TY - JOUR AB - Given the considerable quantities of biogenic matrices employed in agricultural applications, there is growing concern about the potential negative effects resulting from the presence of harmful contaminants. The project “SLURP - SLUdge Recovery in Agriculture: Environment and Health Protection” planned a multi-stage approach in which the application of a wide battery of bioassays was proposed as an effective tool to measure the direct interaction of matrices with the different components of the ecosystem, from the molecular to the whole organism level. The aim of the present study, which is a part of the “SLURP” project, was to characterise the toxicological and genotoxicological properties of water extracts from biogenic wastes using several assays based on plant, bacterial and human cells. The aqueous extracts of four sewage sludges, a liming material, two manure slurries of swine and bovine origin, a digestate from bovine manure and a compost were chemically characterised for inorganic ions and heavy metals. Then the extracts were analysed using tests on A.cepa, C.sativus, L.sativum, S.typhimurium and human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) to assess toxicity (seed germination, root elongation, proliferation), mutagenicity and genotoxicity (primary DNA damage, chromosomal aberrations). The extracts exhibited chemical heterogeneity. Ammonia nitrogen, Ca2+, Fe and Zn were the most abundant elements. Toxic effects were caused on A.cepa and L.sativum by all extracts, while there were non-toxic effects on human cells. Genotoxic effects on A.cepa and L.sativum were instead caused by almost all the extracts, at least at the highest dose tested, while only four samples from one sewage sludge, liming material, digestate, and compost, caused DNA damage on human cells. None of the extracts induced mutagenic effects in S.typhimurium. A comprehensive interpretation of these results can only be achieved through the integrated evaluation of all eco-toxicological and chemical data obtained throughout the entire project. AU - Alias, C.* AU - Feretti, D.* AU - Zerbini, I.* AU - Pedrazzani, R.* AU - Domini, M.* AU - Bertanza, G.* AU - SLURP Project Group (Schröder, P.) C1 - 73446 C2 - 57067 TI - Toxicological and genotoxicological assessment of water extracts of sewage sludge and other biogenic wastes: A piece of the SLURP jigsaw puzzle. JO - Chemosphere VL - 374 PY - 2025 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Environmental mercury (Hg) follows a biogeochemical cycle resulting in a variety of Hg species. Therefore, human exposure to the three Hg species inorganic Hg via crops and air, methyl mercury through fish consumption and ethyl mercury due to the use as antiseptic agent in medical application is a rising concern. Especially pregnant women and their developing fetus present a vulnerable population. However, little is known about its transfer and toxicity in placental barrier building cells. Here, Hg species-specific transfer and toxicity in placental trophoblasts, which are the main cell type involved in nutrient transfer, were investigated by using the established BeWo b30 in vitro model. The transfer of inorganic Hg was much lower compared to the organic Hg species and all three species were able to perturb barrier integrity. This was accompanied by a less pronounced cytotoxicity of HgCl2 compared to the two organic species. The energy charge value indicated an increase for inorganic Hg and a decrease for organic Hg compounds. Regarding antioxidative defense, inorganic Hg elevated GSSG levels, while organic Hg decreased GSH. Activity of antioxidative defense related enzymes showed a decrease upon Hg species treatment and all three species induced either apoptotic and necrotic cell death. AU - Michaelis, V.* AU - Klemens, L.* AU - Thiel, A.* AU - Gremme, A.* AU - Schwarz, M.* AU - Kipp, A.P.* AU - Zischka, H. C1 - 72675 C2 - 56703 TI - Revealing mercury species-specific transfer and toxicity mechanisms in placental trophoblasts. JO - Chemosphere VL - 370 PY - 2024 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Metabolomics is an emerging approach that investigates the changes in the metabolome profile. In the present study, Lemna minor —considered as an experimental aquatic plant model— was incubated with 10 and 100 μM diclofenac (DCF) for 96 h, respectively. Knowing that DCF is internationally often problematic in wastewater effluents and that it might affect particularly the metabolic profiles in aquatic plants, mainly the oxidoreductase, dehydrogenase, peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities, here it was hypothesized (H) that in the common duckweed, DCF might increase the phenolic and flavonoids pathways, as an antioxidant response to this stress (H1). Also, it was expected DCF to alternate the physiological characteristics, especially the molecular interaction and biochemical properties, of Lemna (H2). Metabolic changes were investigated with target and untargeted screening analysis using RPLC-HILIC-ESI-TOF-MS. Twelve amino acids were identified in all treatments, together with three organic acids (p-coumaric, cinnamic, and sinapic acids). In untargeted screening, the important metabolites to discriminate between different treatments were assigned to Lemna such as organic acids, lignin, sugars, amino acids, dipeptides, flavonoids, biflavonoids, fatty acids, among others. In resume, Lemna responded to both DCF concentrations, showing different stress patterns. A similar metabolic response had already been identified in other studies in exposing Lemna to other anthropogenic stressors (like pesticides). AU - Wahman, R.* AU - Cruzeiro, C. AU - Graßmann, J.* AU - Schröder, P. AU - Letzel, T.* C1 - 62932 C2 - 51175 CY - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, England TI - The changes in Lemna minor metabolomic profile: A response to diclofenac incubation. JO - Chemosphere VL - 287 IS - Pt 1 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2022 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Several air pollution episodes occurred in Beijing before and after the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit, during which air-pollution control measures were implemented. Within this autumn-winter transit season, domestic heating started. Such interesting period merits comprehensive chemical characterization, particularly the organic species, to look into the influence of additional heating sources and the control measures on air pollution. Therefore, this study performed daily and 6h time resolved PM2.5 sampling from the 24th October to 7th December, 2014, followed by comprehensive chemical analyses including water-soluble ions, elements and organic source-markers. Apparent alterations of chemical profiles were observed with the initiation of domestic heating. Through positive matrix factorization (PMF) source apportionment modeling, six PM2.5 sources including secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), traffic emission, coal combustion, industry emission, biomass burning and dust were separated and identified. Coal combustion was successfully distinguished from traffic emission by hopane diagnostic ratio. The result of this study reveals a gradual shift of dominating sources for PM pollution episodes from SIA to primary sources after starting heating. BaPeq toxicity from coal combustion increased on average by several to dozens of times in the heating period, causing both long-term and short-term health risk. Air mass trajectory analysis highlights the regional influence of the industry emissions from the area south to Beijing. Control measures taken during APEC were found to be effective for reducing industry source, but less effective in reducing the overall PM2.5 level. These results provide implications for policy making regarding appropriate air pollution control measures. AU - Li, F. AU - Gu, J.* AU - Xin, J.* AU - Schnelle-Kreis, J. AU - Wang, Y.* AU - Liu, Z.* AU - Shen, R.* AU - Michalke, B. AU - Abbaszade, G. AU - Zimmermann, R. C1 - 61637 C2 - 50363 CY - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, England TI - Characteristics of chemical profile, sources and PAH toxicity of PM2.5 in beijing in autumn-winter transit season with regard to domestic heating, pollution control measures and meteorology. JO - Chemosphere VL - 276 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2021 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Sampling points belonging to the Harz National Park river system, Germany, were selected between the period of 2014 and 2017 for monitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in water, air, and sediment. Triolein-containing Virtual Organisms (VO) were employed to assess the levels of chemicals in water, air and triolein as surrogate for natural fat. To avoid overestimation of the concentrations 20 performance reference compounds (PRCs)-16 PRCs-PAHs and 4 PRCs-PCBs were covering the range of properties of native compounds. Results manifested the highest concentration of individual PAH as follows: 31 ng fluoranthene/L water, 3600 ng pyrene/g fat, 62 ng phenanthrene/m3 air and 2800 ng fluoranthene/g dw sediment. All PCBs and OCPs values were below above mentioned PAH concentrations and far below EU-limit levels. Environmental partition of chemicals was investigated by calculating fugacity, suggesting a mass transport from water to air. Only quite volatile compounds such as hexachlorobutadiene showed higher fugacity in air. Ratios of sediment/water concentrations and log Kow within individual sampling periods at Holtemme River exhibited strong linear relationships. Interestingly, during summer months of the years water and fat contents well correlate to the flow rates of Holtemme River. Our results show that VO can be successfully used as a tool for ongoing exposure assessment studies and predictions of worst case levels in food and nutrition. AU - Pandelova, M. AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Lalah, J.O.* AU - Norf, H.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 60288 C2 - 49328 CY - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, England TI - Spatial, temporal, and inter-compartmental environmental monitoring of lipophilic pollutants by virtual organisms. JO - Chemosphere VL - 264 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2021 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Studies based on questionnaires suggested that maternal exposure to pesticides increases the risk for orofacial clefts (OFCs). However, whether organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) exposure in vivo affects the occurrence of OFCs remains unclear. The aims of this study are to investigate the association of OCP exposure with the risk of OFCs by examining the concentrations of OCPs in human umbilical cords, and investigate the potential dietary sources of OCPs in umbilical cord tissues. A case-control study consisting of 89 OFC cases and 129 nonmalformed controls with available tissues of umbilical cord was conducted. Concentrations of twenty specific OCPs were determined in the umbilical cord by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry, and seven OCPs with detection rate larger than 50% were included in analyses. The individual effect and joint effect of multiple OCPs in umbilical cords on the risk for OFCs were investigated using multivariate logistic models and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR). No difference was found in the median levels of ΣOCPs between cases (1.04 ng/g) and controls (1.03 ng/g). No significant associations were observed between levels of OCPs in umbilical cords and risk for OFCs in either multivariate logistic models or BKMR models. Maternal consumptions of beans or bean products were positively correlated with levels of β-hexachlorocyclohexane, heptachlor epoxide, p,p′-DDE, and ∑OCPs in umbilical cord, respectively. In conclusion, we didn't find the association between in utero exposure to OCPs and the risk for OFCs. Maternal consumptions of beans or bean products may be a source of OCPs exposure. AU - Yang, W.* AU - Ni, W. AU - Jin, L.* AU - Liu, J.* AU - Li, Z.* AU - Wang, L.* AU - Ren, A.* C1 - 60801 C2 - 49590 CY - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, England TI - Determination of organochlorine pesticides in human umbilical cord and association with orofacial clefts in offspring. JO - Chemosphere VL - 266 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2021 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Uptake and depuration kinetics of 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone (main metabolite of dicofol) in the edible clam Meretrix meretrix were evaluated through a mesocosm experiment. M. meretrix was exposed to different dicofol concentrations (environmental concentration, D1 = 50 ng/L; supra-environmental concentration, D2 = 500 ng/L) for 15 days, followed by the same depuration period. To accomplish this goal, an analytical method was successfully optimized for 4,4'-DCBP using QuEChERS as extraction method with a range of concentrations 0.3-76.8 ng/g ww quantified by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Our results demonstrated different kinetics of accumulation depending on the two dicofol treatments. For D1, the uptake kinetic was best fitted using a plateau followed by one phase association kinetic model, while for D2 a one phase association kinetic model suited better.Similar bioconcentration factors were obtained for both concentrations but only animals exposed to D2, showed 4,4'-DCBP levels above the limits of quantification after 24 h exposure. These animals also showed lower uptake rate (k(u)) than organisms exposed to D1.During the depuration period, only organisms exposed to D1 successfully depurated after 24 h. On the other hand, although animals exposed to D2 presented higher elimination factor, they did not reach the original levels after depuration. Moreover, values detected in these clams were higher than the Maximum Residue Level (10 ng/g) established by the European legislation. This indicates that longer periods of depuration time than the ones used in this study, may be needed in order to reach safe levels for human consumption.This work also demonstrated that studies on metabolite kinetics during uptake/depuration experiments, could be a new alternative to understand the impact and metabolism of pesticides in the marine environment. AU - Ivorra, L.* AU - Cruzeiro, C. AU - Chan, S.K.* AU - Tagulao, K.* AU - Cardoso, P.G.* C1 - 56549 C2 - 47102 CY - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, England SP - 662-669 TI - Uptake and depuration kinetics of dicofol metabolite 4,4 '-dichlorobenzophenone, in the edible Asiatic clam Meretrix meretrix. JO - Chemosphere VL - 235 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2019 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Daily fluctuations of the airborne pollen concentrations produce variations on symptomatology in allergic population. Such fluctuations are influenced by local vegetal coverage, flowering phenology, geography and climatology. Since 1991, airborne pollen of Malaga province (southern Spain) has been monitored in 7 different locations. Malaga station has been kept operational uninterruptedly throughout the studied period, while the rest of the stations only worked in periods of 2-4 years. Weekly, its pollen information is updated online to inform the population in order to prevent allergic diseases. Increasing the spatial resolution of pollen information would be very useful for allergic population living at unsampled locations. Due to the impossibility of keeping operational a high number of pollen stations covering the whole province of Malaga, the aim of this study is to create spatial models to extrapolate and forecast the pollen concentrations to Malaga province by using the concentrations registered at the capital as unique input. To do so, the relationships obtained between the airborne pollen concentrations detected at Malaga city and those detected at the other stations have been used to elaborate models for the main pollen types registered at the province. These models were spatially interpolated all over the province by using co-kriging techniques and the Compensated Thermicity Index as covariable. As result of this work, pollen distribution of the 8 most prevalent taxa has been depicted all over the whole Malaga province and an allergy alert system has been set up to extrapolate pollen information from Malaga to the whole province. AU - Picornell, A.* AU - Oteros, J. AU - Trigo, M.M.* AU - Gharbi, D.* AU - Docampo Fernández, S.* AU - Melgar Caballero, M.* AU - Toro, F.J.* AU - García-Sánchez, J.* AU - Ruiz-Mata, R.* AU - Cabezudo, B.* AU - Recio, M.* C1 - 56395 C2 - 47037 CY - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, England SP - 668-681 TI - Increasing resolution of airborne pollen forecasting at a discrete sampled area in the southwest Mediterranean Basin. JO - Chemosphere VL - 234 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2019 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Phenolic compounds occur in a variety of plants and can be used as model compounds for investigating the fate of organic wastewater, lignin, or soil organic matter in the environment. The aim of this study was to better understand and differentiate mechanisms associated with photo- and biodegradation of tyrosol, vanillin, vanillic acid, and coumaric acid in soil. In a 29 d incubation experiment, soil spiked with these phenolic compounds was either subjected to UV irradiation under sterile conditions or to the native soil microbial community in the dark. Changes in the isotopic composition (delta C-13) of phenolic compounds were determined by gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry and complemented by concentration measurements. Phospholipid-derived fatty acid and ergosterol biomarkers together with soil water repellency measurements provided information on soil microbial and physical properties. Biodegradation followed pseudo-first-order dissipation kinetics, enriched remaining phenolic compounds in C-13, and was associated with increased fungal rather than bacterial biomarkers. Growing mycelia rendered the soil slightly water repellent. High sample variation limited the reliable estimation of apparent kinetic isotope effects (AKIEs) to tyrosol. The AKIE of tyrosol biodegradation was 1.007 +/- 0.002. Photooxidation kinetics were of pseudo-zero- or first-order with an AKIE of 1.02 +/- 0.01 for tyrosol, suggesting a hydroxyl-radical mediated degradation process. Further research needs to address delta C-13 variation among sample replicates potentially originating from heterogeneous reaction spaces in soil. Here, nuclear magnetic resonance or nanoscopic imaging could help to better understand the distribution of organic compounds and their transformation in the soil matrix. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. AU - Steinmetz, Z.* AU - Kurtz, M.P.* AU - Zubrod, J.P.* AU - Meyer, A.H. AU - Elsner, M. AU - Schaumann, G.E.* C1 - 56089 C2 - 46809 CY - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, England SP - 210-218 TI - Biodegradation and photooxidation of phenolic compounds in soil-A compound-specific stable isotope approach. JO - Chemosphere VL - 230 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2019 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A dual element CCl isotopic study was performed for assessing chlorinated methanes (CMs) abiotic transformation reactions mediated by iron minerals and Fe(0) to further distinguish them in natural attenuation monitoring or when applying remediation strategies in polluted sites. Isotope fractionation was investigated during carbon tetrachloride (CT) and chloroform (CF) degradation in anoxic batch experiments with Fe(0), with FeCl(aq), and with Fe-bearing minerals (magnetite, Mag and pyrite, Py) amended with FeCl(aq), at two different pH values (7 and 12) representative of field and remediation conditions. At pH 7, only CT batches with Fe(0) and Py underwent degradation and CF accumulation evidenced hydrogenolysis. With Py, thiolytic reduction was revealed by CS yield and is a likely reason for different Λ value (ΔδC/ΔδCl) comparing with Fe(0) experiments at pH 7 (2.9 ± 0.5 and 6.1 ± 0.5, respectively). At pH 12, all CT experiments showed degradation to CF, again with significant differences in Λ values between Fe(0) (5.8 ± 0.4) and Fe-bearing minerals (Mag, 2 ± 1, and Py, 3.7 ± 0.9), probably evidencing other parallel pathways (hydrolytic and thiolytic reduction). Variation of pH did not significantly affect the Λ values of CT degradation by Fe(0) nor Py. CF degradation by Fe(0) at pH 12 showed a Λ (8 ± 1) similar to that reported at pH 7 (8 ± 2), suggesting CF hydrogenolysis as the main reaction and that CF alkaline hydrolysis (13.0 ± 0.8) was negligible. Our data establish a base for discerning the predominant or combined pathways of CMs natural attenuation or for assessing the effectiveness of remediation strategies using recycled minerals or Fe(0). AU - Rodríguez-Fernández, D.* AU - Heckel, B. AU - Torrentó, C.* AU - Meyer, A.H. AU - Elsner, M. AU - Hunkeler, D.* AU - Soler, A.* AU - Rosell, M.* AU - Domènech, C.* C1 - 53519 C2 - 44897 SP - 447-456 TI - Dual element (C-Cl) isotope approach to distinguish abiotic reactions of chlorinated methanes by Fe(0) and by Fe(II) on iron minerals at neutral and alkaline pH. JO - Chemosphere VL - 206 PY - 2018 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Pretreatment of anaerobic digester samples by hydrochloric acid (HCl) resulted in removal of Fe-based mineral and coordination compounds, attenuating their interferences with solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic characterization of the solid phase organic matter. Substrate (influent) and digestate (effluent) samples from two full-scale anaerobic digesters, designated CD (co-digester) and SSD (sewage sludge digester), were investigated. Pretreatment of CD samples with 0.2-2.0 mol l(-1) HCl and pretreatment of SSD samples with 1.0-3.0 mol l(-1) HCl removed 96-100% and 76-80% of total Fe, respectively. Pretreatment declined overall paramagnetic characteristics of digestate samples, manifested by 50% (CD) and 70% (SSD) decrease in electron paramagnetic resonance signal intensities. As a result, meaningful solution-state H-1,C-13 heteronuclear single quantum coherence and H-1 NMR spectra of DMSO-d(6) soluble organic matter could be acquired. Sample pretreatment with the lowest concentration of HCl resulted in alteration of C:N ratios in solid phase, likely due to removal of labile organic and inorganic C- and N-containing compounds, while elevating the HCl concentration did not further change the C:N ratios. Furthermore, sample pretreatment increased the solubility of carbohydrates and proteins in DMSO-d(6), enabling the detection of NMR resonances from certain structural units of carbohydrates (e.g. anomeric O2CH) and proteins (e.g. CH alpha in amino acids). Both attenuation of the paramagnetic matrix as well as art enhanced solubility of carbohydrate and protein fractions of the samples in DMSO-d(6) solvent contributed to an improved molecular characterization of anaerobic digester samples by solution-state NMR analysis. AU - Shakeri Yekta, S.* AU - Hedenström, M.* AU - Stehr, J.E.* AU - Dario, M.* AU - Hertkorn, N. AU - Björn, A.* C1 - 52964 C2 - 44628 CY - Oxford SP - 201-209 TI - Pretreatment,of anaerobic digester samples by hydrochloric acid for solution-state 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic characterization of organic matter. JO - Chemosphere VL - 199 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2018 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Oxybenzone (OBZ), a common ingredient in sunscreens and personal care products, has been frequently detected in effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants and also in surface waters. OBZ is an emerging contaminant due to its adverse impacts on marine/aquatic ecosystems. To investigate the removal and degradation capacity of phytotreatment for OBZ, the common wetland plant species Cyperus alternifolius L. was exposed to this compound at 5, 25 and 50 μM for 120 h, respectively. Continuous uptake by roots and accumulation in plant tissues was observed over the exposure time, and depletion of spiked OBZ from the aqueous medium exceeded 73.9 ± 9.1% after 120 h. Similar to its fate in mammalian cells, OBZ is activated in a phase I reaction resulting in the hydroxylated metabolite 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB). Independently, two phase II metabolites were identified as oxybenzone-glucoside (OBZ-Glu) and oxybenzone-(6-O-malonyl)-glucoside (OBZ-Mal-Glu) by LC-MS/MS. Formation of these metabolites increased over the experimental period. To our knowledge this is the first time that DHB, OBZ-Glu and OBZ-Mal-Glu are shown to be formed in higher plant tissues. Furthermore, plant defense systems-antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, APOX and POX) were found to be elevated to counteract stress caused by exposure to OBZ. This study presents the huge potential of aquatic plants to cope with benzophenone type UV filters in contaminated water bodies. AU - Chen, F. AU - Huber, C. AU - Schröder, P. C1 - 51152 C2 - 43077 SP - 638-646 TI - Fate of the sunscreen compound oxybenzone in Cyperus alternifolius based hydroponic culture: Uptake, biotransformation and phytotoxicity. JO - Chemosphere VL - 182 PY - 2017 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Isoproturon (IPU) degradation in an agricultural soil inoculated with an isolated IPU-degrader strain (Sphingomonas sp. strain AK1, IS) or a microbial consortium (MC) harboring this strain, with or without carrier material, were investigated in soil microcosm experiments during 46 days. Effect of the carrier material and inoculation size on IPU-degradation efficacy of the inoculants were studied. Mineralization, extractable residues and non-extractable residues of 14C-labeled IPU were analyzed. The low IPU mineralization in untreated soil (7.0%) was enhanced to different extents by inoculation of IS (17.4%-46.0%) or MC (58.9%-67.5%). Concentrations of IPU residues in soils amended with MC (0.002-0.095 μg g dry soil-1) were significantly lower than in soils amended with IS (0.02-0.67 μg g dry soil-1) and approximately 10 times lower than in the uninoculated soil (0.06-0.80 μg g dry soil-1). Less extractable residues and non-extractable residues were detected in soil with higher IPU mineralization. Inoculation size (as indicated by the volume of liquid cultures or by the number of carrier particles) determined the IPU-removal efficacy of IS in soil, but this effect was less pronounced for MC. The low sorption of IPU to soil and the decreasing IPU-mineralizing rates suggested incapability of IS to establish the IPU-mineralizing function in the soil. The thorough removal of IPU and persistent IPU-mineralizing activity of soil inoculated with MC indicated a high persistence of IPU-metabolic trait. Our results showed that microbial consortia might be more efficient than single degrader strains to enhance clean-up of organic chemicals in soil. AU - Li, R. AU - Dörfler, U. AU - Munch, J.C.