolution of OCP into triolein of SPMD. AU - Zhu, X.* AU - Ding, G.* AU - Levy, W. AU - Jakobi, G. AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 31872 C2 - 34816 SP - S40-S44 TI - Relationship of air sampling rates of semipermeable membrane devices with the properties of organochlorine pesticides. JO - J. Environ. Sci. VL - 23S PY - 2011 SN - 1001-0742 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, PDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by PHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and -endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p0-(DDD+DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field > tree land > fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p0-(DDD+DDE)/DDT>1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes. AU - Fang, W.* AU - Xin, J.* AU - Young-rong, B.* AU - Fen-xia, Y.* AU - Hong-jian, G.* AU - Gui-Fen, Y.* AU - Munch, J.-C. AU - Schroll, R. C1 - 3136 C2 - 24402 SP - 584-590 TI - Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China. JO - J. Environ. Sci. VL - 19 IS - 5 PB - IOS Press PY - 2007 SN - 1001-0742 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in the rain and street runoff samples from two sites in the vicinity of Amman City during the pluvial period 1999-2000. The results showed that elevated levels of PAHs were detected in the city center (site 1) than the residential area (site 2) and that the levels were higher in street runoff than rain samples of the same sites. The highest concentration of PAHs in both street runoff and rain samples were observed in the first rainy month (November 1999) which indicated a wash out effect of PAHs originating from vehicular emission accumulated during the long dry summer season before sampling. Within the investigated cold winter seasons, fluctuations in PAHs concentration were observed. The variation was attributed to the fossil combustion for heating purposes and to intervals between rainfalls: as the longer the intervals between rains were, the higher the PAH concentration were. Removal of PAHs from the atmosphere through precipitation over the investigated period varied with time and places depending on the amount of rainfall where higher rainfall removed higher amount of PAHs from the atmosphere. The amount of PAHs washed out through precipitation was estimated to be around 14.8 mg/m2 and 21.1 mg/m2 for sites 1 and 2 respectively. AU - Jiries, A.G.* AU - Hussein, H.H.* AU - Lintelmann, J. C1 - 3670 C2 - 21756 SP - 848-853 TI - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in rain and street runoff in Amman, Jordan. JO - J. Environ. Sci. VL - 15 IS - 6 PY - 2003 SN - 1001-0742 ER -