* AU - Schroll, R. C1 - 50195 C2 - 42331 CY - Kidlington, Oxford SP - 1169-1176 TI - Enhanced degradation of isoproturon in an agricultural soil by a Sphingomonas sp. strain and a microbial consortium. JO - Chemosphere VL - 168 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2017 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Human pharmaceuticals and their residues are constantly detected in our waterbodies, due to poor elimination rates, even in the most advanced waste water treatment plants. Their impact on the environment and human health still remains unclear. When phytoremediation is applied to aid water treatment, plants may transform and degrade xenobiotic contaminants through phase I and phase II metabolism to more water soluble and less toxic intermediates. In this context, peroxidases play a major role in activating compounds during phase I via oxidation. In the present work, the ability of a plant peroxidase to oxidize the human painkiller diclofenac was confirmed using stopped flow spectroscopy in combination with LC-MS analysis. Analysis of an orange colored product revealed the structure of the highly reactive Diclofenac-2,5-Iminoquinone, which may be the precursor of several biological conjugates and breakdown products in planta. AU - Huber, C. AU - Preis, M.* AU - Harvey, P.J.* AU - Grosse, S.D.* AU - Letzel, T.* AU - Schröder, P. C1 - 47655 C2 - 40610 CY - Oxford SP - 435-441 TI - Emerging pollutants and plants - metabolic activation of diclofenac by peroxidases. JO - Chemosphere VL - 146 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2016 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The occurrence of bromocarbazoles and chlorocarbazoles was studied in 86 forest soil samples from different regions in Germany. Carbazole, 3-chlorocarbazole, 3-bromocarbazole and 3,6-dibromocarbazole were qualitatively detected in the humic layer of 59 soil samples with bromocarbazoles reported here for the first time in soil. Furthermore, the halogenated carbazoles, PCDD/Fs and PCBs were detected in the humic and mineral soil horizons (0-5 cm and 5-10 cm) of a subset of 11 soil samples subjected to quantitative analysis. Concentrations ranged from 0.6 to 267.6 ng/g (carbazole); 0.2-7.2 ng/g (3-bromocarbazole); 0.0-9.1 ng/g (3-chlorocarbazole); 0.2-19.8 ng/g (3,6-dibromocarbazole); 0.4-67.6 ng/g (3,6-dichlorocarbazole); 0.0-0.7 ng/g (PCDDs); 0.0-0.3 ng/g (PCDFs) and 0.0-33.7 ng/g (PCBs). Concentrations decreased with depth and correlated positively to total organic carbon (TOC). When it was based on TOC%, an increase in concentration with depth was observed in most soil samples. With respect to dioxin-like toxicity, 3-bromocarbazole, 3-chlorocarbazole, 3,6-dibromocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazoles caused induction of CYP1A1-dependent EROD activity in HII4E rat hepatoma cell line. Their relative effect potency after 72 h exposure ranged from 0.00005 to 0.00013 and was directly related to the degree of halogenation with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin as reference. Furthermore, their contribution to overall soil dioxin-like toxicity was not significant in comparison to PCDD/Fs and PCBs though the sum toxic equivalency was limited to three halogenated carbazole congeners. Bromocarbazoles and chlorocarbazoles are emerging dioxin-like toxic environmental contaminants with potential for wide distribution occurring simultaneously with PCDD/Fs and PCBs. AU - Mumbo, J. AU - Pandelova, M. AU - Mertes, F. AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Bussian, B.M.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 49207 C2 - 40687 CY - Oxford SP - 64-72 TI - The fingerprints of dioxin-like bromocarbazoles and chlorocarbazoles in selected forest soils in Germany. JO - Chemosphere VL - 162 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2016 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A worldwide used pesticide - isoproturon (IPU) - was selected to test whether short-term experiments can be used to predict long-term mineralization of IPU in soil. IPU-mineralization was measured for 39 and 265 days in four different agricultural soils with a low mineralization dynamic. Additionally, in one soil IPU dissipation, formation and dissipation of metabolites, formation of non-extractable residues (NER) and 14C-microbial biomass from 14C-IPU were monitored for 39 and 265 days. The data from short-term and long-term experiments were used for model fitting. The long-term dynamics of IPU mineralization were considerably overestimated by the short-term experiments in two soils with neutral pH, while in two other soils with low pH and lower mineralization, the long-term mineralization of IPU could be sufficiently predicted. Additional investigations in one of the soils with neutral pH showed that dissipation of IPU and metabolites could be correctly predicted by the short-term experiment. However, the formation of NER and 14C-microbial biomass were remarkably overestimated by the short-term experiment. Further, it could be shown that the released NER and 14C-microbial biomass were the main contributors of 14CO2 formation at later incubation stages. Taken together, our results indicate that in soils with neutral pH short-term experiments were inadequate to predict the long-term mineralization of IPU. AU - Wang, F. AU - Dörfler, U. AU - Jiang, X.* AU - Schroll, R. C1 - 46921 C2 - 39034 SP - 312-318 TI - Predicting isoproturon long-term mineralization from short-term experiment: Can this be a suitable approach? JO - Chemosphere VL - 144 PY - 2016 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Metformin (MET) as an emerging contaminant has been detected in surface water and wastewater in numerous countries, due to insufficient retention in classical waste water treatment plants. In order to characterize the uptake of the compound during phytotreatment of waste water, a short term Pitman chamber experiment was carried out to assess the characteristics of MET uptake and transport by roots. Three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0mmolL(-)(1)) were applied to cattail (Typha latifolia) and reed (Phragmites australis) roots which were used to investigate the uptake mechanism because they are frequently utilized in phytoremediation. In addition, quinidine was used as an inhibitor to assess the role of organic cation transporters (OCTs) in the uptake of MET by T. latifolia. The transport process of MET is different from carbamazepine (CBZ) and caffeine (CFN). In both T. latifolia and P. australis, the uptake processes were independent of initial concentrations. Quinidine, a known inhibitor of organic cation transporters, can significantly affect MET uptake by T. latifolia roots with inhibition ratios of 70-74%. Uptake into the root could be characterized by a linear model with R(2) values in the range of 0.881-0.999. Overall, the present study provides evidence that MET is taken up by plant roots and has the potential for subsequent translocation. OCTs could be one of the important pathways for MET uptake into the plant. AU - Cui, H. AU - Hense, B.A. AU - Müller, J. AU - Schröder, P. C1 - 44870 C2 - 39453 CY - Oxford SP - 307-312 TI - Short term uptake and transport process for metformin in roots of Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia. JO - Chemosphere VL - 134 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2015 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Carbon (C)-rich, solid products from pyrolysis (pyrochars) and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC, hydrochars) are expected to reduce the bioavailability and bioaccessibility of pesticides as side effect of soil addition. To compare effects of different feedstocks (digestate, miscanthus, woodchips) and production processes (pyrolysis at 750°C, HTC at 200°C and 250°C), (14)C-labeled isoproturon (IPU) was applied at 0.75kgha(-)(1) to loamy sand amended either with 0.5% or 5% pyrochars or hydrochars, which was then incubated for 50d. Mineralization of IPU was measured as (14)C-CO2 released from soil-char composites. Pore-water and methanol extractable (14)C-IPU was quantified as well as non-extractable (14)C-residues (NER). Furthermore, C mineralization of pyrochars, hydrochars and feedstocks was studied to assess the relationship between IPU bioaccessibility and char decomposability. In pure soil, 8.1% of applied IPU was mineralized after 50d. This was reduced more strongly in pyrochar treatments (81±6% reduction) than in hydrochar treatments (56±25% reduction). Different feedstocks had no significantly different effect when 5% char was added, but their effect was significant and dependent on the production process in 0.5% amendments. Pesticide binding can occur by surface sorption as well as by diffusion and subsequent occlusion in micropores. The latter can be expected to result in high amounts of NER, as it was observed in the pyrochar treatments. Hydrochars were less stable than pyrochars and contained lower amounts of NER. Thus, in hydrochar amended soils, better accessibility of IPU to microbial degradation may be a result of full char decomposition within decades ensuring controlled pesticide degradation. AU - Eibisch, N. AU - Schroll, R. AU - Fuß, R.* C1 - 43029 C2 - 35977 CY - Oxford SP - 528-535 TI - Effect of pyrochar and hydrochar amendments on the mineralization of the herbicide isoproturon in an agricultural soil. JO - Chemosphere VL - 134 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2015 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The levels and patterns of organochlorine pesticides and degradation products in rainwater samples collected in relation to a contaminated site in Kibaha district, Tanzania were investigated. The compounds detected in the samples by GC-MS and isotope dilution methodology included DDT, DDE, DDD, HCHs, dieldrin, heptachlor, chlordane, endrin and hexachlorobenzene. The concentrations of total DDT and total HCH ranged 0.005-3200μgL(-1) and 0.01-170μgL(-1), respectively and they indicated input of significantly non-degraded technical mixtures. The highest concentrations for other compounds ranged 0.001-1.3μgL(-1). The highest concentrations were found in samples collected in the vicinity of the contaminated site and the concentrations at other points showed a general even distribution suggesting repeated volatilization and deposition mechanisms. The strong positive correlations in the concentrations of the compounds indicated a common source. A decrease in concentrations with time was indicated, although the decrease was not significant during the period of sampling. The findings indicate risks and concerns for public and environmental health. AU - Mahugija, J.A.* AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 42877 C2 - 35644 SP - 12-19 TI - Levels and patterns of organochlorine pesticides and their degradation products in rainwater in Kibaha Coast Region, Tanzania. JO - Chemosphere VL - 118 IS - 1 PY - 2015 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The aim of this study was to improve the identification of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) by developing and evaluating in silico tools that predict interactions at the estrogen (E) and androgen (A) receptors, and binding to transthyretin (T). In particular, the study focuses on evaluating the use of the EAT models in combination with a metabolism simulator to study the significance of bioactivation for endocrine disruption. Balanced accuracies of the EAT models ranged from 77-87%, 62-77%, and 65-89% for E-, A-, and T-binding respectively. The developed models were applied on a set of more than 6000 commonly used industrial chemicals of which 9% were predicted E- and/or A-binders and 1% were predicted T-binders. The numbers of E- and T-binders increased 2- and 3-fold, respectively, after metabolic transformation, while the number of A-binders marginally changed. In-depth validation confirmed that several of the predicted bioactivated E- or T-binders demonstrated in vivo estrogenic activity or influenced blood levels of thyroxine in vivo. The metabolite simulator was evaluated using in vivo data from the literature which showed a 50% accuracy for studied chemicals. The study stresses, in summary, the importance of including metabolic activation in prioritization activities of potentially emerging contaminants. AU - Rybacka, A.* AU - Rudén, C.* AU - Tetko, I.V. AU - Andersson, P.L.* C1 - 46423 C2 - 37548 SP - 372-378 TI - Identifying potential endocrine disruptors among industrial chemicals and their metabolites - development and evaluation of in silico tools. JO - Chemosphere VL - 139 PY - 2015 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Organochlorine pesticides (OCP) are widely distributed environmental pollutants. Due to their persistence and toxicity, it is important to know their fluxes and spatial and temporal distribution in the environment. In this study, a new procedure to estimate OCP concentration based on a set of performance reference compounds (PRCs) was used. Their occurrence and mass fluxes were assessed on a regional scale ranging from Chonqging to Maoping in Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) as part of Yangtze River. The results are based on three sampling campaigns in 2009 (twice) and 2011. Due to different factors, the measured concentrations varied from 410 to 1418 pg/L. The highest total OCP concentration was localized in Wanzhou while the lowest was downstream Maoping near the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). The highest load of OCP mass fluxes was observed at Wanhzou with 9.6 mg/s and the lowest load at Maoping with 2.97 mg/s. Studies at Maoping show an increase in OCP water concentration from 2009 to 2012. Comparison between free dissolved OCP water concentration and total OCP water concentration in TGR 2009, 2011 and 2012 show a slight variation, indicating the important role of dilution in the OCP removal process in TGR. AU - Temoka, C. AU - Wang, J. AU - Bi, Y.* AU - Deyerling, D. AU - Pfister, G. AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 47237 C2 - 39358 SP - 1521-1529 TI - Concentrations and mass fluxes estimation of organochlorine pesticides in Three Gorges Reservoir with virtual organisms using in situ PRC-based sampling rate. JO - Chemosphere VL - 144 PY - 2015 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Daily PM10 samples were collected during a one-month sampling campaign from February 13 to March 12, 2008 at eight different sampling sites in Augsburg, Southern Germany. Source apportionment was performed to identify the main sources and related contributions by analysis of organic and inorganic tracers. Nine factors were separated comprising: solid fuel combustion, traffic-related emissions, secondary inorganics, and mixed sources. Spatiotemporal variation of the source contributions was evaluated using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and coefficient of divergence (COD). All factors (except hopanes and mixed sources) showed moderate to high (0.60.8) correlation coefficients between the eight sites and were distributed heterogeneously. Secondary sulfate and secondary nitrate factors were relatively more uniformly distributed (compared to other factors) with lower medians of COD value (0.47 and 0.56, respectively) and higher correlation values (r=0.97 and 0.85, respectively). The maximum daily average contribution for coal & wood combustion factor was observed at the LfU suburban site (4.0μgm(-3)); wood combustion factor at the LSW residential site (5.1μgm(-3)) ; diesel & fuel oil consumption factor at the Bifa suburban and BP urban sites (both 2.5μgm(-3)); road dust & tram factor at the KP traffic site (16.2μgm(-3)) and the BP urban site (6.6μgm(-3)); hopanes factor at the BP urban and Bifa suburban sites (both 0.7μgm(-3)); and de-icing NaCl factor at the KP traffic site (4.8μgm(-3)). Secondary sulfate and secondary nitrate factors had approximately similar contributions (6.2μgm(-3) and 4.3μgm(-3), respectively) at all sites. Mixed sources factor had the highest daily average contribution to PM10 mass at the KP traffic site (7.0μgm(-3)). AU - Cobbe, S.M. AU - Schnelle-Kreis, J. AU - Abbaszade, G. AU - Arteaga-Salas, J.M. AU - Diemer, J. AU - Zimmermann, R. C1 - 29164 C2 - 32461 CY - Oxford SP - 263-273 TI - Spatial and temporal variability of source contributions to ambient PM10 during winter in Augsburg, Germany using organic and inorganic tracers. JO - Chemosphere VL - 113 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2014 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Carbonaceous material from pyrolysis (pyrochars) and hydrothermal carbonization (hydrochars) are applied to soil to improve soil fertility and carbon sequestration. As a positive side effect, the mobility of pesticides and the risk of groundwater contamination can be minimized. However, the impact of various raw materials on the sorption capacity of different pyrochars and hydrochars is poorly understood. Thus, sorption experiments were performed with (14)C-labeled isoproturon (IPU, 0.75 kg ha(-1)) in a loamy sand soil amended with either pyrochar or hydrochar (0.5% and 5% dry weight, respectively). Carbonaceous materials were produced from three different raw materials: corn digestate, miscanthus, woodchips of willow and poplar. After 72h of incubation, a sequential extraction procedure was conducted to quantify in situ IPU bioavailability, total amount of extractable IPU, and non-extractable pesticide residues (NER). Added char amount, carbonization type, and raw materials had statistically significant effects on the sorption of IPU. The amount of in situ available IPU was reduced by a factor of 10-2283 in treatments with pyrochar and by a factor of 3-13 in hydrochar treatments. The surface area of the charred material was the most predictive variable of IPU sorption to char amended soil. Some physical and chemical char properties tend to correlate with pore water-, methanol- or non-extractable IPU amounts. Due to a low micro-porosity and ash content, high water extractable carbon contents and O-functional groups of hydrochars, the proportion of NER in hydrochar amended soils was considerably lower than in soil amended with pyrochars. AU - Eibisch, N. AU - Schroll, R. AU - Fuß, R.* AU - Mikutta, R.* AU - Helfrich, M.* AU - Flessa, H.* C1 - 31707 C2 - 34674 CY - Oxford SP - 155-162 TI - Pyrochars and hydrochars differently alter the sorption of the herbicide isoproturon in an agricultural soil. JO - Chemosphere VL - 119 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2014 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - For evaluating the brown mussel Perna perna as a sentinel organism regarding environmental concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), the present study reports original data on the relationship between the concentrations of these chemicals in bottom surface sediments, suspended solids (SS) and concentrations bioaccumulated by this bivalve. Three P. perna cultivation areas, located at three bays in southeastern Brazil were used in this study. The three estuaries are under different degrees of environmental impact. Variations in the OCP and PCB concentrations bioaccumulated by the bivalves tended to be similar to those observed in the sediment, but differed from those found in SS. This latter difference might suggest that the SS trapping apparatuses should have been left in place for approximately 60days (not only 15days). This longer period would allow the integration of the environmental variability of the OCP and PCB burden adsorbed to this compartment. Authors encourage future studies to evaluate P. perna exposure to OCPs and PCBs through the evaluation of sediment concentrations. AU - Galvao, P.* AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Longo, R.* AU - Dorneles, P.R.* AU - Torres, J.P.* AU - Malm, O.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 31925 C2 - 34880 CY - Oxford SP - 9-15 TI - Partition of organochlorine concentrations among suspended solids, sediments and brown mussel Perna perna, in tropical bays. JO - Chemosphere VL - 114 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2014 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The levels, compositions and distributions of organochlorine pesticides and metabolites were determined in soil samples collected 5-14years after clean-up was carried out at seven contaminated sites in Tanzania. Samples were collected from various depths (5-10cm, 30cm, and 50cm for most sites and up to 300cm for one site. Determination of the analytes was performed using a high resolution GC-MS and isotope dilution technology. DDT, DDD, DDE, HCH isomers, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfans, chlordanes and heptachlor were the major compounds detected. The concentrations of total DDT and total HCH were up to 250000 and 164000mgkg(-1), respectively, while the highest concentrations for other compounds ranged from 29 to 3300mgkg(-1). The results indicated that there were no significant degradations/transformations of the pesticides for most of the sites. The highest concentrations of the compounds were mostly found in surface soil samples and there were variations in distribution among the sampling depths. The results indicate risks and concerns for public health and the environment. AU - Mahugija, J.A.* AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 31998 C2 - 34930 CY - Oxford SP - 330-337 TI - Levels, compositions and distributions of organochlorine pesticide residues in soil 5-14 years after clean-up of former storage sites in Tanzania. JO - Chemosphere VL - 117 IS - 1 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2014 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria is considered to be contaminated with toxic chemicals emanating from anthropogenic activities, especially near large industrial towns such as Kisumu. This has recently caused concerns about its water quality and impact on aquatic organisms and human beings. This study was justified by the need to generate baseline concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) in surface sediment from selected sites in the lake and determine the influence of activities on their concentrations and potential risks to fish-eating birds living near the lake. Surface sediments (<30cm) from three different fish landing beaches, located 200m from the shore of Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria near Kisumu city, Homa Bay and Mbita (control) towns, were analysed. The total mean concentrations (in pgg(-1)drywt) were found to range from 17.4-812 (Σdl-PCBs), 36.6-813 (ΣPCDDs) and 1.45-46.4 (ΣPCDFs). The calculated Toxic Equivalents (TEQWHO(2005)) ranged from 0.001-0.43 (Σdl-PCBs) and 0.09-31 (ΣPCDD/Fs). The fish landing beaches at Kisumu city were found to be contaminated with respect to dl-PCBs and dioxins, followed by Homa Bay and Mbita. The relatively high levels of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) and octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) influenced the TEQ and the ΣPCDFs/ΣPCDDs ratios indicated chemical processes as partial sources of the dioxins. The levels of contaminants obtained in this study showed potential exposure to aquatic organisms and fish eating birds through food chain transfer. AU - Omwoma, S.* AU - Lalah, J.O.* AU - Virani, M.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Henkelmann, B. C1 - 31997 C2 - 34931 SP - 143-147 TI - Dioxin-like PCBs and PCDD/Fs in surface sediments near the shore of Winam Gulf, Lake Victoria. JO - Chemosphere VL - 118 IS - 1 PY - 2014 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SPMD-based virtual organisms (VOs) were employed for time-integrating, long-term sampling combined biological and chemical analyses for exposure assessment of hydrophobic organic pollutants (HOPs) in a drinking water reservoir, China. The SPMDs were deployed at four and five sites in the Danjiangkou (DJK) reservoir over two periods of 26 and 31d to sequester the hydrophobic contaminants in water. The chosen bioassay response for the extracts of the SPMDs, the induction of 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) was assayed using a rat hepatoma cell line (H4IIE). The known aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists PAHs and PCBs were analyzed by HRGC/HRMS instrument. The cause-effect relationship between the observed AhR activities and chemical concentrations of detected AhR agonists was examined. The results show that the extracts from the SPMD samples could induce AhR activity significantly, whereas the chemically derived 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalent (TEQcal) was not correlated with the bioassay-derived TCDD equivalent (TEQbio). The known AhR agonists could only account for 2-10% of the observed AhR responses among which the contribution of PCBs could almost be neglected. Unidentified AhR-active compounds represented a greater proportion of the TCDD equivalent (TCDD-EQ) in SPMD samples from DJK. Based on the first assessment, the VO followed by the combination of chemical and biological analyses emerges as a resource efficient water monitoring device in ecotoxicological assessment for toxicologically relevant compounds which are readily available for uptake by resident aquatic biota in drinking water resources. AU - Wang, J. AU - Song, G.* AU - Li, A.* AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Pfister, G. AU - Tong, A.Z.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 30604 C2 - 33743 CY - Oxford SP - 306-313 TI - Combined chemical and toxicological long-term monitoring for AhR agonists with SPMD-based virtual organisms in drinking water Danjiangkou Reservoir, China. JO - Chemosphere VL - 108 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2014 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This study evaluates the degradation efficiency of enrofloxacin (ENR) by catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) and ozonation. Results obtained by CWAO experiments show that 99.5% degradation, 37.0% chemical oxidation demand (COD) removal and 51.0% total organic carbon (TOC) conversion were obtained when 100mol% FeCl(3) and 25mol% NaNO(2) at 150°C under 0.5MPa oxygen pressure after 120min are used. The degradation products are identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ion chromatography (IC). The oxidation end products, F(-), NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) were determined by IC. The BOD(5)/COD ratio as a measure of the biodegradability of the parent compound increased from 0.01 to 0.12 after 120min of reaction time, indicating an improved biodegradability of the parent compound. The inhibition of bioluminescence of the marine bacteria V. fischeri decreased from 43% to 12% demonstrating a loss in toxicity of ENR during CWAO. Ozonation of 0.2mM ENR was carried out with an ozone concentration of 7.3gm(-3) at pH 7. ENR decomposition with a degradation rate of 87% was obtained corresponding to the reaction time. Moderate changes in COD (18%) and TOC (17%) removal has been observed. The bioluminescence inhibition increased from 8% to 50%, due to the generation of toxic degradation products during ozonation. In comparison to the widely use of well developed method of ozonation CWAO exhibits better performance in terms of COD, TOC removals and generates less toxic products. AU - Li, Y.* AU - Zhang, F.* AU - Liang, X.* AU - Yediler, A. C1 - 11350 C2 - 30628 SP - 284-291 TI - Chemical and toxicological evaluation of an emerging pollutant (enrofloxacin) by catalytic wet air oxidation and ozonation in aqueous solution. JO - Chemosphere VL - 90 IS - 2 PB - Elsevier PY - 2013 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Two commercially important fish species, Nile perch gates niloticus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) belonging to different trophic levels were collected from the Napoleon Gulf and Thurston Bay in Lake Victoria. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxinlike polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) were extracted from the fish muscles and livers using the C-13 isotope dilution method, followed by multiple column chromatography clean-up. Analysis was achieved by a high resolution gas chromatography coupled with a high resolution mass spectrometer. The concentrations of analytes ranged from 0.07 to 0.59 pg g-, fresh weight (fw) and 0.3-19.0 pg g(-1) in L. niloticus and 0.06-0.18 and 0.2-15.7 pg g(-1) in 0. niloticus, for Sigma PCDD/Fs and Edl-PCBs, respectively. Differences in congener concentrations were observed between the two fish species and study sites, and this was attributed to differences in feeding habits and trophic levels. World Health Organization-toxic equivalents (WHO-TEQs) were in the range 0.01-0.16 pg TEQg(-1) for the PCDD/Fs and 0.001-0.74 pg TEQg(-1) for the dl-PCBs. The TEQ values in the present study were lower compared to those of most fish samples reported in literature and were within permissible levels recommended by the European Union, implying that the fish was fit for human consumption. AU - Ssebugere, P.* AU - Kiremire, B.T.* AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Bernhöft, S. AU - Kasozi, G.N.* AU - Wasswa, J.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 26277 C2 - 32164 SP - 317-321 TI - PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in fish species from Lake Victoria, East Africa. JO - Chemosphere VL - 92 IS - 3 PB - Pergamon-Elsevier Science PY - 2013 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The objective of the present study was to get more insight into the mechanisms that govern the high mineralization potential of a microbial community attached on a carrier material, as we found in an earlier study (Wang et al., 2010). A 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) degrading microbial community - attached (MCCP) and non-attached (MCLM) on clay particles - was inoculated into a simplified mineral medium system. Signaling molecules (AHLs), cell growth and 1,2,4-TCB mineralization were measured at different sampling points. The production of AHLs in the MCCP system increased continuously with increasing key degrader (Bordetella sp.) cell growth and a positive correlation was observed between the production of AHLs and 1,2,4-TCB mineralization. In the MCLM system, however, 1,2,4-TCB mineralization was lower than in the MCCP system; the AHLs production per Bordetella cell was higher than in MCCP and there was no correlation between AHLs and mineralization. Moreover, in the MCCP system less different AHLs were produced than in the MCLM system. These results indicate that a microbial community attached on a carrier material has an advantage over a non-attached community: it produces signaling molecules with much less energy and effort to achieve a well-directed cell-to-cell communication resulting in a high and effective mineralization. AU - Wang, F. AU - Fekete, A. AU - Harir, M. AU - Chen, X. AU - Dörfler, U. AU - Rothballer, M. AU - Jiang, X.* AU - Schmitt-Kopplin, P. AU - Schroll, R. C1 - 24050 C2 - 31321 SP - 1403-1409 TI - Soil remediation with a microbial community established on a carrier: Strong hints for microbial communication during 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene degradation. JO - Chemosphere VL - 92 IS - 11 PB - Elsevier PY - 2013 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The objectives of this work were to study the formation mechanisms of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in thermal aluminium recycling processes by use of laboratory experiments. The pattern of isomers of PCDD/F indicates that de novo synthesis is important in aluminium smeltery. The mechanisms of PCDD/F formation in aluminium smelting are similar to that of various incineration processes of waste material. The results of bioanalysis (EROD-test) confirms the existence of de novo synthesis of PCDD/F, but points out to the existence to some additional, toxic compounds of unknown structure. To reduce the amount of PCDD/F the input of carbon at the metal should be reduced; in addition the metal smeltery plants should be cleaned from fly ash particles. It is suggested to use good primary methods in the technical plants like constant feeding of the metal into the oven will minimise PCDD/F concentration. The biological EROD-bioassay is a good tool to estimate PCDD/F-TEQ values also for this technical process simulated in the laboratory. AU - Lenoir, D. AU - Klobasa, O. AU - Pandelova, M. AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 7387 C2 - 29694 SP - 998-1002 TI - Laboratory studies on formation and minimisation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PCDD/F) in secondary aluminium process. JO - Chemosphere VL - 87 IS - 9 PB - Elsevier PY - 2012 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The environmental fate of the worldwide used herbicide isoproturon was studied in four different, undisturbed lysimeters in the temperate zone of Middle Europe. To exclude climatic effects due to location, soils were collected at different regions in southern Germany and analyzed at a lysimeter station under identical environmental conditions. (14)C-isoproturon mineralization varied between 2.59% and 57.95% in the different soils. Barley plants grown on these lysimeters accumulated (14)C-pesticide residues from soil in partially high amounts and emitted (14)CO(2) in an extent between 2.01% and 13.65% of the applied (14)C-pesticide. Plant uptake and (14)CO(2) emissions from plants were inversely linked to the mineralization of the pesticide in the various soils: High isoproturon mineralization in soil resulted in low plant uptake whereas low isoproturon mineralization in soil resulted in high uptake of isoproturon residues in crop plants and high (14)CO(2) emission from plant surfaces. The soil water regime was identified as an essential factor that regulates degradation and plant uptake of isoproturon whereby the intensity of the impact of this factor is strongly dependent on the soil type. AU - Grundmann, S. AU - Dörfler, U. AU - Munch, J.-C. AU - Ruth, B. AU - Schroll, R. C1 - 6417 C2 - 28635 SP - 1461-1467 TI - Impact of soil water regime on degradation and plant uptake behaviour of the herbicide isoproturon in different soil types. JO - Chemosphere VL - 82 IS - 10 PB - Elsevier PY - 2011 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In agricultural plant production nitrification inhibitors like 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) are used to retard the microbial nitrification process of fertilized ammonium to enhance the nitrogen supply for cultivated crops and to reduce nitrogen losses from the production system. Besides the well-known ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) it is known for a few years that also ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are able to perform the first step in nitrification, hence being also a target for a nitrification inhibitor. However, so far no information are available concerning the effectiveness of DMPP and its extent towards AOB and AOA, neither in bulk soil nor in the root-rhizosphere complex. We investigated in a field experiment performed according to agricultural practice the effect of DMPP on the abundance of AOB and AOA two, four and eight weeks after fertilization. We observed impaired abundances of AOB but not of AOA in both soil compartments that were still visible eight weeks after application, possibly indicating a reduced effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor in our study. AU - Kleineidam, K. AU - Kosmrlj, K. AU - Kublik, S. AU - Palmer, I.* AU - Pfab, H.* AU - Ruser, R.* AU - Fiedler, S.* AU - Schloter, M. C1 - 4695 C2 - 28287 SP - 182-186 TI - Influence of the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea in rhizosphere and bulk soil. JO - Chemosphere VL - 84 IS - 1 PB - Elsevier PY - 2011 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - no Abstract AU - Lundstedt-Enkel, K.* C1 - 5272 C2 - 28644 SP - 786-786 TI - Comments on "Levels of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB in Baltic fish of different age and gender" by M. Pandelova, B. Henkelmann, O. Roots, M. Simm, L. Järv, E. Benfenati and K.-W. Schramm [Chemosphere 71(2) (2008) 369-378]. JO - Chemosphere VL - 82 IS - 5 PB - Elsevier PY - 2011 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This study elucidates the effect of fluctuating soil moisture on the co-metabolic degradation of atrazine (6-chloro-N(2)-ethyl-N(4)-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) in soil. Degradation experiments with (14)C-ring-labelled atrazine were carried out at (i) constant (CH) and (ii) fluctuating soil humidity (FH). Temperature was kept constant in all experiments. Experiments under constant soil moisture conditions were conducted at a water potential of -15kPa and the sets which were run under fluctuating soil moisture conditions were subjected to eight drying-rewetting cycles where they were dried to a water potential of around -200kPa and rewetted to -15kPa. Mineralization was monitored continuously over a period of 56d. Every two weeks the pesticide residues in soil pore water (PW), the methanol-extractable pesticide residues, the non-extractable residues (NER), and the total cell counts were determined. In the soil with FH conditions, mineralization of atrazine as well as the formation of the intermediate product deisopropyl-2-hydroxyatrazine was increased compared to the soil with constant humidity. In general, we found a significant correlation between the formation of this metabolite and atrazine mineralization. The cell counts were not different in the two experimental variants. These results indicate that the microbial activity was not a limiting factor but the mineralization of atrazine was essentially controlled by the bioavailability of the parent compound and the degradation product deisopropyl-2-hydroxyatrazine. AU - Ngigi, A. AU - Dörfler, U. AU - Scherb, H. AU - Getenga, Z.* AU - Boga, H.* AU - Schroll, R. C1 - 5441 C2 - 28496 SP - 369-375 TI - Effect of fluctuating soil humidity on in situ bioavailability and degradation of atrazine. JO - Chemosphere VL - 84 IS - 4 PB - Elsevier PY - 2011 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In infant period, human milk and infant formulae are the major sources of exposure to dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Since in many parts of Europe the mothers are increasingly reluctant to breastfeed their babies, the main objective of the present study is to assess the level of exposure of non-breast-fed infants during their early development. Consequently, the concentration levels of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB were determined in industrial infant formulae including "starting" (aged 0-4months) and "follow-on" (after 4months) products of milk formula, soy formula and hypoallergenic infant formula, available on the EU market. Furthermore, dietary exposure to dioxin of exclusively formula-fed infants was assessed at each month from 0 to 9months. The results suggest that dietary exposure to dioxins via formulae is higher when consuming "starting" than "follow-on" infant formulae on a body-weight basis. Estimated dietary exposure after 4months of age was always below the lowest range of the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of 1pg WHO-TEQkg(-1)bwd(-1) and Provisional Tolerable Monthly Intake (PTMI) of 70pg WHO-TEQkg(-1)bwmonth(-1). The highest estimated cumulative dietary exposure to PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB was obtained considering infants of 0-1months fed with the "starting" hypoallergenic infant formula (2.8pg WHO-TEQkg(-1)bwd(-1) and 84pg WHO-TQkg(-1)bwmonth(-1)). However, these elevated levels are much lower than those observed in some studies in breast-fed infants. The study can be used for further risk assessments in regard to infant exposure. AU - Pandelova, M. AU - Piccinelli, R.* AU - Kasham, S. AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Leclercq, C.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 5480 C2 - 27569 SP - 1018-1021 TI - Assessment of dietary exposure to PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB in infant formulae available on the EU market. JO - Chemosphere VL - 81 IS - 8 PB - Elsevier PY - 2010 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The effects of sewage sludge on soil quality with regard to its nutrient and heavy metal content, microbial community structure and ability to maintain specific soil function (degradation of herbicide glyphosate) were investigated in a three months study using an alluvial soil (Eutric Fluvisol). Dehydrated sewage sludge significantly increased soil organic matter (up to 20.6% of initial content), total and available forms of N (up to 33% and 220% of initial amount, respectively), as well as total and plant available forms of P (up to 11% and 170% of initial amount, respectively) and K (up to 70% and 47% of initial amount, respectively) in the upper 2cm soil layer. The increase of organic matter was most prominent 3d after the application of sewage sludge, after 3months it was no longer significant. Contents of nutrients kept to be significantly higher in the sewage sludge treated soil till the end of experiment. Contents of some heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb) increased as well. The highest increase was found for Zn (up to 53% of initial amount), however it was strongly bound to soil particles and its total content was kept below the maximum permissible limit for agricultural soil. Based on molecular fingerprinting of bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS fragment on 3rd day and 3rd month after sewage sludge amendment, significant short term effects on bacterial and fungal communities were shown due to the sewage sludge. The effects were more pronounced and more long-term for bacterial than fungal communities. The mineralization of (14)C-glyphosate in the sewage sludge soil was 55.6% higher than in the control which can be linked to (i) a higher glyphosate bioavailability in sewage sludge soil, which was triggered by the pre-sorption of phosphate originating from the sewage sludge and/or (ii) beneficial alterations of the sewage sludge to the physical-chemical characteristics of the soil. AU - Suhadolc, M.* AU - Schroll, R. AU - Hagn, A. AU - Dörfler, U. AU - Schloter, M. AU - Lobnik, F.* C1 - 2743 C2 - 27439 SP - 1536-1543 TI - Single application of sewage sludge - impact on the quality of an alluvial agricultural soil. JO - Chemosphere VL - 81 IS - 11 PB - Elsevier PY - 2010 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Soil respiration measurements are an established method to test the abundance, activity and vitality of the soil microorganisms. However, abnormal progressions of soil respiration curves impede a clear interpretation of the data. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the microbial structure during the formation of phenomena like double peaks and terraces by analysis of the PLFA composition (phospholipid fatty acid composition). Moreover, 13C labeled glucose was used as substrate; therefore it was possible to measure delta13C values both within the PLFA fraction as well as within the carbon dioxide evolved during respiration. As contaminants trinitrotoluene, cycloheximide, and hexadecane were used. The results showed that the appearance of double peaks was mainly related to the growth of fungi with the marker 18:2delta9,12 due to a toxic effect of trinitrotoluene and cycloheximide. In contrast, the phenomenon of terrace formation was related to the utilization of hexadecane as a carbon source mainly by bacteria. AU - Bartling, J.* AU - Kotzerke, A.* AU - Mai, M.* AU - Esperschütz, J. AU - Buegger, F. AU - Schloter, M. AU - Wilke, B.-M.* C1 - 806 C2 - 26618 SP - 1488-1494 TI - Microbial community structure and function during abnormal curve development of substrate-induced respiration measurements. JO - Chemosphere VL - 77 IS - 11 PB - Elsevier PY - 2009 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Human breast milk offers the optimal nutrition for all infants and have been widely used in biomonitoring programs to assess human exposure to lipophylic environmental contaminants such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). There are no previous reports from Turkey on chemically determined levels of PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs in human breast milk expressed as World Health Organization (WHO) toxic equivalents (TEQ). To get an overview of the levels of these contaminants in Turkish human milk, samples from 51 Turkish women living in the Ankara, Istanbul, Antalya, Kahramanmaras, and Afyon provinces were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) throughout 2007. The mean concentrations of WHO(PCDD/F-)TEQ and WHO(PCB-)TEQ of all samples from the five regions were 7.5 and 3.1 pg g(-1) on a lipid basis, respectively. PCDD/F concentrations ranged between 0.78 and 29.3 pg WHO-TEQ g(-1) fat (1.7 and 36.2 pg WHO-TEQ g(-1) fat, respectively, including PCB). Of the five studied locations, the lowest levels of sigmaTEQs (PCDD/F+PCB) were found in the Afyon (6.8 pg WHO-TEQ g(-1) fat) and the highest in the Antalya (15.6 pg WHO-TEQ g(-1) fat) province. The results have been discussed in terms of regions and PCDD/F and PCBs for which analyses had been made. The mean levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in Turkish human milk are comparable to that found in other countries. AU - Cok, I.* AU - Donmez, M.K.* AU - Uner, M.* AU - Demirkaya, E.* AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Shen, H. AU - Kotalik, J. AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 1972 C2 - 26346 SP - 1563-1571 TI - Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls levels in human breast milk from different regions of Turkey. JO - Chemosphere VL - 76 IS - 11 PB - Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2009 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Two approaches to determine pesticide (bio-)availability in soils (i) batch experiments with "extraction with an excess of water" (EEW) and (ii) the recently introduced "soil pore water (PW) extraction" of pesticide incubated soil samples have been compared with regard to the sorption behavior of the model compound isoproturon in soils. A significant correlation between TOC and adsorbed pesticide amount was found when using the EEW approach. In contrast, there was no correlation between TOC and adsorbed isoproturon when using the in situ PW extraction method. Furthermore, sorption was higher at all concentrations in the EEW method when comparing the distribution coefficients (Kd) for both methods. Over all, sorption in incubated soil samples at an identical water tension (-15 kPa) and soil density (1.3 g cm-3) appears to be controlled by a complex combination of sorption driving soil parameters. Iso-proturon bioavailability was found to be governed in different soils by binding strength and availability of sorption sites as well as water content, whereas the dominance of either one of these factors seems to depend on the individual composition and characteristics of the respective soil sample. Using multiple linear regression analysis we obtained furthermore indications that the soil pore structure is affected by the EEW method due to disaggregation, resulting in a higher availability of pesticide sorption sites than in undisturbed soil samples. Therefore, it can be concluded that isoproturon sorption is overestimated when using the EEW method, which should be taken into account when using data from this approach or similar batch techniques for risk assessment analysis. AU - Folberth, C. AU - Suhadolc, M.* AU - Scherb, H. AU - Munch, J.-C. AU - Schroll, R. C1 - 316 C2 - 26601 CY - Oxford SP - 756-763 TI - Batch experiments versus soil pore water extraction--what makes the difference in isoproturon (bio-)availability? JO - Chemosphere VL - 77 IS - 6 PB - Pergamon, Elsevier Science PY - 2009 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Aim of this work was the development of a new non-biological factor to determine microbial in situ bioavailability of chemicals in soils. Pesticide residues were extracted from ten highly different agricultural soils that had been incubated with the C-14-herbicide isoproturon (IPU) under comparable soil conditions (water tension - 15 kPa; soil density 1.3 g cm(-3)). Two different pesticide extraction approaches were compared: (i) C-14-pesticide residues were measured in the pore water (PW) which was extracted from soil by centrifugation; (ii) C-14-pesticide residues were extracted from soil samples with an excess of water (EEW). We introduce the pesticide's in situ mass distribution quotient (iMDQ) as a measure for pesticide bioavailability, which is calculated as a quotient of adsorbed and dissolved chemical amounts for both approaches (iMDQ(PW), iMDQ(EEW)). Pesticide mineralization in soils served as a reference for real microbial availability. A highly significant correlation between iMDQ(PW) and mineralization showed that PW extraction is adequate to assess IPU bioavailability. In contrast, no correlation exists between IPU mineralization and ist extractability from soil with EEW. Therefore, it can be concluded that soil equilibration at comparable conditions and subsequent PW extraction is vital for a isoproturon bioavailability ranking of soils. AU - Folberth, C. AU - Scherb, H. AU - Suhadolc, M.* AU - Munch, J.-C. AU - Schroll, R. C1 - 1139 C2 - 26088 SP - 707-713 TI - In situ mass distribution quotient (iMDQ) - a new factor to compare bioavailability of chemicals in soils? JO - Chemosphere VL - 75 IS - 6 PB - Pergamon, Elsevier PY - 2009 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A tropical soil from a Kenyan sugarcane-cultivated field showed a very high capability to mineralize C-14-ring-labeled atrazine. In laboratory experiments this soil mineralized about 90% of the applied atrazine within 98 d. The atrazine-degrading microbial community was enriched in liquid cultures containing atrazine as the sole N source and 100 mg L-1 glucose as additional C source. From the enrichment culture a bacterial strain was isolated and identified by comparative sequence analysis of the 16S-rDNA as member of the genus Arthrobacter. The enriched mixed culture as well as the isolated strain, designated as Arthrobacter sp. strain GZK-1, could grow on atrazine and terbuthylazine as sole N-sources; Arthrobacter sp. GZK-1 mineralized C-14-ring-labeled atrazine up to 88% to (CO2)-C-14 and C-14-ring-labeled terbuthylazine up to 65% to (CO2)-C-14 in a liquid culture within 14 d. The enriched microbial consortium as well as the isolated strain could be a potential solution for the remediation of s-triazine polluted agricultural soils. AU - Getenga, Z.M.* AU - Dörfler, U. AU - Iwobi, A. AU - Schmid, M. AU - Schroll, R. C1 - 315 C2 - 26602 CY - Oxford SP - 534-539 TI - Atrazine and terbuthylazine mineralization by an Arthrobacter sp. isolated from a sugarcane-cultivated soil in Kenya. JO - Chemosphere VL - 77 IS - 4 PB - Pergamon, Elsevier Science PY - 2009 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Sediment and mussel samples collected along the coasts of the Istanbul strait and an island in Marmara Sea (Turkey) were analyzed for six indicator polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), 12 dioxin-like PCB (dl-PCB) and 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/furan (PCDD/F) congeners. Samples contained different concentrations of PCBs and among these, congeners 153, 75, 105 and 118 in sediments and congeners 153, 138 and 118 in mussels were most abundant. The concentration levels of total PCBs and PCDD/Fs in sediments ranged from 17.9 to 539 746 pg g(-1) dm and 2.04 to 60.5 pg g(-1) dm, respectively. The total WHO-TEQ values ranged between 0.01 and 17.8 pg g(-1) dm in sediments, and 0.98 and 1.01 pg g(-1) ww in mussels. None of the sediment and mussel samples analyzed exceeded the limits suggested in the sediment quality guideline and safe values set by the European Community for seafood intended for human consumption, respectively. AU - Okay, O.S.* AU - Karacik, B.* AU - Basak, S.* AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Bernhöft, S. AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 104 C2 - 26254 SP - 159-166 TI - PCB and PCDD/F in sediments and mussels of the Istanbul strait (Turkey). JO - Chemosphere VL - 76 IS - 2 PB - Pergamon, Elsevier PY - 2009 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The objectives of this work were to study the emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) during the combustion of wood, wood and hospital waste as well as wood, hospital waste and (NH(4))(2)SO(4) in a pilot plant and to determine the relation of the toxic emissions to the fuel properties. The presence of PVC (experiments b and c) increases PCDD/F and PCB formation compared to burning only eco-farm wood (a). However, analysis and quantification of PCDD/F and PCB showed that the amount of 5% of (NH(4))(2)SO(4) in the fuel mixture significantly impacted the dioxins emissions and suppressed it by approximately 50%. In addition, longer duration of the combustion experiment by using (NH(4))SO(4) resulted in a stronger inhibition of the toxic emissions. Overall, the lowest values were observed during the combustion of the fuel blends containing wood only. Relationships of PCDD/F (WHO-TEQ) and individual congeners of WHO-PCDD/F, WHO-PCB and six PCB indicator congeners were also found. As a result, all single PCB congeners were identified as PCDD/F (WHO-TEQ) surrogates in the flue gas. Furthermore, the correlation between PCDD/F and PCB congeners was examined by statistical methods such as cluster analysis (CA). Closely neighboured pairs on the dendrogram were additionally confirmed by a high linear coefficient of determination (R(2)). (NH(4))(2)SO(4)-containing samples did not affect the correlations between PCDD/F and PCB at the concentrations given. AU - Pandelova, M. AU - Stanev, I.* AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Lenoir, D. AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 2404 C2 - 26305 CY - Oxford SP - 685-691 TI - Correlation of PCDD/F and PCB at combustion experiments using wood and hospital waste. Influence of (NH₄)₂SO₄ as additive on PCDD/F and PCB emissions. JO - Chemosphere VL - 75 IS - 5 PB - Elsevier PY - 2009 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Bioavailable water concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and organochlorine pesticides (OCP) were measured in the water column from Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) collected in May 2008 using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). The sampling sites spanned the whole reservoir from the upstream Chongqing to the great dam covering more than 600 km long distance with water flow velocities ranging from <0.05 to 1.5 m s(-1). This is the first experience of SPMD application in the biggest reservoir in the world. The results of water sampling rates based on performance reference compounds (PRC) were tested to be significantly correlated with water flow velocities in the big river. Results of back-calculated aqueous concentrations based on PRC showed obvious regional variations of PAH, PCB and OCP levels in the reservoir. Total PAH ranged from 13.8 to 97.2 ng L-1, with the higher concentrations occurring in the region of upstream and near the dam. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene were the predominant PAH compounds in TGR water. Total PCB ranged from 0.08 to 0.51 ng L-1, with the highest one occurring in the region near the dam. PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180, 118 were the most abundant PCB congeners in the water. The total OCP ranged from 2.33 to 3.60 ng L-1 and the levels showed homogenous distribution in the whole reservoir. HCH, DDT and HCB, PeCB were the major compounds of OCP fingerprints. Based on water quality criteria, the TGR water could be designated as being polluted by HCB and PAH. Data on PAH, PCB and OCP concentrations found in this survey can be used as reference levels for future POP monitoring programmes in TGR. AU - Wang, J. AU - Bi, Y.* AU - Pfister, G. AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Zhu, K.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 1666 C2 - 26219 SP - 1119-1127 TI - Determination of PAH, PCB, and OCP in water from the Three Gorges Reservoir accumulated by semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD). JO - Chemosphere VL - 75 IS - 8 PB - Pergamon, Elsevier Science PY - 2009 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The effects of five decades of de-vegetation on the quantity and quality of water extractable organic matter (WEOM) in soils were investigated. The WEOM was sampled from the A(p)-horizon of an agricultural plot and a neighboring bare plot 5 times during the spring. The quantity of WEOM was determined by measuring its organic carbon content, and its quality was characterized by its UV absorptivity, by a humification index based on the fluorescence emission spectrum, and by its fluorescence efficiency (fluorescence divided by UV absorption). The potential substrate value of WEOC was also determined by its microbial metabolic loss over 7d. As expected, long-term de-vegetation decreased WEOC significantly (by 70%). Not expected were two results: (1) Qualitative de-vegetation effects were relatively small. In some cases they were statistically significant, but in all cases differences compared to the vegetated plots were less than 13%; and (2) Despite a major increase in vegetation (from essentially 0% to 100% plant coverage) on the agricultural plot during the spring, there was no seasonal trend to be seen in any of the measured parameters. These unexpected field based results indicate that vegetal input into the ecologically relevant dissolved organic matter pool occurs only to a minor degree directly. Most of the fresh material must be initially sequestered into the soil matrix from which it is then subsequently released. This also indicates that there is a strong "buffering" in soils of freshly introduced organic matter. These results should be considered in our attempt to understand biogeochemical cycles in soil. AU - Akagi, J. AU - Zsolnay, A. C1 - 3642 C2 - 25379 SP - 1462-1466 TI - Effects of long-term de-vegetation on the quantity and quality of water extractable organic matter (WEOM: Biogeochemical implications. JO - Chemosphere VL - 72 IS - 10 PB - Elsevier PY - 2008 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Antibiotic formulation effluents are well known for their difficult elimination by traditional bio-treatment methods and their important contribution to environmental pollution due to its fluctuating and recalcitrant nature. In the present study the effect of ozonation on the degradation of oxytetracycline (OTC) aqueous solution (100mgl(-1)) at different pH values (3, 7 and 11) was investigated. Ozone (11mgl(-1) corresponds the concentration of ozone in gas phase) was chosen considering its rapid reaction and decomposition rate. The concentration of oxytetracycline, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and BOD(5)/COD ratio were the parameters to evaluate the efficiency of the ozonation process. In addition, the toxic potential of the OTC degradation was investigated by the bioluminescence test using the LUMIStox 300 instrument and results were expressed as the percentage inhibition of the luminescence of the marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri. The results demonstrate that ozonation as a partial step of a combined treatment concept is a potential technique for biodegradability enhancement of effluents from pharmaceutical industries containing high concentration of oxytetracycline provided that the appropriate ozonation period is selected. At pH 11 and after 60min of ozonation of oxytetracycline aqueous solutions (100 and 200mgl(-1)) the BOD(5)/COD ratios were 0.69 and 0.52, respectively. It was also shown that COD removal rates increase with increasing pH as a consequence of enhanced ozone decomposition rates at elevated pH values. The results of bioluminescence data indicate that first by-products after partial ozonation (5-30min) of OTC were more toxic than the parent compound. AU - Li, K.* AU - Yediler, A. AU - Yang, M.* AU - Schulte-Hostede, S. AU - Wong, M.H.* C1 - 1987 C2 - 25304 SP - 473-478 TI - Ozonation of oxytetracycline and toxicological assessment of its oxidation by-products. JO - Chemosphere VL - 72 IS - 3 PB - Elsevier PY - 2008 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in Baltic Sea fish like herring (Clupea harengus membras), sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus), perch (Perca fluviatilis), pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) and flounder (Platichthys flesus trachurus) collected from four areas of the Estonian coastal waters are reported. All samples are studied for their relationship between the length (cm) and wet weight (g); length (cm) and age (years); lipid content and dry matter. The level of PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in younger 1-5 years old Baltic herring and sprat collected in 2002-2005 from the eastern and central parts of the Gulf of Finland, Gulf of Riga and Open Baltic Sea (Central Baltic) is related to the fish age and compared with those found in the 1990s. In addition, PCDD/F and PCB concentrations of different age groups herring, sprat, perch, pikeperch and flounder collected in 2003-2004 from the Lake Peipsi, Gulf of Finland, Gulf of Riga and Open Baltic Sea are related also to their age. Consequently, it was manifested that in older Baltic fish the concentrations of PCDD/F and PCB were higher than in the younger age groups. By the help of principle component analysis (PCA) the effect of gender on the concentrations of PCDD/F for the juvenile Baltic herring and sprat collected in 2004-2005 is investigated for the first time. It was summarized that the biological factor age plays a large role for the contamination of the fish with important toxic organohalogenated compounds such as PCDD/F. AU - Pandelova, M. AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Roots, O.* AU - Simm, M.* AU - Järv, L.* AU - Benfenati, E.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 3104 C2 - 25211 SP - 369-378 TI - Levels of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB in Baltic fish of different age and gender. JO - Chemosphere VL - 71 IS - 2 PB - Elsevier PY - 2008 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The stereoselectivity of certain anesthetics is currently thought to be inconsistent with lipid theories of narcosis. The EC(50)-values of etomidate enantiomers for tadpole narcosis are now examined as a function of octanol/water partition coefficients, and enhancement factors for predicted over experimental EC(50) values are determined from a calibration curve for non-selective narcosis. The unfavored S-(-)-enantiomers of etomidate and two analogues surprisingly still fulfill the Meyer-Overton rule. The R(+)-enantiomers of etomidate and four structural analogues are up to 34-fold more active than expected. The non-chiral anesthetic, propofol, is 8-fold more active than expected. It is concluded that there may be two pathways to tadpole narcosis: enhanced narcosis involving specific receptor binding sites and non-selective narcosis corresponding to the Meyer-Overton rule and operating on the lipid/protein interface. AU - Sandermann, H. C1 - 705 C2 - 25359 SP - 1256-1259 TI - Ecotoxicology of narcosis: Stereoselectivity and potential target sites. JO - Chemosphere VL - 72 IS - 9 PB - Elsevier PY - 2008 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This report reviews past research on hair analysis development for organic contaminants from the point of view of analytical procedures, successful applications and their limitations. For the past 20 years, hair analysis for organic pollutants has received more and more attention, since it is non-invasive, easily available and ethically not prioritized. New methods such as SFE, SPME and INAA have been developed to make the analysis more accurate and reliable. Furthermore, the correlation of contamination levels between hair samples and ambient air or internal tissues has been found by hair analysis and short-term and long-term exposure assessment in combination. However, there are still some limitations of hair analysis to be a validated risk assessment tool for many compounds. Some limitations had been of the past, some have not been fully investigated and need still further study. In this way, hair analysis can be the key to successfully biomonitor organic contaminations. AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 3619 C2 - 25355 SP - 1103-1111 TI - Hair-biomonitoring of organic pollutants. JO - Chemosphere VL - 72 IS - 8 PB - Elsevier PY - 2008 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soils is essentially defined by the way in which it is obtained. Therefore, we need to understand as to how pre-treatment of a soil will affect the characteristics of DOM, since this fraction may be strongly influenced by a soil’s water content. The effect of two different pre-treatments on DOM from the A-horizons of a large variety of ecosystems and regions were compared. In both cases the soils were allowed to air-dry. In one case the air-dried soil was directly extracted (AD), while in the other case it was pre-incubated for 1 week at 50% of its water holding capacity (INCU). AD is simpler, but INCU brings the soil, and especially its microbial population, back to a standardised state, which is more representative of the usual state in the field. Both methods are used whenever an adjustment of the soil water content is essential to compare different regions or to eliminate short term weather effects. A significant regression indicated that the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) extracted from INCU samples was only 20% of AD DOC. Both the absorptivity (UV absorption divided by DOC) of 86% of the samples, and a fluorescence emission spectrum based Humification Index in all cases increased as a result of pre-incubation. This would indicate that labile compounds released during drying were metabolised during the incubation. However, the magnitude of this increase varied, and no correlation with soil organic and microbial carbon, pH, or texture could be detected. The results show that DOM extracted from AD and INCU soils is not comparable and that the differences are mainly due to the impact of air-drying on the microbial activity. AU - Akagi, J. AU - Zsolnay, A. AU - Bastida, F.* C1 - 470 C2 - 24697 SP - 1040-1046 TI - Quantity and spectroscopic properties of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a function of soil sample treatments: Air-drying and pre-incubation. JO - Chemosphere VL - 69 IS - 7 PB - Elsevier PY - 2007 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Degradation, bioaccumulation and volatile loss of the 14C-labeled phenylurea herbicide isoproturon (IPU) was examined in a freshwater microcosm with the free floating macrophyte species Lemna minor during a 21-day exposure time. Isoproturon volatilisation was very low with 0.13+/-0.01% of the initially applied herbicide. Only a minor amount of the herbicide was completely metabolised, presumably by rhizosphere microorganisms and released as 14CO2. In total, about 9% isoproturon was removed from the aquatic medium during 21 days. The major portion of the pesticide was removed by bioaccumulation of Lemna minor (5.0+/-0.8%) and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) based on freshweight was 15.8+/-0.2. However, this study indicated a high persistence of IPU in freshwater ecosystems and a potential hazard due to bioaccumulation in non-target species. The novel experimental system of this study, developed for easy use and multiple sampling abilities, enabled quantitatively studying the fate of isoproturon and showed high reproducibility with a mean average (14)C-recovery rate of 97.1+/-0.7%. AU - Böttcher, T. AU - Schroll, R. C1 - 5809 C2 - 24123 SP - 684-689 TI - The fate of isoproturon in a freshwater microcosm with Lemna minor as a model organism. JO - Chemosphere VL - 66 IS - 4 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2007 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There is no previous report from Turkey on chemically determined polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human tissues expressed as World Health Organization (WHO) toxic equivalents (TEQs). The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of PCDDs/Fs, and dioxin-like PCBs in the general adult Turkish population. For this reason we measured adipose tissue concentrations of PCDDs/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in 23 Turkish men living in Ankara,Turkey in 2004. PCDD/F concentrations ranged between 3.2 and 19.7 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat (5.34 and 42.7 WHO-TEQ/g fat, respectively, including dioxin-like PCBs). The mean concentrations of WHOPCDD/F-TEQ and WHOPCB-TEQ were 9.2 and 6.67 pg/g on a lipid basis , respectively. Samples were analyzed for PCDD/F and twelve dioxin-like PCB congeners using high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). This study is very important since it is the first report on PCDDs/Fs and dioxin-like PCB contamination in human adipose tissue from Turkey. AU - Cok, I.* AU - Keski Dönmez, M.* AU - Satiroglu, M.H.* AU - Aydinuraz, B.* AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Kotalik, J. AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 1931 C2 - 24349 SP - 1955-1961 TI - Concentration of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxin-like PCBs in human adipose tissue from Turkish men. JO - Chemosphere VL - 66 IS - 10 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2007 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The levels of organohalogenated contaminants, i.e. PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs were determined in sediment and fish samples collected from different locations in the River Nile, Egypt. Thirty-six sediment and eighteen fish samples were carried out during a period of 12 months from February 2003 to February 2004. Determination of PCBs and dioxins was carried out using a high resolution GC mass spectrometer. The results indicated that the PCB and PCDD/F mean concentrations in sediment samples ranged from 1461 to 2244 and from 240 to 775 pg g-1 dry wt basis, respectively. The mean concentration of PCBs and PCDD/Fs in fish samples were found to be in the range from 695 to 853 pg g-1 fresh wt for PCB congeners and from 27.7 to 121 pg g-1 lipid for total PCDD/Fs. Moreover, the concentrations of both PCBs and PCDD/Fs were found to be different at different locations along the River Nile. It could be concluded that the contamination of the River Nile is within the permissible limits set by the FDA and the Egyptian Standards for fish and shellfish. AU - El-Kady, A.A.* AU - Abdel-Wahhab, M.A.* AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Belal, M. H.* AU - Morsi, K.S.* AU - Galal, S.M.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 646 C2 - 24453 SP - 1660-1668 TI - Polychlorinated biphenyl, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran residues in sediments and fish of the River Nile in the Cairo region. JO - Chemosphere VL - 68 IS - 9 PB - Elsevier PY - 2007 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Through transfer of an active, isoproturon degrading microbial community, pesticide mineralization could be successfully enhanced in various soils under laboratory and outdoor conditions. The microbes, extracted from a soil having high native ability to mineralize this chemical, were established on expanded clay particles and distributed to various soils in the form of microbial “hot spots”. Both, diffusion controlled isoproturon mass flow towards these “hot spots” (6 ?g d-1) as well as microbial ability to mineralize the herbicide (approximately 5 ?g d-1) were identified as the main processes enabling a multiple augmentation of the native isoproturon mineralization even in soils with heavy metal contamination. Soil pH-value appears to exert an important effect on the sustainability of this process. AU - Grundmann, S. AU - Fuß, R. AU - Schmid, M. AU - Laschinger, M. AU - Ruth, B. AU - Schulin, R.* AU - Munch, J.-C. AU - Schroll, R. C1 - 386 C2 - 24427 SP - 511-517 TI - Application of microbial hot spots enhances pesticide degradation in soils. JO - Chemosphere VL - 68 IS - 3 PB - Elsevier PY - 2007 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In this paper results of various measurement campaigns at different municipal waste incineration (MWI) plants concerning the change of the PCDD/PCDF isomer distribution in the crude gas during transiently impaired combustion conditions are presented. The focus is on the Cl4DD isomer distributions exemplarily for all other homologue groups to demonstrate the changein PCDD/PCDF formation mechanism at transient combustion conditions. Additionally to crude gas samples, at one plant filter and boiler ash were investigated simultaneously to determine if there is any difference in the isomer distribution between the matrices. For the ash from an electrostatic precipitator (ESP ash), the boiler ash and the corresponding crude gas sample, nearly identical changes in the Cl4DD isomer distribution under transient combustion conditions in relation to the normal operation process could be detected. By comparing the Cl4DD isomer distributions from different incineration plants (two municipal waste incinerators and one little incinerator burning wood chips for heating domestic household) under transient combustion conditions, in all cases the 1,3,6,8- and 1,3,7,9-Cl4DD were dominating the isomer distribution, whereas under normal operation other isomers were predominant. Obviously PCDD/PCDF formation mechanisms under transient combustion conditions are independent from the type of incinerator and of the burned fuel, respectively.Data sets were analyzed with respect to the possible reaction mechanism via chlorophenols and a good correlation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol during the second phase of a start-up process and during a CO experiment was found.To get more detailed information about possible formation mechanisms, at one plant the dependence of the PCDD/PCDF isomer distribution on the different matrices was studied. Separate analysis of fly ash collected at the boiler exit, subsequent gas phase, ESP ash and boiler ash under normal operation conditions showed that, apart from the fly ash, the Cl4DD isomer distributions are nearly the same in the different matrices. Surprisingly, the Cl4DD isomer distribution of the fly ash was more similar to the distributions found under transient combustion conditions. AU - Neuer-Etscheidt, K.* AU - Orasche, J.* AU - Nordsieck, H.* AU - Streibel, T.* AU - Zimmermann, R. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 1939 C2 - 24350 SP - S205-S216 TI - Changes in PCDD/PCDF formation processes during instationary phases of combustor operation - Exemplified by the use of Cl4DD isomer patterns. JO - Chemosphere VL - 67 IS - 9 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2007 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The aim of the work was to study the biodegradation process of biocomposites prepared from renewable resources and the ecotoxicological assessment of their biodegradation products. Biocomposites from modified starch reinforced with various cellulose fibers were prepared by the extrusion process. Biodegradation studies were carried out according to the ISO respirometic method. Ecotoxicity of biodegradation products was assessed by the luminescent bacteria test. It was found that biodegradation of biocomposites was above 60% within 24 days according to the results of respirometric test. Increase in the amount of natural fiber reinforcement, as well as smaller fiber size increased the biodegradability of biocomposites. On the basis of the preliminary results of the ecotoxicological test using luminescent bacteria it seems that the biodegradation products of the biocomposites studied are ecologically safe. AU - Rudnik, E.* AU - Milanov, N. AU - Matuschek, G. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 3105 C2 - 25212 SP - 337-340 TI - Ecotoxicity of biocomposites based on renewable feedstock - preliminary studies. JO - Chemosphere VL - 70 IS - 2 PB - Elsevier PY - 2007 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The exposure levels of placenta and paired breast milk samples to selected organochlorine compounds and pesticides from Danish and Finnish samples have been investigated. p,p?-DDE is the dominant pollutant, ?-HCH, hexachlorobenzene, endosulfan-I, dieldrin, oxychlordane, cis-heptachlor epoxide and p,p?-DDT being the other major constituents. Their concentrations are linearly correlated between milk and placenta in similar patterns for Danish and Finnish samples. Milk samples have higher levels of these pollutants than placenta on lipid base. However, the apparently not correlated compounds, such as ?-HCH, pentachlorobenzene, pentachloroanisole and methoxychlor, are generally accumulated more in placenta, which may suggest a tissue specific metabolic activity. Thus, depending on the compound of interest, biomonitoring may be done in placenta only or in both matrices. AU - Shen, H. AU - Main, K.M.* AU - Virtanen, H.E.* AU - Damggard, I.N.* AU - Haavisto, A.M.* AU - Kaleva, M.* AU - Boisen, K.A.* AU - Schmidt, I.M.* AU - Chellakooty, M.* AU - Skakkebaek, N.E.* AU - Toppari, J.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 2871 C2 - 24352 SP - S256-S262 TI - From mother to child: Investigation of prenatal and postnatal exposure to persistent bioaccumulating toxicants using breast milk and placenta biomonitoring. JO - Chemosphere VL - 67 IS - 9 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2007 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Urban aerosol was collected in a summer and a winter campaign for 7 and 3 days, respectively. Low volume samples were taken with a time resolution of 160 min using a filter/sorption cartridge system extended by an ozone scrubber. Concentrations of mainly particle associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and oxidised PAH (O-PAH) were determined by gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. The sampling site was located in the city centre of Augsburg, Germany, near major roads with high traffic volume. The daily concentrations and profiles were mainly governed by local emissions from traffic and domestic heating, as well as by the meteorological conditions. During the winter campaign, concentrations were more than 10 fold higher than during the summer campaign. Highest concentrations were found concurrent with low boundary layer heights and low wind speeds. Significant diurnal variation of the PAH profiles was observed. Enhanced influences of traffic related PAH on the PAH profiles were evident during daytime in summer, whereas emissions from hot water generation and domestic heating were obvious during the night time of both seasons. A general idea about the global meteorological situation was acquired using back trajectory calculations (NOAA ARL HYSPLIT4). Due to high local emissions in combination with low air exchange during the two sampling campaigns, effects of mesoscale transport were not clearly observable. AU - Sklorz, M. AU - Schnelle-Kreis, J.* AU - Liu, Y.* AU - Orasche, J.* AU - Zimmermann, R. C1 - 5716 C2 - 24380 SP - 934-943 TI - Daytime resolved analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban aerosol samples – Impact of sources and meteorological conditions. JO - Chemosphere VL - 67 PB - Elsevier PY - 2007 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - On-line detectable indicator parameters in the flue gas of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWI) such as chlorinated benzenes (PCBz) are well known surrogate compounds for gas-phase PCDD/PCDF concentration. In the here presented work derivation of indicators is broadened to the detection of fly and boiler ash fractions with increased PCDD/PCDF content. Subsequently these fractions could be subject to further treatment such as recirculation in the combustion chamber to destroy their PCDD/PCDF and other organic pollutants’ content. Aim of this work was to detect suitable on-line detectable indicator parameters in the gas phase, which are well correlated to PCDD/PCDF concentration in the solid residues. For this, solid residues and gas-phase samples were taken at three MSWI plants in Bavaria. Analysis of the ash content from different plants yielded a broad variation range of PCDD/PCDF concentrations especially after disturbed combustion conditions. Even during normal operation conditions significantly increased PCDD/PCDF concentrations may occur after unanticipated disturbances. previous termStatisticalnext term evaluation of gas phase and ash measurements was carried out by means of principal component analysis, uni- and multivariate correlation analysis. Surprisingly, well known indicators for gas-phase PCDD/PCDF concentration such as polychlorinated benzenes and phenols proved to be insufficiently correlated to PCDD/PCDF content of the solid residues. Moreover, no single parameter alone was found appropriate to describe the PCDD/PCDF content of fly and boiler ashes. On the other hand, multivariate fitting of three or four parameters yielded convenient correlation coefficients of at least r = 0.8 for every investigated case. Thereby, comprehension of plant operation parameters such as temperatures and air flow alongside concentrations of inorganic compounds in the gas phase (HCl, CO, SO2, NOx) gave the best results. However, the suitable set of parameters suited best for estimation of PCDD/PCDF concentration in solid residues has to be derived anew for each individual plant and type of ash. AU - Streibel, T.* AU - Nordsieck, H.* AU - Neuer-Etscheidt, K.* AU - Schnelle-Kreis, J.* AU - Zimmermann, R. C1 - 3787 C2 - 24351 SP - S155-S163 TI - Experimental and statistical determination of indicator parameters for the evaluation of fly ash and boiler ash PCDD/PCDF concentration from municipal solid waste incinerators. JO - Chemosphere VL - 67 IS - 9 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2007 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A soil which has been polluted with chlorinated benzenes for more than 25 years was used for isolation of adapted microorganisms able to mineralize 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB). A microbial community was enriched from this soil and acclimated in liquid culture under aerobic conditions using 1,2,4-TCB as a sole available carbon source. From this community, two strains were isolated and identified by comparative sequence analysis of their 16S-rRNA coding genes as members of the genus Bordetella with Bordetella sp. QJ2-5 as the highest homological strain and with Bordetella petrii as the closest related described species. The 16S-rDNA of the two isolated strains showed a similarity of 100%. These strains were able to mineralize 1,2,4-TCB within two weeks to approximately 50% in liquid culture experiments. One of these strains was reinoculated to an agricultural soil with low native 1,2,4-TCB degradation capacity to investigate its bioremediation potential. The reinoculated strain kept its biodegradation capability: 14C-labeled 1,2,4-TCB applied to this inoculated soil was mineralized to about 40% within one month of incubation. This indicates a possible application of the isolated Bordetella sp. for bioremediation of 1,2,4-TCB contaminated sites. AU - Wang, F. AU - Grundmann, S. AU - Schmid, M. AU - Dörfler, U. AU - Roherer, S. AU - Munch, J.-C. AU - Hartmann, A. AU - Jiang, X.* AU - Schroll, R. C1 - 4506 C2 - 24392 SP - 896-902 TI - Isolation and characterization of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene mineralizing Bordetella sp. and its bioremediation potential in soil. JO - Chemosphere VL - 67 PB - Elsevier PY - 2007 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In this study, an aqueous solution of purified, hydrolyzed C.I. Reactive Red 120 (RR 120, Color Index), was selected as a model to investigate the degradation pathways and to obtain additional information on the reaction intermediate formation. The dye was purified to avoid the influence of the impurities on the ozonation process and on the formation of oxidation by-products. To simulate the dye-bath effluents from dyeing processes with azo reactive dyes, a hydrolyzed form of the dye was chosen as a representative compound. High performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and its tandem mass spectrometry was chosen to identify the decomposition pathways and reaction intermediate formation during the ozonation process.In addition total organic carbon and high performance ion chromatography analysis were employed to obtain further information on the reaction processes during ozonation. Purified, hydrolyzed RR 120 was decomposed under the direct nucleophilic attack by ozone resulting in oxidation and cleavage of azo group and aromatic ring, while the triazine group still remained in the solution even after prolonged oxidation time (120 min) due to its high resistance to ozonation. Phenol, 1,2-dihydroxysulfobezene, 1-hydroxysulfonbezene were detected as the degradation intermediates, which were further oxidized by O3 and ·OH to other open-ring products and then eventually led to simple oxalic and formic acid identified by HPIC. AU - Zhang, F.* AU - Yediler, A. AU - Liang, X.* C1 - 3253 C2 - 24315 SP - 712-717 TI - Decomposition pathways and reaction intermediate formation of the purified, hydrolyzed azo reactive dye C.I. Reactive Red 120 during ozonation. JO - Chemosphere VL - 67 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2007 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The contaminated air with burning plastic floor and electronic scrap was monitored with semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and fresh unpolluted spruce needles at the same time for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). It was found that there were more polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) than polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) collected from contaminated air. The total amounts of PCBs were much higher than that of PCDD/Fs, but the contribution of them to the WHO-TEQ was less than that of PCDD/Fs. Triolein-containing SPMDs can absorb much more PCDD/Fs and PCBs than spruce needles when they were exposed in contaminated air simultaneously. The logarithm of the concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in SPMDs and in spruce needles at the same sampling time exhibited a significant linear correlation, the correlation coefficients were larger than 0.86 for PCDD/Fs and 0.92 for PCBs. SPMDs and spruce needles are effective passive air sampler for PCDD/Fs and PCBs. SPMDs and spruce needles can complement each other in passive air sampling. AU - Zhu, X.* AU - Pfister, G. AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Kotalik, J. AU - Fiedler, S. AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 3005 C2 - 24452 SP - 1623-1629 TI - Simultaneous monitoring of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in contaminated air with semipermeable membrane devices and fresh spruce needles. JO - Chemosphere VL - 68 IS - 9 PB - Elsevier PY - 2007 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The geometry of commercially available perfusion chambers designed for harbouring three membrane-based cell cultures was modified for reliable and dose-controlled air–liquid interface (ALI) exposures. Confluent A549 epithelial cells grown on membranes were integrated in the chamber system and supplied with medium from the chamber bottom. Cell viability was not impaired by the conditions of ALI exposure without particles. Expression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 and interleukin 8 by A549 cells during ALI exposure to filtered air for 6 h and subsequent stimulation with tumor necrosis factor was not altered compared to submersed controls, indicating that the cells maintained their functional integrity. Ultrafine carbonaceous model particles with a count median mobility diameter of about 95 ± 5 nm were produced by spark discharge at a stable concentration of about 2 × 106 cm−3 and continuously monitored for accurate determination of the exposure dose. Delivery to the ALI exposure system yielded a homogeneous particle deposition over the membranes with a deposition efficiency of 2%. Mid dose exposure of A549 cells to this aerosol for 6 h yielded a total particle deposition of (2.6 ± 0.4) × 108 cm−2 corresponding to (87 ± 23) ng cm−2. The 2.7-fold (p ⩽ 0.05) increased transcription of heme oxygenase-1 indicated a sensitive antioxidant and stress response, while cell viability did not reveal a toxic mechanism. AU - Bitterle, E. AU - Karg, E.W. AU - Schröppel, A. AU - Kreyling, W.G. AU - Tippe, A. AU - Ferron, G.A. AU - Schmid, O. AU - Heyder, J. AU - Maier, K.L. AU - Hofer, T.P. C1 - 1007 C2 - 24017 SP - 1784-1790 TI - Dose-controlled exposure of A549 epithelial cells at the air-liquid interface to airborne ultrafine carbonaceous particles. JO - Chemosphere VL - 65 IS - 10 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2006 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Corvasce, M.* AU - Zsolnay, A. AU - D'Orazio, V.* AU - Lopez, R.* AU - Miano, T.M.* C1 - 3283 C2 - 23974 SP - 1583-1590 TI - Characterization of water extractable organic matter in a deep soil profile. JO - Chemosphere VL - 62 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2006 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kyziol, J.* AU - Twardowska, I.* AU - Schmitt-Kopplin, P. C1 - 5594 C2 - 24193 SP - 1974-1982 TI - The role of humic substances in chromium sorption onto natural organic matter (peat). JO - Chemosphere VL - 63 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2006 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The concentrations of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and oxygenated PAH (O-PAH) can be changed by oxidation reactions during sampling. This can lead to an over- or underestimation of the corresponding adverse health effects. The aim of this study was the evaluation of these sampling artefacts. The potential of using an oxidant denuder was shown by parallel low-volume sampling with and without MnO2 ozone denuder. Twenty-three PAH and I I O-PAH in ambient air were analysed, both in the vapour and particulate phase. The denuder was proven to be highly efficient for stripping ozone from air while causing no significant particle losses. In general, the concentrations of 5- to 7-ring PAH, which are predominantly associated with particles, were underestimated in non-dentided samples. The highest losses due to reaction with ozone and other atmospheric oxidants were observed for benzo[a]pyrene and perylene. Concurrently, the concentrations of most of the mainly particle-associated 4- to 5-ring O-PAH were higher in the non-denuded samples. The denuder did not only remove ozone, moreover other gaseous species such as more volatile PAH and O-PAH were partially oxidized on the catalytic surface, too. Degradation of PAH and concurrent degradation/formation reactions of O-PAH occurred. The corresponding reactivities of selected PAH and O-PAH are discussed. AU - Liu, Y. AU - Sklorz, M. AU - Schnelle-Kreis, J. AU - Orasche, J.* AU - Ferge, T. AU - Kettrup, A. AU - Zimmermann, R. C1 - 2137 C2 - 23514 SP - 1889-1898 TI - Oxidant denuder sampling for analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their oxygenated derivates in ambient aerosol: Evaluation of sampling artefact. JO - Chemosphere VL - 62 IS - 11 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2006 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Radioisotopes carbon 14 and chlorine 36 were used to elucidate the environmental role of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) formerly taken to be a herbicide and a secondary air pollutant with phytotoxic effects. However, use of 14C-labeling posed again known analytical problems, especially in TCA extraction from the sample matrix. Therefore--after evaluation of available methods--a new procedure using decarboxylation of [1,2-14C]TCA combined with extraction of the resultant 14C-chloroform with a non-polar solvent and its subsequent radiometric measurement was developed. The method solves previous difficulties and permits an easy determination of amounts between 0.4 and 20 kBq (10 - 500 ng g(-1)) of carrier-less [1,2-14C]TCA in samples from environmental investigations. The procedure is, however, not suitable for direct [36Cl]TCA determination in chlorination studies with 36Cl. Because TCA might be microbially degraded in soil during extraction and sample storage and its extraction from soil or needles is never complete, the decarboxylation method--i.e. 2 h TCA decomposition to chloroform and CO2 in aqueous solution or suspension in closed vial at 90 degrees C and pH 4.6 with subsequent CHCl3 extraction-is recommended here, estimated V < 7%. Moreover, the influence of pH and temperature on the decarboxylation of TCA in aqueous solution was studied in a broad range and its environmental relevance is shown in the case of TCA decarboxylation in spruce needles which takes place also at ambient temperatures and might amount more than 10-20% after a growing season. A study of TCA distribution in spruce needles after below-ground uptake shows the highest uptake rate into current needles which have, however, a lower TCA content than older needle-year classes, TCA biodegradation in forest soil leads predominatingly to CO2. AU - Matucha, M.* AU - Rohlenova, J.* AU - Forczek, S.T.* AU - Uhlirova, H.* AU - Gryndler, M.* AU - Fuksová, K.* AU - Schröder, P. C1 - 6182 C2 - 24001 CY - Oxford SP - 1924-1932 TI - Determination of trichloroacetic acid in environmental studies using carbon 14 and chlorine 36. JO - Chemosphere VL - 63 IS - 11 PB - Elsevier PY - 2006 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Pandelova, M. AU - Lenoir, D. AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 3887 C2 - 23455 SP - 1196-1205 TI - Correlation between PCDD/F, PCB and PCBz in coal/waste combustion. Influence of various inhibitors. JO - Chemosphere VL - 62 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2006 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Shen, H. AU - Virtanen, H.E.* AU - Main, K.M.* AU - Kaleva, M.* AU - Andersson, A.M.* AU - Skakkebaek, N.E.* AU - Toppari, J.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 2012 C2 - 23464 SP - 390-395 TI - Enantiomeric ratios as an indicator of exposure processes for persistent pollutants in human placentas. JO - Chemosphere VL - 62 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2006 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Simm, M.* AU - Roots, O.* AU - Kotta, J.* AU - Lankov, A.* AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Shen, H. AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 5246 C2 - 23873 SP - 1570-1575 TI - PCDD/Fs in sprat (Sprattus sprattus balticus) from the Gulf of Finland, the Baltic Sea. JO - Chemosphere VL - 65 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2006 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - CONF AB - Urban aerosol was collected in a summer and a winter campaign for 7 and 3 days, respectively. Low volume samples were taken with a time resolution of 160 min using a filter/sorption cartridge system extended by an ozone scrubber. Concentrations of mainly particle associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and oxidised PAH (O-PAH) were determined by gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry. The sampling site was located in the city centre of Augsburg, Germany, near major roads with high traffic volume. The daily concentrations and profiles were mainly governed by local emissions from traffic and domestic heating, as well as by the meteorological conditions. During the winter campaign, concentrations were more than 10 fold higher than during the summer campaign. Highest concentrations were found concurrent with low boundary layer heights and low wind speeds. Significant diurnal variation of the PAH profiles was observed. Enhanced influences of traffic related PAH on the PAH profiles were evident during daytime in summer, whereas emissions from hot water generation and domestic heating were obvious during the night time of both seasons. A general idea about the global meteorological situation was acquired using back trajectory calculations (NOAA ARL HYSPLIT4). Due to high local emissions in combination with low air exchange during the two sampling campaigns, effects of mesoscale transport were not clearly observable. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. AU - Sklorz, M. AU - Schnelle-Kreis, J. AU - Liu, Y.* AU - Orasche, J.* AU - Zimmermann, R. A2 - Biswas, P.* ; Chen, D.-R.* ; Hering, S.* C1 - 9594 C2 - 24293 CY - Mt. Laurel, NJ SP - 1712-1713 TI - Daytime resolved analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban aerosol samples - impact of sources and meterological conditions. JO - Chemosphere VL - 67 IS - 5 PB - American Assoc. for Aerosol Research PY - 2006 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS, 200 mg l−1) on the fate of phenanthrene in a model ecosystem “water–lava–hydrophytes–air”. The experiments were conducted using two closed cultivation chamber systems. Rushes (Juncus effesus) were selected as a representative hydrophyte. Five hundred micrograms per liter of phenanthrene in a culture solution containing a 14C-activity of 75 μCi per chamber was applied (i) to investigate the degradation of the labeled test substance and the transfer processes within the system; (ii) to determine the mass-balance possible and (iii) to detect the occurrence of volatile test substances, their volatile metabolites and the degradation end-product CO2 in the gas phase. Most of the applied 14C-activity was found in the plant (41–45%), in which ≈95% was associated with plant roots and ≈5% with shoots. The 14C-activity recovered in the form of VOCs and CO2 was measured in lava (18–29%, 8–11%), and in the culture solution (10–14% and 1%), respectively. Majority of the applied 14C-activity existed in two forms, i.e. (1) polar metabolites (26%), of which 91% were found in plant roots, and (2) un-extractable residues (23%), most of which were in plant roots (40%) and bounded to lava (58%). The presence of LAS significantly increased the volatilization of phenanthrene and its metabolites, inhibited its mineralization and decreased the level of 14C-activity in lava. Moreover, LAS reduced the phenanthrene level in plant roots. AU - Jiang, X.* AU - Yediler, A. AU - Yufang, S.* AU - Sun, T.* AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 2639 C2 - 23413 SP - 741-751 TI - Effect of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) on the mineralization, metabolism and uptake of 14C-phenanthrene in a model ecosystem (water-lava-plant-air). JO - Chemosphere VL - 61 IS - 5 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2005 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - extile dyeing and finishing industry involves considerable amount of water usage as well as polluted and highly colored wastewater discharges. Biological treatability by means of mineralization, nitrification and denitrification of high strength woolen textile dye bathes, first- and second-rinses is presented. COD fractionation study was carried out and kinetic parameters were determined. Biodegradability of organic compounds in highly loaded composite wastewater after segregation and the effluent of applied biological treatment of high strength composite wastewater were measured by determining oxygen consumption rates. The results were used in terms of assessing an alternative method for inert COD fractionation. The study implied that about 80% soluble COD, 50% color and 75% toxicity reduction were possible by single sludge biological processes. Sixteen per cent of total COD was found to be initially inert. Inert fraction was increased to 22% by production of soluble and particulate microbial products through biological treatment. AU - Baban, A.* AU - Yediler, A. AU - Ciliz, N.K.* AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 3222 C2 - 22042 SP - 731-738 TI - Biodegradation oriented treatability studies on high strength segregated wastewater of a woolen textile dyeing plant. JO - Chemosphere VL - 57 IS - 7 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2004 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The reductive dechlorination and behaviour of 14C-hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was investigated in an arable soil. The activity of the native anaerobic microbial communities could be induced by saturating the soil with water. Under these conditions high rates of dechlorination were observed. After 20 weeks of incubation only 1% of the applied 14C-HCB could be detected in the fraction of extractable residues. Additional organic substances, like wheat straw and lucerne straw, however considerably delayed and reduced the dechlorination process in the soil. The decline of HCB was not only caused by dechlorination but also by the formation of non-extractable residues, whereby their amounts varied with time depending on the experimental conditions. Several dechlorination products were detected, indicating the following main HCB transformation pathway: HCB → PCB → 1,2,3,5-TeCB → 1,3,5-TCB → 1,3-DCB, with 1,3,5-TCB as main intermediate dechlorination product. The other TeCB-, TCB- and DCB-isomers were also detected in low amounts, showing the presence of more than one dechlorination pathway. Since the methane production rates were lowest when the dechlorination rates were highest, it can be assumed that methanogenic bacteria were not involved in the dechlorination process of HCB. The established 14C-mass balances show, that with increasing dechlorination and incubation times, the 14C-recoveries decreased. AU - Brahushi, F. AU - Dörfler, U. AU - Schroll, R. AU - Munch, J.-C. C1 - 4388 C2 - 21989 SP - 1477-1484 TI - Stimulation of reductive dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene in soil by inducing the native microbial activity. JO - Chemosphere VL - 55 IS - 11 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2004 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Independently from its origin, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) as a phytotoxic substance affects coniferous trees. Its uptake, distribution and degradation were thus investigated in the Norway spruce/soil-system using 14C labeling. TCA is distributed in the tree mainly by the transpiration stream. As in soil, TCA seems to be degraded microbially, presumably by phyllosphere microorganisms in spruce needles. Indication of TCA biodegradation in trees is shown using both antibiotics and axenic plants. AU - Forczek, S.T.* AU - Uhlirova, H.* AU - Gryndler, M.* AU - Albrechtova, J.* AU - Fuksová, K.* AU - Vagner, M.* AU - Schröder, P. AU - Matucha, M.* C1 - 23259 C2 - 31065 SP - 327-333 TI - Trichloroacetic acid in Norway spruce/soil-system. II. Distribution and degradation in the plant. JO - Chemosphere VL - 56 IS - 4 PB - Elsevier PY - 2004 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and peroxidase (POX) activities have a direct relation to the effect of stress on plant metabolism. Changes in the activities of the enzymes were therefore studied. Horseradish hairy roots were treated by selected bivalent ions of heavy metals (HMs) and nitroaromatic compounds (NACs). We have shown differences in GST activity when assayed with substrates 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB). The conjugation of DCNB catalysed by GST was inhibited in all roots treated with HMs as compared to non-treated roots, whereas NACs caused induction of the activity in dependence on the exposition time and concentration of compounds. The conjugation of CDNB by GST was not affected to the same extent. The increase of GST activity was determined in cultures treated by nickel (0.1 mM) and diaminonitrotoluenes (DANTs, 0.1 mM) for 6 h, whereas the roots treated by 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (ADNT) and dinitrotoluene (DNT, 1.0 mM) needed 27 h treatment to induce the activity. The POX activity of cultures treated by HMs was inhibited to 17-35% in comparison to non-treated cultures. The POX activity of roots treated by TNT (0.1 and 1.0 mM) for 6 and 27 h and by ADNT (0.1 and 1.0 mM) for 6 h was inhibited. A partial increase of POX activity was measured in roots treated by all NACs for 27 h. The content of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in the roots differed significantly. It was followed as a symptom of the stress reaction of the plant metabolism to the effect of NACs and HMs. AU - Nepovim, A.* AU - Podlipná, R.* AU - Soudek, P.* AU - Schröder, P. AU - Vanek, T.* C1 - 23257 C2 - 31066 SP - 1007-1015 TI - Effects of heavy metals and nitroaromatic compounds on horseradish glutathione S-transferase and peroxidase. JO - Chemosphere VL - 57 IS - 8 PB - Elsevier PY - 2004 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Estonia still has no waste incineration facilities, which would act as substantial sources of dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) pollution. As landfill fires may serve as sources of dioxins, we focused on the concentrations of PCDD and PCDF in soil samples taken in the vicinity of the landfill located at south-east Estonia in the course of our inventory. Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were studied in five soil samples taken in the vicinity of the Laguja landfill in south-east Estonia. The four soil samples were taken in southern, eastern, western and northern parts not further than 300 m from the landfill, and one sample was taken at the distance of 3 km from the landfill. The PCDD/F concentrations in all soil samples were at background level (0.64–2.33 pg I-TEQ WHO/g dry weight). To maintain this situation, the administrator of the landfill must avoid landfill fires, which are one of the reasons for the generation of dioxins and furans. AU - Roots, O.* AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 4598 C2 - 21954 SP - 337-342 TI - Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in soil in the vicinity of a landfill. JO - Chemosphere VL - 57 IS - 5 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2004 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Quantitative predictive models for octanol-air partition coefficients of polybrominated diphenyl ethers at different environmental temperatures (T) were developed. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used for model development. A list of 18 theoretical molecular structural descriptors was screened by PLS analysis. The optimal model was selected from the one containing nine theoretical molecular descriptors and 1/T as predictor variables. The crossvalidated Q(cum)(2) value for the optimal model is 0.975, indicating a good predictive ability and stability of the model. Intermolecular dispersive interactions play a leading role in governing the magnitude of logK(OA). The lower the E-LUMO (the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital), the greater the intermolecular interactions between octanol and PCB molecules, and thus the greater the logK(OA) values. AU - Chen, J.W.* AU - Harner, T.* AU - Yang, P.* AU - Quan, X.* AU - Chen, S.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 988 C2 - 21662 SP - 577-584 TI - Quantitative predictive models for octanol-air partition coefficients of polybrominated diphenyl ethers at different temperatures. JO - Chemosphere VL - 51 IS - 7 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2003 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Land use and agricultural practices modify both the amounts and properties of C and N in soil organic matter. In order to evaluate land use and management-dependent modifications of stable and labile C and N soil pools, (i) organic C and total N content, (ii) microbial (Cmic) and N (Nmic) content and (iii) C and N mineralisation rates, termed biologically active C and N, were estimated in arable, grassland and forest soils from northern and southern Germany. The C/N-ratios were calculated for the three levels (i)–(iii) and linked to the eco-physiological quotients of biotic-fixed C and N (Cmic/Corg, Nmic/Nt) and biomass-specific C and N mineralisation rate (qCO2, qNmin). Correlations could mainly be determined between organic C, total N, Cmic, Nmic and C mineralisation for the broader data set of the land use systems. Generally, the mineralisation activity rate at 22 °C was highly variable and ranged between 0.11 and 17.67 μg CO2–C g−1 soil h−1 and −0.12 and 3.81 μg (δNH4+ + δNO3−)–N g−1 soil h−1. Negative N data may be derived from both N immobilisation and N volatilisation during the experiments. The ratio between C and N mineralisation rate differed significantly between the soils ranging from 5 to 37, and was not correlated to the soil C/N ratio and Cmic/Nmic ratio. The C/N ratio in the ‘biologically active’ pool was significantly smaller in soils under conventional farming than those under organic farming systems. In a beech forest, it increased from the L, Of to the Ah horizon. The biologically active C and N pools refer to the current microbial eco-physiology and are related to the need for being C and N use efficient as indicated by metabolic qCO2 and qNmin quotients. AU - Dilly, O.* AU - Blume, H.-P.* AU - Sehy, U. AU - Jimenez, M.A. AU - Munch, J.-C. C1 - 2010 C2 - 23462 SP - 557-569 TI - Variation of stabilised, microbial and biologically active carbon and nitrogen in soil under contrasting land use and agricultural management practices. JO - Chemosphere VL - 52 IS - 3 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2003 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) as a phytotoxic substance affects health status of coniferous trees. It is known as a secondary air pollutant (formed by photooxidation of tetrachloroethene and 1,1,1-trichloroethane) and as a product of chlorination of humic substances in soil. Its break-down in soil, however, influences considerably the TCA level, i.e. the extent of TCA uptake by spruce roots. In connection with our investigations of TCA effects on Norway spruce, microbial processes in soil were studied using 14C-labeling. It was shown that TCA degradation in soil is a fast process depending on TCA concentration, soil properties, humidity and temperature. As a result, the TCA level in soil is determined by a steady state between uptake from the atmosphere, formation in soil, leaching and degradation. The process of TCA degradation in soil thus participates significantly in the chlorine cycle in forest ecosystems. AU - Matucha, M.* AU - Forczek, S.T.* AU - Gryndler, M.* AU - Uhlirova, H.* AU - Fuksová, K.* AU - Schröder, P. C1 - 10287 C2 - 20650 SP - 303-309 TI - Trichloroacetic acid in Norway spruce/soil-system. I. Biodegradation in soil. JO - Chemosphere VL - 50 IS - 3 PY - 2003 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) needles were exposed to exhaust gas containing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) generated by combustion of polyvinyl chloride, wood, high-density polyethylene, and styrene. Photodegradation of PCDD/Fs adsorbed on spruce needles under sunlight irradiation was studied. The photodegradation of PCDD/Fs follows pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics, with photolysis half-lives ranging between 40 and 100 h. The photolysis rates of PCDF congeners are higher than PCDD congeners with the same chlorinated substitutions. Higher chlorinated PCDD/Fs tend to photolyze slowly. The wax components in spruce needles may act as proton donors and accelerate the photolysis rate. C–Cl cleavage through the addition of protons to PCDD/F molecules may be an important route for PCDD/Fs photodegradation. AU - Niu, J.* AU - Chen, J.* AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Quan, X.* AU - Yang, F.* AU - Kettrup, A. AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 10289 C2 - 21506 SP - 1217-1225 TI - Photodegradation of PCDD/Fs adsorbed on spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) needles under sunlight irradiation. JO - Chemosphere VL - 50 IS - 9 PY - 2003 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is a secondary atmospheric pollutant formed by photooxidation of chlorinated solvents in the troposphere––it has, however, recently been ranked among natural organohalogens. Its herbicidal properties might be one of the factors adversely affecting forest health. TCA accumulates rapidly in conifer needles and influences the detoxification capacity in the trees. The aim of the investigations––a survey of which is briefly given here––was to elucidate the uptake, distribution and fate of TCA in Norway spruce. For this purpose young nursery-grown plants of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were exposed to [1,2-14C]TCA and the fate of the compound was followed in needles, wood, roots, soil and air with appropriate radio-indicator methods. As shown by radioactivity monitoring, the uptake of TCA from soil by roots proceeded most rapidly into current needles at the beginning of the TCA treatment and was redistributed at later dates so that TCA content in older needles increased. The only product of TCA metabolism/biodegradation found in the plant/soil-system was CO2 (and corresponding assimilates). TCA biodegradation in soil depends on TCA concentration, soil humidity and other factors. AU - Schröder, P. AU - Matucha, M.* AU - Forczek, S.T.* AU - Uhlirova, H.* AU - Fuksová, K.* AU - Albrechtova, J.* C1 - 22243 C2 - 20984 SP - 437-442 TI - Uptake, translocation and fate of trichloroacetic acid in a Norway spruce/soil system. JO - Chemosphere VL - 52 IS - 2 PY - 2003 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The effect of ozonation (20.5 mg l−1) on the degradation processes of an azo dye, Remazol Black 5 (RB5; CI) was studied. Conventional parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), pH, conductivity, colour removal, biodegradability (BOD5/28), and toxic potential of the dye and its degradation products were monitored during the process. The results obtained indicated that ozonation is a highly effective way to remove the colour of a corresponding dye solution. However, a considerable organic load still remained as indicated by high COD and TOC residues. The COD, TOC reductions were about 40% and 25% for 6 h ozonation of 2 g l−1 RB5 aqueous solution. During the ozonation process the rapid decrease of pH and the sharp increase of conductivity indicated the formation of acidic by-products and small fragments and ions which were identified by high performance ion chromatography. The BOD28 data revealed that first by-products after partial ozonation (10–150 min) of RB5 were more biodegradable than the parent compound and ozonation can enhance the biodegradability of azo dyes. During the first 150 min of total 360 min of oxidation, the formation of first by-products with high toxic potential took place as it could be confirmed by two acute toxicity-screening tests, the bioluminescence test (Vibrio fischerii) and the neutral red cytotoxicity assay (rat hepatoma cells). The significant enhancement of microbial biodegradability after long-term ozonation could also be seen as a decrease of toxic intermediates in correlation with the ozonation time as indicated in BOD28 biological degradation test results. AU - Wang, C.* AU - Yediler, A. AU - Lienert, D. AU - Wang, Z.* AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10288 C2 - 21068 SP - 1225-1232 TI - Ozonation of an azo dye C.I. Remazol Black 5 and toxicological assessment of its oxidation products. JO - Chemosphere VL - 52 IS - 7 PY - 2003 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Based on nine quantum chemical descriptors computed by PM3 Hamiltonian, using partial least squares analysis, a significant quantitative structure–property relationship for the logarithm of octanol–air partition coefficients (logKOA) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was obtained. The cross-validated Q2cum value of the model is 0.962, indicating a good predictive ability. The intermolecular dispersive interactions and thus the size of the PCB molecules play a key role in governing logKOA. The greater the size of PCB molecules, the greater the logKOA values. Increasing ELUMO (the energy of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) values of the PCBs leads to decreasing logKOA values, indicating possible interactions between PCB and octanol molecules. Increasing QCl+ (the most positive net atomic charges on a chlorine atom) and QC− (the largest negative net atomic charge on a carbon atom) values of PCBs results in decreasing logKOA values, implying possible intermolecular electrostatic interactions between octanol and PCB molecules. AU - Chen, J.* AU - Xue, X. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Quan, X.* AU - Yang, F.* AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10298 C2 - 22520 SP - 535-544 TI - Quantitative structure-property relationships for octanol-air partition coefficients of polychlorinated biphenyls. JO - Chemosphere VL - 48 IS - 5 PY - 2002 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The elimination half-lives (t(1/2)) in Sprague-Dawley rats for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 1,2, 3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD), 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HpCDD) and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octachlorodibetizo-p-dioxin (OCDD) were estimated in long-term studies by Schlatter, Poiger and others. Furthermore, there are some published half-lives of TCDD in adult humans. The average half-life of TCDD in adult humans is approximately 2840 days, while in Sprague-Dawley rats the average t(1/2) of TCDD is 19 days. The t(1/2) of TCDD in humans is about 150 times that of rats. This factor was used to calculate the t(1/2) values of the other polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) in humans from the rat data. Furthermore, the terminal t(1/2) Values Of PCDDs in adult humans were calculated from the regression equation: log t(1/2H) = 1.34 log t(1/2R) + 1.25 which was recently established for 50 xenobiotics (t(1/2H) = terminal half-lives in days for humans, t(1/2R) = terminal half-lives in days for rats). The following terminal half-lives in adult humans were obtained: 12.6 years for 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, 26-45 years for 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD, 80 102 years for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and ca. 112-132 years for OCDD. These half-lives of PCDDs are critically compared with measured t(1/2) values of PCDDs and other persistent organic pollutants in rats, monkeys and humans. AU - Geyer, H.J. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Feicht, E.A. AU - Behechti, A. AU - Steinberg, C.* AU - Brüggemann, R.* AU - Poiger, H.* AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10295 C2 - 20244 SP - 631-644 TI - Half-lives of tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins in rats, monkeys and humans-a critical review. JO - Chemosphere VL - 48 IS - 6 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2002 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The results of a one-year monitoring program on the two Eastern Chinese River systems, i.e. the Liao-He and the Yangtse, with special emphasis on the presence of triazine herbicides are presented. Sediment, suspended solids and water samples from both rivers were analyzed. Additionally, recovery experiments on the SPE-in-field-enrichment procedure and the extraction methods were performed. The samples were measured by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, electron capture detection and a newly developed μ-plasma atomic emission detector. A typical result of a one-year monitoring was obtained in case of the Liao-He: During winter, at low water period, low triazine values were found. A similar situation was found in early spring. Highest concentrations of atrazine up to 1600 ng/l were found in late spring in the water samples. Maximum concentrations of atrazine, simazine, propazine, simetryn and prometryn were observed in this season as a result of the actual use of triazines. Finally, after the high water period in autumn the triazine concentrations decreased. Additionally, atrazine adsorbed on sediment (up to 2.8 ng/g) and suspended solids was determined (up to 8 ng/l) during late spring sampling. Therefore, the logarithm of the organic carbon based sorption coefficient of atrazine could be calculated. Low levels of atrazine were measured in the water of Yangtse (up to 18.3 ng/l). The concentrations from all sampling points and sampling stations of a particular sampling date were similar, which indicates a homogeneous distribution of this herbicide. Due to the high discharge rate of up to 79000 m3/s in case of the Yangtse a considerable mass transport of up to 57.5 kg per day atrazine may take place, even at concentrations below the European drinking water limit of 100 ng/l. AU - Gfrerer, M.* AU - Martens, D.* AU - Gawlik, B.M.* AU - Wenzl, Th.* AU - Zhang, A.* AU - Quan, X.* AU - Sun, C.* AU - Chen, J.* AU - Platzer, B.* AU - Lankmayr, E.* AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10297 C2 - 20643 SP - 455-466 TI - Triazines in the aquatic systems of the Eastern Chinese Rivers Liao-He and Yangtse. JO - Chemosphere VL - 47 IS - 4 PY - 2002 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The combination of chemical and biological water treatment processes is a promising technique to reduce recalcitrant wastewater loads. The key to the efficiency of such a system is a better understanding of the mechanisms involved during the degradation processes. Ozonation has been applied to many fields in water and wastewater treatment. Especially for textile mill effluents ozonation can achieve high color removal, enhance biodegradability, destroy phenols and reduce the chemical oxygen demand (COD). However, little is known about the reaction intermediates and products formed during ozonation. This work deals with the degradation of hydrolyzed Reactive Yellow 84 (Color Index), a widely used azo dye in textile finishing processes with two monochlorotriazine anchor groups. Ozonation of the hydrolyzed dye in ultra pure water was performed in a laboratory scale cylindric batch reactor. Decolorization, determined by measuring the light absorbance at the maximum wavelength in the visible range (400 nm), was almost complete after 60 and 90 min with an ozone concentration of 18.5 and 9.1 mg/l, respectively. The TOC/TOC0 ratio after ozonation was about 30%, the COD was diminished to 50% of the initial value. The BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.01 to about 0.8. Oxidation and cleavage of the azo group yield nitrate. Cleavage of the sulfonic acid groups of aromatic rings caused increases in the amount of sulfate. Formic acid and oxalic acid were identified as main oxidation products by high performance ion chromatography (HPIC). The concentrations of these major products were monitored at defined time intervals during ozonation. AU - Koch, M.* AU - Yediler, A. AU - Lienert, D.* AU - Insel, G.* AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10274 C2 - 20026 SP - 109-113 TI - Ozonation of hydrolyzed azo dye reactive yellow 84 (CI). JO - Chemosphere VL - 46 IS - 1 PY - 2002 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To study the transport mechanism of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) and the energy change in soil/solvent system, a soil leaching column chromatographic (SLCC) experiment at an environmental temperature range of 20-40 degreesC was carried out, which utilized a reference soil (SP 14696) packed column and a methanol-water (1:4 by volume ratio) eluent. The transport process quickens with the increase of column temperature. The ratio of retention factors at 30 and 40 degreesC (k'(30)/k'(40)) ranged from 1.08 to 1.36. The lower enthalpy change of the solute transfer in SLCC (from eluent to soil) than in conventional reversed-phase liquid chromatography (e.g., from eluent to C-18) is consistent with the hypothesis that HOCs were dominantly and physically partitioned between solvent and soil. The results were also verified by the linear solvation energy relationships analysis. The chief factor controlling the retention was found to be the solute solvophobic partition, and the second important factor was the solute hydrogen-bond basicity, while the least important factors were the solute polarizability-dipolarity and hydrogen-bond acidity. With the increase of temperature, the contributions of the solute solvophobic partition and hydrogen-bond basicity gradually decrease, and the latter decreases faster than the former. AU - Liang, X.* AU - Xu, F.* AU - Lin, B.* AU - Su, F.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10296 C2 - 20388 SP - 569-574 TI - Retention behavior of hydrophobic organic chemicals as a function of temperature in soil leaching column chromatography. JO - Chemosphere VL - 49 IS - 6 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2002 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Rotifers and especially the Brachionus calyciflorus species have already shown advantages (e.g. good sensitivity, simplicity, ecological relevance, short generation time) for the chronic toxicity assessment of water pollutants. In this study, the B. calyciflorus three-day test was evaluated on ethinylestradiol, nonylphenol and testosterone for the determination of endocrine disrupting (reproductive) effects. Reproduction (intrinsic rate of population increase) and sex ratio (males/females and mictic females/amictic females) were explored and discussed as suitable endpoints. B. calyciflorus has shown a fair sensitivity to detect reproductive disrupting effects after exposure to ethinylestradiol, nonylphenol and testosterone. Population growth (intrinsic rate of population increase, r) and the ratio ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females are both suitable endpoints, whereas the occurrence of males was not frequent enough to be used as endpoint. AU - Radix, P. AU - Severin, G.F. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10294 C2 - 20236 SP - 1097-1101 TI - Reproduction disturbances of Brachionus calyciflorus (rotifer) for the screening of environmental endocrine disrupters. JO - Chemosphere VL - 47 IS - 10 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2002 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The toxicity of 17 selected process effluents, 11 reactive dyestuffs and 8 auxiliaries from a textile dyeing and finishing mill in Ayazaga, Istanbul, Turkey was evaluated by bioluminescence test using bacteria Vibrio fischeri in LUMIStox 300. The EC20 and EC50 for auxiliaries, the EC20 for dyestuffs were determined. For selected process effluents GL-values, the dilution level at which a wastewater sample causes less than 20% inhibition, were examined. Our results demonstrate that the toxicity assessment with luminescent bacteria is effective and of practical use for chemicals applied in textile finishing industry with the limitation of the deep dark-colored dye bath samples and for the related effluents. Inhibition effects of numerous dyestuffs as well as auxiliaries to luminescent bacteria differed considerably with a range 5-600 mg l(-1) for EC20 and 9-6930 mg l(-1) for EC50, respectively. Among 17 effluents, I sample exhibited high toxicity (GL = 100), 7 showed moderate toxicity (GL = 12-32), and 9 had a GL-value <10 indicating a low or no toxicity. AU - Wang, C.* AU - Yediler, A. AU - Lienert, D.* AU - Wang, Z.* AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10275 C2 - 20023 SP - 339-344 TI - Toxicity evaluation of reactive dystuffs, auxiliaries and selected efflents in textile finishing industry to luminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri. JO - Chemosphere VL - 46 IS - 2 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2002 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The influence of methanol in methanol-water mixed eluents on the capacity factor (P), an important parameter which could depict leaching potential of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) in soil leaching column chromatography (SLCC), was investigated. Two reference soils, GSE 17201 obtained from Bayer Landwirtschaftszentrum, Monheim, Germany and SP 14696 from LUFA, Spencer, Germany, were used as packing materials in soil columns, and isocratic elution with methanol-water mixtures at different volume fractions of methanol (phi) were tested. Shortterm exposure of the column (packed with the GSE 17201 soil) to the eluents increased solute retention by a certain (23% log-unit) degree evaluated through a correlation with the retention on the same soil column but unpreconditioned by methanol-containing eluents. Long-term exposure of soil columns to the eluents did not influence the solute retention. A log-linear equation, log k' = log k'(w) - Sphi, could well and generally describe the retention of HOCs in SLCC. For the compounds of homologous series, logk'(w), had good linear relationship with S, indicating the hydrophobic partition mechanism existing in the retention process. AU - Xu, F.* AU - Liang, X.* AU - Lin, B.* AU - Su, F.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10292 C2 - 20165 SP - 149-156 TI - Influence of methanol on retention of hydrophobic organic chemicals in soil leaching column chromatography. JO - Chemosphere VL - 48 IS - 1 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2002 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The capacity factors of a series of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) were measured in soil leaching column chromatography (SLCC) on a soil column, and in reversed-phase liquid chromatography on a C-18 column with different volumetric fractions (phi) of methanol in methanol-water mixtures. A general equation of linear solvation energy relationships, log(XYZ) = XYZ(0) + mV(1)/100 + spi* + bbeta(m) + aalpha(m), was applied to analyze capacity factors (k'), soil organic partition coefficients (K-oc) and octanol-water partition coefficients (P). The analyses exhibited high accuracy. The chief solute factors that control log K-oc, log P, and log k' (on soil and on C-18) are the solute size (V-1/100) and hydrogen-bond basicity (beta(m)). Less important solute factors are the dipolarity/polarizability (pi*) and hydrogen-bond acidity (alpha(m)). Log k' on soil and log K-oc have similar signs in four fitting coefficients (m, s, b and a) and similar ratios (m:s:b:a), while log k' on C-18 and log P have similar signs in coefficients (m, s, b and a) and similar ratios (m:s:b:a). Consequently, log k' values on C-18 have good correlations with log P (r > 0.97), while log k' values on soil have good correlations with log K-oc (r > 0.98). Two K-oc estimation methods were developed, one through solute solvatochromic parameters, and the other through correlations with k' on soil. For HOCs, a linear relationship between logarithmic capacity factor and methanol composition in methanol-water mixtures could also be derived in SLCC. AU - Xu, F.* AU - Liang, X.* AU - Lin, B.* AU - Su, F.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10293 C2 - 20230 SP - 553-562 TI - Linear solvation energy relationships regarding sorption and retention properties of hydrophobic organic compounds in soil leaching column chromatography. JO - Chemosphere VL - 48 IS - 5 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2002 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The results of a laboratory investigation on the leaching behaviour of wood treated with creosote and of untreated wood are reported. A special leaching test derived from the German standard method DEV S4 test (DIN 38414) has been developed. Samples were leached in deionized water, in a solution buffered at pH 4.7 and in a solution of humic substances. The organic fraction of the leachate was extracted using liquid-liquid extraction. The extracts were analysed qualitatively with GC/MSD and quantified with GC/FID. The results were compared with those of Soxhlet-extracts from creosote-treated wood. AU - Becker, L.* AU - Matuschek, G. AU - Lenoir, D. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10286 C2 - 19589 SP - 301-308 TI - Leaching behaviour of wood treated with creosote. JO - Chemosphere VL - 42 IS - 3 PB - Elsevier Science Ltd. PY - 2001 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Correlations between products of incomplete combustion (PIC), e.g., chloroaromatic compounds, can be used to characterise the emissions from combustion processes, like municipal or hazardous waste incineration. A possible application of such relationships may be the on-line real-time monitoring of a characteristic surrogate, e.g., with Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (REMPI-TOFMS). In this paper, we report the relationships of homologues and individual congeners of chlorinated benzenes (PCBz), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF) and phenols (PCPh) to the International Toxicity Equivalent (I-TEQ) of the PCDD/F (I-TEQ value) in the flue gas and stack gas of a 22 MW hazardous waste incinerator (HWI). As the REMPI detection sensitivity is decreasing with the increase of the degree of chlorination, this study focuses on the lower chlorinated species of the compounds mentioned above. Lower chlorinated species, e.g., chlorobenzene (MCBz), 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 2,4,6-trichlorodibenzofuran or 2,4-dichlorophenol, were identified as I-TEQ surrogates in the flue gas. In contrast to the higher chlorinated phenols, the lower chlorinated phenols (degree of chlorination <4) were not reliable as surrogates in the stack gas. The identified surrogates are evaluated in terms of their detectability by REMPI-TOFMS laser mass spectrometry. The outcome is that MCBz is the best suited surrogate for (indirect) on-line measuring of the I-TEQ value in the flue gas by REMPI-TOFMS. The correlation coefficient r of the MCBz concentration to the I-TEQ in the flue gas was 0.85. AU - Blumenstock, M.* AU - Zimmermann, R. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10284 C2 - 19725 SP - 507-518 TI - Identification of surrogate compounds for the emissions of PCDD/F (I-TEQ value) and evaluation of their on-line real-time detectability in flue gases of waste incineration plants by REMPI-TOFMS mass spectrometry. JO - Chemosphere VL - 42 IS - 5-7 PB - Elsevier Science Ltd. PY - 2001 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bockhorn, H.* AU - Lenoir, D. C1 - 10285 C2 - 19758 SP - 437-438 TI - Sixth international congress on toxic combustion by-products. JO - Chemosphere VL - 42 IS - 5-7 PB - Elsevier Science Ltd. PY - 2001 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Laser mass spectrometry has been applied for on-line monitoring of traces of aromatic compounds from flue gas of incineration plants. The experiments have been carried out at two sampling sites in an industrial hazardous-waste incinerator. With laser mass spectrometry resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) (REMPI-TOFMS), using the group selective multi-component monitoring approach, aromatic compounds are selectively ionized from the complex flue-gas matrix. In this case, the result of an REMPI-TOFMS on-line measurement is a distinct pattern of aromatic compounds. These patterns are dependent on: (i) the point of measurement, (ii) the incineration plant, (iii) the temperature, and (iv) the fuel. This contribution focuses on the fuel dependence of the pattern. The most transient behavior can be observed when containers filled with hazardous waste are burnt, leading to puffs. Real-time monitoring results of puffs are given. Furthermore, as an approach towards on-line monitoring of the TEQ (PCDD/F toxicity equivalent), REMPI-TOFMS on-line analysis results of chlorobenzene are presented. AU - Heger, H. J. AU - Zimmermann, R. AU - Blumenstock, M. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10281 C2 - 19750 SP - 691-696 TI - On-line real-time measurements at incineration plants: PAHs and a PCDD/F surrogate compound at stationary combustion conditions and during transient emission puffs. JO - Chemosphere VL - 42 IS - 5-7 PB - Elsevier Science Ltd. PY - 2001 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The thermal degradation of the polyamides (PA) 6, 12, 66 and 612 was investigated by means of thermal analysis/mass spectrometry (TA-MS) and pyrolysis in a german standard oven. Sample masses were about 20 and 40 mg. The heating rates used in the dynamic studies were 1, 5 and 10 K min(-1). Both air and nitrogen atmospheres were utilized. The kinetic parameters were calculated from the TA-MS measurements and the main decomposition products were registered online. The evolved products from the pyrolysis oven were captured and analyzed off-line by GC/MS. AU - Herrera, M. AU - Matuschek, G. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10282 C2 - 19752 SP - 601-607 TI - Main products and kinetics of the thermal degradation of polyamids. JO - Chemosphere VL - 42 IS - 5 PB - Elsevier Science Ltd. PY - 2001 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - no Abstract AU - Lenoir, D. AU - Bayer, E.* C1 - 10273 C2 - 19724 SP - 1-1 TI - Sustainable chemistry: Environmentally friendly and resource saving syntheses and processes. JO - Chemosphere VL - 43 IS - 1 PB - Pergamon Elsevier Science Ltd. PY - 2001 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The formation pathways for chlorinated aliphatic and chlorinated aromatic compounds in technical incineration processes are reviewed. It is shown that acetylene is converted to chloroaromatic compounds including PCDD/F in a special flow reactor by catalytic activity of CuCl2 in the temperature regime of a post-combustion zone of technical incinerators. Mechanistic pathways begin with chlorination of acetylene. Dichloroacetylene is further condensed to C-4 and C-6 units. Hexachlorobenzene is the dominant aromatic compound and a likely precursor to chlorinated phenols and PCDD/F. Two specific mechanisms of formation of chlorinated aromatic compounds including PCDD/F have been advanced. Both mechanisms begin with the formation of dichloroacetylene from flame pyrolysis products like acetylene. Condensation of dichloroacetylene is mediated by copper species via metallacyclic intermediates and/or a catalytic cycle involving copper stabilized trichlorovinyl radicals. The final pathways of conversion of chlorinated benzenes to PCDD/F via chlorophenols are under active investigation. AU - Lenoir, D. AU - Wehrmeier, A. AU - Sidhu, S. S.* AU - Taylor, P. H.* C1 - 10279 C2 - 19759 SP - 107-114 TI - Formation and inhibition of chloroaromatic micropollutants formed in incineration processes. JO - Chemosphere VL - 43 IS - 1 PB - Elsevier Science Ltd. PY - 2001 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Effects of a non-ionic surfactant (Tween-80) on the mineralization, metabolism and uptake of phenanthrene in wheat-solution-lava microcosm were studied using C-14-labeled phenanthrene. The mineralization and metabolism of phenanthrene were fast in such a system. At least 90% of the applied phenanthrene were transformed within 24 days. Only 0.3% of the applied C-14-activity were identified to be the parent phenanthrene. Most of the applied C-14-activity (70%) was recovered from wheat, in which ca. 70% were associated with wheat shoots (stems and leaves) and ca. 30% wheat roots. 33% and 20% of the applied C-14-activity had been constructed into wheat tissues of shoots and roots, respectively. The C-14-activity recovered in forms Of CO2 and volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) was 12-16% and 4-5%, respectively. The major metabolites of phenanthrene were polar compounds (18% of the applied C-14) and only 2.1% were identified as non-polar metabolites. No phenanthrene was found in wheat shoots indicating that it could not be transported from roots to upper parts of the plant but in form of metabolites (mostly polar metabolites). Foliar uptake of C-14-activity via air in form of (CO2)-C-14 occurred. The presence of Tween-80 significantly enhanced the degradation of phenanthrene, which could be attributed to its increase of microbial activities in the system. Tween-80 also significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the phenanthrene level in wheat roots, which probably resulted from desorption of phenanthrene from root surface caused by the surfactant. AU - Li, Y.* AU - Yediler, A. AU - Ou, Z.* AU - Conrad, I. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10276 C2 - 19822 SP - 67-75 TI - Effects of a non-ionic surfactant (Tween-80) on the mineralization, metabolism and uptake of phenanthrene in wheat-solution-lava microcosm. JO - Chemosphere VL - 45 IS - 1 PB - Elsevier Science Ltd. PY - 2001 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The objectives of this work were to study the PCDD/F emissions during the co-combustion of waste wood/coal cocombustion in an industrial boiler and to determine the relation of the toxic emissions to the fuel properties. Cocombustion experiments were performed in a 13.8 MWthermal industrial moving grate combustor. The fuels which were examined in this study included Creek lignite, natural uncontaminated wood, power poles and medium density fibers (MDFs) which were by-products of the plant production process. Fuel blends were prepared by mixing single components in various concentrations, PCDD/F emissions were collected during experimental runs and were analyzed according to standard methods. Low PCDD/F emissions were obtained during the co-combustion tests, lower than the limit value of 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm(3). The lowest values were observed during the combustion of fuel blends containing MDF, possibly due to the inhibitory action of some of the N-containing MDF ingredients, such as urea. No direct correlation was found between the PCDD/F and the copper emissions, while examination of the PCDD/F homologue patterns revealed the predominance of the lower chlorinated isomers over the higher ones. AU - Samaras, P.* AU - Skodras, G.* AU - Sakellaropoulos, G.P.* AU - Blumenstock, M. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10277 C2 - 19812 SP - 751-755 TI - Toxic emissions during co-combustion of biomass-waste wood-lignite blends in an industrial boiler. JO - Chemosphere VL - 43 IS - 4-7 PB - Elsevier Science Ltd. PY - 2001 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The objectives of this work were to study the effect of urea addition to the fuel before the combustion on the suppression of PCDD/F emissions, to examine the influence of urea to PCDD/F isomer patterns by employing statistical analysis techniques and to determine the most effective method of urea addition. Urea in the form of powder and as an aqueous solution was mixed with RDF and the fuel mixtures were incinerated in a lab-scale reactor at 1000 degreesC. PCDD/F emitted during combustion experiments were collected in a quartz wool filter downstream the reactor unit. Analysis and quantification of PCDD/F showed that urea significantly affected PCDD/F emissions. Combustion of RDF containing 10% w/w urea resulted in PCDD/F emissions lower than 8 I-TEQ ng/g RDF, while the corresponding average value from single RDF combustion was 17 I-TEQ ng/g RDF. The PCDD/F prevention capacity of urea was independent from the method of urea addition to the fuel, as similar results were obtained after the addition of urea in the solid and in the aqueous phases. Results assessment by statistical methods showed that isomer patterns remained almost stable and were not affected by the method of urea addition. AU - Samaras, P.* AU - Blumenstock, M. AU - Lenoir, D. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10280 C2 - 19756 SP - 737-743 TI - PCDD/F inhibition by prior addition of urea to the solid fuel in laboratory experiments and results statistical evaluation. JO - Chemosphere VL - 42 IS - 5-7 PB - Elsevier Science Ltd. PY - 2001 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Samples from industrial and domestic emissions and materials were investigated by using in vitro assays for dioxin-like-response (DLR) and chemical analysis. The results show a small part of persistent bioaccumulative toxicants (PBT) to be responsive in vitro. Clean-up procedures directed to persistence decrease the amount of inducing toxicants substantially. The comparison of biological in vitro (B) and chemical (A) analysis show ratios between B and A below 10 for DLR of persistent inductors. The consideration of PAH improved the knowledge about unknown less persistent agonists. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Klimm, C. AU - Hofmaier, A.* AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10283 C2 - 19726 SP - 551-557 TI - Comparison of dioxin-like-response in vitro and chemical analysis of emissions and materials. JO - Chemosphere VL - 42 IS - 5-7 PB - Elsevier Science Ltd. PY - 2001 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The present study monitored fish from sites contaminated for many years, and the data reflected the results of actual, long-term environmental exposure. The sum concentrations and TEQs of PCDD/F in the muscle of common carp (Cyprinus carpio (linnaeus)) and big head (Aristichthys nobilis) from the different site of a heavily polluted lake in China are decreased with decrease of PCDD/F concentration in sediment and water. Concentration in fish can be highly variable, but the concentration is comparable in muscle between different species of fish if the concentrations are normalized by lipid content. PCDD/F accumulate in certain tissues with the highest proportions found in the liver of fish. The concentrations and TEQs in livers were also decreased with concentrations of sediments and water. The concentrations of PCDD/F in muscle are significantly correlated with those in liver. BCFs of 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/F calculated directly from water were consistent with that calculated indirectly from sediment. PCDD/F concentrations in sediment are much higher than that in water, therefore the measurement is much easier and the results are more accurate. Estimated BCFs for superhydrophobic chemicals derived from sediment may also serve as acceptable surrogates for true bioaccumulation potential. AU - Wu, W.Z.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Xu, Y.* AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10278 C2 - 19824 SP - 633-641 TI - Accumulation and partition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) in the muscle and liver of fish. JO - Chemosphere VL - 43 IS - 4-7 PB - Elsevier Science Ltd. PY - 2001 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - xperiments at a pilot scale waste incinerator (0.5 MW thermal power) showed that the conditions in the postcombustion chamber (650-900 degrees C) are strongly influencing the formation of chlorinated and non-chlorinated aromatics. Non-optimal combustion conditions resulted in increased concentrations of mono- to trichlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), while chlorinated benzenes (PCBz), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and the higher chlorinated PCDD/F are only weakly affected or even decrease. The changes in concentration of the compounds investigated over a time span of hours gave hints on 'memory effects' in this combustion zone. For mono- and dichlorinated benzenes, a high correlation (r(2) = 0.80) with the international toxicity equivalent (I-TEQ) value of PCDD/F was observed. As recently has been demonstrated, this correlation can be utilized for an indirect on-line measurement of the I-TEQ by a novel laser mass spectrometric technique (REMPI-TO-FMS). AU - Blumenstock, M.* AU - Zimmermann, R. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10290 C2 - 19149 SP - 987-993 TI - Influence of combustion conditions on the PCDD/F-,PCB-,PCBz- and PAH-concentrations in the post-combustion chamber of a waste incineration pilot plant. JO - Chemosphere VL - 40 IS - 9-11 PB - Elsevier PY - 2000 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Halone 1301 belongs to a group of widely used fire repellants. Although banned in several countries, the production has still not been discontinued, and thus hazards due to use or spill can be expected. The study reports on effects of the halone 1301 on three plant species frequently used for bioindication studies: Lepidium sativum (mouse-ear cress), Phaseolus vulgaris (bush bean) and Petunia hybrida. Plants were exposed to 1 ppbv of the gas in ambient air under controlled conditions for 18 days (L. sativum), and 45 days (P. vulgaris, P. hybrida), respectively. None of the plants showed visible stress symptoms. Chlorophylls in cress and petunia were unaffected whereas in beans significant changes of the photosynthetic pigments were observed. Photosynthesis and gas exchange of bean plants were monitored during the experiment, and a lowering of transpiration was noticed. In all investigated plants, protein contents declined significantly, but despite this reduction, activity of the glutathione S-transferases (GST) increased strongly in bean and petunia. The significance of this reaction as detoxification step is discussed. AU - Debus, R.* AU - Schröder, P. C1 - 23277 C2 - 31126 SP - 1603-1610 TI - Effects of halone 1301 on Lepidium sativum, Petunia hybrida and Phaseolus vulgaris. JO - Chemosphere VL - 41 IS - 10 PB - Elsevier PY - 2000 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The European reference soil set was introduced as common basis for a better comparability of soil sorption data measured within the framework of chemical testing of environmental chemicals. The success of the EUROSOILS, as the set is commonly called, convinced the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre to evaluate the possibility of producing a remake of these unique and new type of reference materials maintaining the principal sorption-controlling properties of the soils. In this paper the recently proposed second generation of the EUROSOILS is used to evaluate a HPLC-screening technique for the estimation of soil adsorption coefficients of organic chemicals. It could be shown that the derived correlations between HPLC capacity factors of the test substances and the respective soil adsorption coefficients resulting from batch experiments with the second version of the EUROSOILS agreed with those derived for the first generation of reference soils at a different occasion. AU - Gawlik, B.M.* AU - Kettrup, A. AU - Muntau, H.* C1 - 21437 C2 - 19554 SP - 1337-1347 TI - Estimation of soil adsorption coefficients of organic compounds by HPLC screening using the second generation of the European reference soil set. JO - Chemosphere VL - 41 IS - 9 PY - 2000 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The contamination levels of polychlorinated organic compounds (PCOCs) in waters, suspended solids and sediments of the Yangtse River (Nanjing part) were analyzed in this paper. Their concentrations determined by GC/MS were very low in comparison with those in European River. The average concentration of total HCH (α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH) was much higher than that of other PCOCs in all waters, which made up 65% of total amount of PCOCs. Due to the complete dilution and mixture of pollutants in the mighty Yangtse River, the content of PCOCs at each sampling station demonstrated very similar spatial pattern for waters and suspended solids. Since the small suspended solid (<0.7 μm) passed through the filter was also considered as dissolved part, the dominant parts of HCHs, PCA and PCBs were found in dissolved phase with percentage proportion of 85–94%, 72–85% and 61–78%, respectively. For DDTs, HCB and PeCB, their contents in dissolved phase were slightly higher than in particulate phase. The contents of PCOCs in sediments were also very low and varied with high fluctuation at different sampling points, indicating the heterogeneous deposition. HCB and its metabolite (PeCB) presented the highest contamination levels among PCOCs in sediments. AU - Jiang, X.* AU - Martens, D. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kettrup, A. AU - Xu, S.F.* AU - Wang, L.S.* C1 - 21438 C2 - 19555 SP - 901-905 TI - Polychlorinated organic compounds (PCOCs) in waters, suspended solids and sediments of the Yangtse River. JO - Chemosphere VL - 41 IS - 6 PY - 2000 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The herbicide atrazine is the most commonly detected pesticide in groundwater world-wide. A new microcosm test-system was used to determine the fate of 14C-atrazine in a Brazilian oxisol. 14C Ring-labelled atrazine was applied in a mixture with the commercial product Gesaprim 500 (Novartis) at a rate of 3 kg ha−1. During two months, about 1% of the initially applied amount was lost by volatilization. The mineralization of the pesticide, measured directly using 14CO2 evolved from the applied pesticide, was between 0.09% and 0.16%, whereas less than 0.2% was leached. The distribution of radioactivity in the soil profile showed that most of the radioactivity remained in the top soil down to a 3 cm depth. The radioactivity in the upper 3 cm of the column was adsorbed perferably in fulvic acid (FA) and humin fractions. AU - Langenbach, T.* AU - Schroll, R. AU - Paim, S.* C1 - 21170 C2 - 19216 SP - 449-455 TI - Fate and distribution of 14C-atrazine in a tropical oxisol. JO - Chemosphere VL - 40 IS - 5 PY - 2000 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A new approach to study the quantitative relationships between chromatographic retentions and molecular structures of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) is described. The retention equations of PCDDs in gas chromatography (GC) are used to evaluate the properties of the regression coefficients A and B, which have been widely accepted as highly reliable chromatographic retentions. The quantitative relationships between the A, B values and the molecular structures are found. The molecular descriptors given for the first time in this article are very effective. As a result, the regression equations are derived with correlation coefficients greater than 0.9995. The A, B values of PCDDs with no standards available have been predicted according to these relationships. They are very useful in chromatographic identification. The retention times of all PCDDs can be conveniently predicted at any temperature program. Compared with the data obtained from the relevant experiments, the results of prediction are very accurate. AU - Liang, X.* AU - Wang, W.* AU - Wu, W.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 21456 C2 - 19573 SP - 923-929 TI - Quantitative relationship between chromatographic retentions and molecular structures of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs). JO - Chemosphere VL - 41 IS - 6 PY - 2000 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The retention equations of 49 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and 4 polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) in gas chromatography (GC) have been investigated to evaluate the properties of regression coefficients A and B. The quantitative relationships between A and B values of PCDDs and those of PBDDs are found. The regression equations derived have correlation coefficients greater than 0.997. The A, B values of any PBDD can be predicted by using the A, B values of the PCDD according to these relationships. Using these predicted A and B values, the retention times of all PBDDs can be predicted at any temperature program. It is very useful to identify the peak position of any PBDD because at present there are only a few standards of PBDDs available. AU - Liang, X.* AU - Wang, W.* AU - Wu, W.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Oxynos, K. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 21457 C2 - 19574 SP - 917-921 TI - Prediction of the retentions of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) by using the retentions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs). JO - Chemosphere VL - 41 IS - 6 PY - 2000 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The photodegradation of five representative nitromusk compounds in water has been performed in a stirred batch photoreactor with a UV low-pressure immersed mercury lamp, at constant temperature and different doses of hydrogen peroxide. The rate constants have been calculated on the basis of experimental data and a postulated first-order kinetic model. The rate constants, at 298 K and a dose of 1.1746 μmol l−1 H2O2 ranges from 0.3567 × 10−3 s−1 for musk tibetene, to 1.785 × 10−3 s−1 for musk ambrette. AU - Neamtu, M.* AU - Siminiceanu, I.* AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 21278 C2 - 19390 SP - 1407-1410 TI - Kinetics of nitromusk compounds degradation in water by ultraviolet radiation and hydrogen peroxide. JO - Chemosphere VL - 40 IS - 12 PY - 2000 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The chlorination and condensation of acetylene at low temperatures is demonstrated using copper chlorides as chlorinated agents coated to model borosilicate surfaces. Experiments with and without both a chlorine source and borosilicate surfaces indicate the absence of gas-phase and gas-surface reactions. Chlorination and condensation occur only in the presence of the copper catalyst. C-2 through C-8 organic products were observed in the effluent; PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed that is consistent with the observed product distributions. Similar experiments with dichloroacetylene indicate greater reactivity in the absence of the copper catalyst. Reaction is observed in the gas phase and in the presence of borosilicate surfaces at low temperatures. The formation of hexachlorobenzene is only observed in the presence of a copper catalyst. PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed for the formation of hexachlorobenzene from dichloroacetylene. AU - Taylor, P.H.* AU - Wehrmeier, A. AU - Sidhu, S.S.* AU - Lenoir, D. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 10291 C2 - 19340 SP - 1297-1303 TI - Copper-catalyzed chlorination and condensation of acetylene and dichloroacetylene. JO - Chemosphere VL - 40 IS - 12 PB - Elsevier Science PY - 2000 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A method has been developed for peak recognition of 136 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) at different temperature programs. Their retention behaviours are predicted on the basis of an identification database of retention values (A, B) of gas chromatography. By the retention times of 13C labelled 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/F internal standards, the retentions of all PCDDs and PCDFs can be calculated. After comparison with the retentions of practical environmental samples, the predicted values have been proved to be very accurate. AU - Wang, W.* AU - Liang, X.* AU - Wu, W.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Henkelmann, B. AU - Xu, Y.* AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 21455 C2 - 19572 SP - 601-608 TI - Peak identification for PCDD/Fs in environmental samples at different temperature programs. JO - Chemosphere VL - 40 IS - 6 PY - 2000 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Henry's law constant (HLC) or air/water partition coefficient is a key property in the process of describing a chemical's environmental fate. Compared to its significance, experimentally determined HLCs are known for a relatively small number of organic chemicals. We have measured HLCs for seven groups of compounds, i. e., aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic nitro compounds, anilines, phenols, organochlorine pesticides, aliphatic alcohols, and aliphatic amines, using a thermodynamic method for the vast majority of compounds. These new data have been used to validate and compare existing estimation methods for HLCs, namely the vapor pressure / aqueous solubility ratio, the improved bond contribution method, and the group method. The improved bond contribution method, which can be applied to all compounds, turned out to produce the most reliable results. The vapor pressure / aqueous solubility approach gave slightly worse estimations whereas the group method was considerably worse. Shortcomings of the individual methods were discussed. E. g., the bond contribution method had a bad performance for the organochlorine pesticides. AU - Altschuh, J. AU - Brüggemann, R.* AU - Santl, H.* AU - Eichinger, G.* AU - Piringer, O.G.* C1 - 21069 C2 - 19099 SP - 1871-1887 TI - Henry's law constants for a diverse set of organic chemicals: Experimental determination and comparison of estimation methods. JO - Chemosphere VL - 39 IS - 11 PY - 1999 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A comprehensive approach to exposure assessment of chemicals must include metabolites of the initial compounds. We present here an approach that combines a knowledge-based system for the prediction of degradation pathways with an analytical soil transport model. The performance of this combination of systems is illustrated with an analysis of seven s-triazine herbicides and their 35 degradation products. In a ranking procedure using the Hasse diagram technique, the relationships between chemical structure and the hazard potential in a loam soil scenario is analyzed. Sequences of chemical structures with comparable and non-comparable hazard potentials are identified. AU - Behrendt, Herwart AU - Altschuh, J. AU - Sixt, S. AU - Gasteiger, J. AU - Höllering, R. AU - Kostka, T. C1 - 20811 C2 - 18878 SP - 1811-1823 TI - A unified approach to exposure assessment by computer models for degradation reactions and soil accumulation : the triazine herbicide example. JO - Chemosphere VL - 38 IS - 8 PY - 1999 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To perform an evaluation of landscapes, regions, etc. protection aims are to be defined. One possibility is to characterize geographical regions by their pollution with chemicals. Taking into account that the ecological effects may be different for each of these chemicals, an aggregation to one evaluation index does not make sense. An alternative is the concept of partial order, which is outlined here. A transformation is shown, by which easily understandable Hasse diagrams are obtained. The main conclusion is that five out of 59 regions in Baden-Wuerttemberg are (of high) priority, however for different reasons. Furthermore, the analysis by partial order shows that a high Zn pollution is only combined with an accumulation of Cd. Former mining activities may be the reason for that. Finally it is shown, how on a qualitative basis some general information can be put into the evaluation technique (Hasse diagram technique) described in this paper. AU - Brüggemann, R.* AU - Pudenz, S.* AU - Voigt, K. AU - Kaune, A.* AU - Kreimes, K.* C1 - 20815 C2 - 18882 SP - 2263-2279 TI - An algebraic/graphical tool to compare ecosystems with respect to their pollution. IV: Comparative regional analysis by boolean arithmetics. JO - Chemosphere VL - 38 IS - 10 PY - 1999 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In order to evaluate the environmental risk potential of the polymer-additives octadecyl-3-(3.5-di-t-butyl4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate (additive 1) and tri-(2.4-di-t-butylphenyl)phosphite (additive 2) we have studied the degradation of the 14C-labelled single components and their release from a polypropylene matrix in abiotic and biotic test systems as well as their transport behaviour in soil. The biotic degradation in waste compost, activated sludge and in soil was studied. In order to conduct release tests, waste disposal material were used as well. The abiotic degradation was effectuated by photooxidation at a catalytic surface. The highest mineralisation rates were obtained by photooxidative degradation of the two test substances. The maximum content of bounded residues was found for additive 1 in soil and for additive 2 in waste compost. In the extracts of soil and compost, the principal metabolites could be identified in the case of additive 1 as 7.9-di-t-butyl-l-oxaspiro[4.5]deca-6.9-dien-2.8-dion and in activated sludge as the methyl ester of 3-(3.5-dit-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid. Additive 2 metabolised in all degradation tests nearly completely under formation of two products. The main component was identified as tri-(2.4-di-t-butylphenyl)phosphate. Both polymer-additives were eluated from the chosen soil types. The transport behaviour of additive 1 was independent from the soil type. In all test matrices additive 1 as well as additive 2 were released from polypropylene. Because the amounts of additive 1 and 2 adsorbed onto soil particles were taken into account, the highest liberation rates were found in the soil test. AU - Fischer, K. AU - von Norman, S. AU - Freitag, D. C1 - 20899 C2 - 18993 SP - 611-625 TI - Studies of the behaviour and fate of the polymer-additives octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate and tri-(2,4-di-t-butylohenyl)phosphite in the environment. JO - Chemosphere VL - 39 IS - 4 PY - 1999 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Polychlorinated bomanes, the main components of Toxaphene, are bioconcentrated in aquatic organisms to a high extent. However, up to this time no bioconcentration tests with individual chlorinated bomanes in aquatic organisms have been performed. Therefore, the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of seven selected persistent chlorinated bornane congeners which are regularly found in aquatic organisms, were predicted from their n-octanol/water partition coefficients (log Kow. Furthermore, these BCF values were compared with the measured bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in zooplankton and different fish species from the aquatic environment. AU - Geyer, H. AU - Kaune, A.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Rimkus, G.* AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Brüggemann, R.* AU - Altschuh, J. AU - Steinberg, C.E.W.* AU - Vetter, W.* AU - Kettrup, A. AU - Muir, D.C.G.* C1 - 20901 C2 - 18995 SP - 655-663 TI - Predicting bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of polychlorinated bornane (toxaphene) congeners in fish and comparison with bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in biota from the aquatic environment. JO - Chemosphere VL - 39 IS - 4 PY - 1999 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Carboxin and oxycarboxin undergo photolytic reactions in the presence of organic and inorganic soil components. Humic and fulvic acids in aqueous solution lead to enhanced photodegradation of these chemicals. Oxanilic acid was determined as common photoproduct of both fungicides. AU - Hustert, K. AU - Moza, P.N. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 21071 C2 - 19101 SP - 3423-3429 TI - Photochemical degradation of carboxin and oxycarboxin in the presence of humic substances and soil. JO - Chemosphere VL - 38 IS - 14 PY - 1999 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A new Enzyme ImmunoAssay (EIA) for PCDD/F TEQ measurement in extracts of environmental samples was described. The bioassay TEQ which derived from EIA and EROD were compared with each other and with results from chemical analysis. For all environmental samples, the EROD-TEQ is higher than the value from chemical analysis. However, the EIA-TEQ is much more identical with the value from chemical analysis. Our results indicate that the EIA assay is a complementary method to the EROD assay and should be useful as a rapid and sensitive screening tool for environmental samples in many situations. AU - Li, W.* AU - Wu, W.Z. AU - Barbara, R.B. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 20853 C2 - 18907 SP - 3313-3318 TI - A new enzyme immunoassey for PCDD/F TEQ screening in environmental samples : comparison to micro-erod assey and to chemical analysis. JO - Chemosphere VL - 38 IS - 14 PY - 1999 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The photolysis of selected pesticides in aqueous solutions has been investigated. The photolysis produced different intermediate substances, which were also found to be soil and microbial degradation products The phototransformation in the presence of TiO2 and humic substances leads to a disappearance of these compounds The reaction rate is dependent on the semiconductor oxide and concentration. Photoproducts were isolated and characterized by different spectroscopic methods. Results from this study indicate that degradation products of isoproturon are more toxic on Daphnia magna than on the parent compound. AU - Mansour, M. AU - Feicht, E.A. AU - Behechti, A. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 20892 C2 - 18944 SP - 575-585 TI - Determination photostability of selected agrochemicals in water and soil. JO - Chemosphere VL - 39 IS - 4 PY - 1999 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Rehmann, K. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 20859 C2 - 18913 SP - 3303-3312 TI - Applicability of a yeast oestrogen screen for the detection of oestrogen-like activities in environmental samples. JO - Chemosphere VL - 38 PY - 1999 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The humic monomer catechol was reacted with 14C-isoproturon and some of its metabolites, including 14C-4-isopropylaniline, in aqueous solution under a stream of oxygen. Only in the case of 14C-4-isopropylaniline, incorporation in oligomers, in fulvic acid-like polymers, and in humic acid-like polymers was observed. The main oligomer was identified by mass spectrometry as 4,5-bis-(4-isopropylphenylamino)-3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione. Oligomers and polymers containing bound 14C-4-isopropylaniline were subjected to biodegradation studies in a loamy agricultural soil during 55 days by quantifying 14CO2 evolved. In all cases, significant mineralization rates could be determined, which, however, were much smaller than those of free 14C-isoproturon and free 14C-4-isopropylaniline in the same soil.   AU - Reuter, S. AU - Ilim, M.* AU - Munch, J.-C. AU - Andreux, F.* AU - Scheunert, I. C1 - 20982 C2 - 19031 SP - 627-639 TI - A model for the formation and degradation of bound residues of the herbicide 14C-isoproturon in soil. JO - Chemosphere VL - 39 IS - 4 PY - 1999 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The volatilization and mineralization of 14C-labelled chemicals applied on soil surfaces in lysimeters was determined continuously with a new developed test-system. 14C-Terbuthylazine and 14C-Pendimethalin were applied on two different types of soil, one typical for a sandy agricultural soil and the second one simulating a soil of an adjoining forest ecosystem. Volatilization of terbuthylazine within 32 – 36 days was 0.26 – 0.65% of the amount initially applied, that of pendimethalin 1.24 – 2.78 within 28 days. Mineralization was 1.02 – 7.41% for terbuthylazine and 2.79 – 5.39% for pendimethalin within 28 – 36 days. AU - Schroll, R.* AU - Dörfler, U. AU - Scheunert, I. C1 - 20981 C2 - 19030 SP - 595-602 TI - Volatilization and mineralization of 14C-labelled pesticides on lysimeter surfaces. JO - Chemosphere VL - 39 IS - 4 PY - 1999 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A column method was developed to conveniently and reliably determine the soil organic partition coefficients (Koc) of three insecticides (methiocarb, azinphos-methyl, fenthion), four fungicides (triadimenol, fuberidazole, tebuconazole, pencycuron), and one herbicide (atrazine), in which real soil acted as a stationary phase and the water solution of pesticide as au eluent. The processes of sorption equilibrium were directly shown through a breakthrough curve(BTC). The log Koc values are l.69, 1.95, 2.25, 2.55, 2.69, 2.67, 3.10, and 3.33 for atrazine, triadimenol, methiocarb, fuberidazole, azinphos-methyl, tebuconazole, fenthion and pencycuron, respectively. AU - Xu, F.* AU - Liang, X.-M.* AU - Su, F.* AU - Zhang, Q.* AU - Lin, B.-C.* AU - Wu, W.Z.* AU - Yediler, A. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 21465 C2 - 19582 SP - 787-794 TI - A column method for determination of soil organic partition coefficients of eight pesticides. JO - Chemosphere VL - 39 IS - 5 PY - 1999 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A soil column chromatographic method was developed to measure the capacity factors (k′) of pesticides, in which soil acted as a stationary phase and methanol-water mixture as an eluent. The k′ values of eight pesticides, including three insecticides (methiocarb, azinphos-methyl, fenthion), four fungicides (triadimenol, fuberidazole, tebuconazole, pencycuron), and one herbicide (atrazine), were found to be well fitted to a retention equation, ln k′ = ln k′w-Sθ. Due to similar interactions of solutes with soil and solvent in both sorption determination and retention experiment, log k′ has a good linear correlation with log Koc for the eight pesticides from different classes, in contrast with poor correlation between log k′ from C18 column and log Koc. So the method provides a tool for rapid estimation Koc from experimental k′. AU - Xu, F.* AU - Liang, X.* AU - Lin, B.* AU - Su, F.* AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 21470 C2 - 19587 SP - 2239-2248 TI - Soil column chromatography for correlation between capacity factors and soil organic partition coefficients for eight pesticides. JO - Chemosphere VL - 39 IS - 13 PY - 1999 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Fatty acid profiles obtained from single cultured organisms have been used to estimate which taxonomic groups are actually represented. The lipid extraction was modified to liberate fatty acids with ester-linkages, as well as those with non-ester-linkages and classify them in different chemically relevant groups. The discriminatory power of fatty acids, in different chemically relevant fractions and subfiactions varied considerably. Saturated fatty acids were least able to predict actual group membership (ca. 75%), while nonester-linked hydroxy fatty acids, which largely go undetected by the simple extraction procedure, gave the highest predictability values (ca. 94%). The discriminatory power of the method used was enhanced by increasing the number of well-defined fatty acid methyl esters. The estimation capacity of the results was improved, when the fatty acids, which were presumed to be common and widespread, were excluded from the whole-community fatty acid profiles prior to multivariate analysis. AU - Zelles, L. C1 - 21155 C2 - 19196 SP - 665-682 TI - Identification of single cultured micro-organisms based on their whole-community fatty acid profiles, using an extended extraction procedure. JO - Chemosphere VL - 39 IS - 4 PY - 1999 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A Mycobacterium sp., strain KR2 which was able to utilise pyrene as sole source of carbon and energy was isolated from a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soil originating from the area of a former gaswork plant. The isolate metabolised up to 60% of the pyrene added (0.5 mg/mL) within 8 days at 20 degrees C. Cis-4,5-pyrene dihydrodiol, 4,5-phenanthrene dicarboxylic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 2-carboxybenzaldehyde, phthalic acid, and protocatechuic acid were identified as degradation products. Based on these findings a degradation pathway for pyrene is suggested which is in good accordance with the data published so far on bacterial pyrene metabolism. AU - Rehmann, K. AU - Noll, H. AU - Steinberg, C.* AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 32253 C2 - 34989 CY - Oxford SP - 2977-2992 TI - Pyrene degradation by Mycobacterium sp. strain KR2. JO - Chemosphere VL - 36 IS - 14 PB - Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd PY - 1998 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The long-term sublethal toxicity of the triazine herbicide terbutylazine (TBA; 1, 5, 50, 200 μg/l) alone and in presence of dissolved humic material (DHM; 2 mg TOC/l) on zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) has been studied. The effect of the tested substances on behavior were investigated by recording and quantifying their spontaneous locomotor activity using the BehavioQuant® system. Data were analysed by the Hasse diagram technique. For the parameter light-dark-preference, but not for the parameter inconstancy of motility, a clear concentration-effect-relationship for the groups under TBA as well as for the groups under TBA + DHM exposure could be found. Comparing TBA and TBA + DHM treated groups for both test parameters the presence of DHM increased the toxic effect of TBA on zebrafish for the preference and decreased for the motility. The main result is that the preference follows an additive principle, but not the motiliy. Hints for the influence of at least two different mechanisms controlling these behavioral parameters are discussed. AU - Lorenz, R. AU - Brüggemann, R.* AU - Steinberg, C.E.W.* AU - Spieser, O.H. C1 - 33190 C2 - 35633 SP - 2145-2158 TI - Humic material changes effects of terbutylazine on behavior of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). JO - Chemosphere VL - 33 IS - 11 PY - 1996 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Particle size distributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) from outdoor air sampling were measured. Size segregated samples were collected in Southeast Germany with a five stage high-volume cascade impactor (HVS) and a five stage low-pressure impactor (LPI). Fifty-seven PAH and alkylated PAH were identified by GC-MS. Twelve of them were quantified by HPLC with fluorescence detection. 50 – 60% of the total PAH content was found on particles smaller than 0.49 μm and more than 85% on particles < 1.5 μm respectively 1.72 μm. The results of the high-volume and the low-pressure impactor samples are in good agreement, although differences above 20% occur when single compounds are under the quantification limit in the LPI samples because of the low volumes sampled. AU - Schnelle, J. AU - Jänsch, T. AU - Wolf, K. AU - Gebefügi, I.L. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 42744 C2 - 35245 SP - 3119-3127 TI - Particle size dependent concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the outdoor air. JO - Chemosphere VL - 31 IS - 4 PY - 1995 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Currently available data on toxicological and ecotoxicological endpoints for sulfonic acids have been compiled by the BUA. This compilation reveals a common toxicological profile for the sulfonic acids when all the properties of these substances are taken into consideration. In contrast, the sulfonic acids show a much less uniform pattern with respect to their ecotoxicological properties. AU - Greim, H.A. AU - Ahlers, J. AU - Bias, R. AU - Broecker, B. AU - Hollander, H.W. C1 - 40036 C2 - 38067 SP - 2203-2236 TI - Toxicity and ecotoxicity of sulfonic acids: Structure-activity relationship. JO - Chemosphere VL - 28 IS - 12 PY - 1994 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The photooxidation of the fungicide metalaxyl in aqueous solution has been examined. Irradiation at 290 nm in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and titanium dioxide resulted, respectively in 29 and 84% substance transformation in 2.5 h. The degradation approximately followed first order kinetics. Irradiation under artificial sunlight in the presence of H2O2 and TiO2 resulted in 17 and 80% degradation of the chemical. Irradiation of metalaxyl in the presence of H2O2 leads to the oxidation of the molecule and in the presence of TiO2 deacylation from the molecule takes place. AU - Moza, P.N. AU - Sukul, P.* AU - Hustert, K. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 39992 C2 - 38937 SP - 341-347 TI - Photooxidation of metalaxyl in aqueous solution in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and titanium dioxide. JO - Chemosphere VL - 28 IS - 2 PY - 1994 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The German Environmental Specimen Bank is a long-term project and has the task to collect and store systematically environmental samples for future demand in ecological-chemical research. The essential requirement to keep the samples unchanged concerns their quantitative and qualitative composition, especially of the xenobiotics and thus the chemical contamination of the matrices. Using the eggs of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) from the islands of Trischen and Mellum (wadden sea) chlorinated hydrocarbon (CHC) concentrations from the years 1988-1992 are presented. The CHC concentrations show a decreasing tendency since 1990. The following pesticides were investigated: Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), α-, β-, γ- hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), Heptachlor (HC), Heptachlorepoxide (HE), Aldrin, Dieldrin, DDE, PCB (congeners: 101, 138, 153, 180). AU - Oxynos, K. AU - Schmitzer, J.L. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 40024 C2 - 38052 SP - 313-321 TI - The German Environmental Specimen Bank (GESB): Concepts and results of chlorinated hydrocarbons in environmental samples. JO - Chemosphere VL - 28 IS - 2 PY - 1994 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The efficiency of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer based controlled release formulations of the molluscicides niclosamide (5,2'-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide), bayluscide (5,2'-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide - ethanol amine salt), and trifenmorph (N-tritylmorpholine) was studied against the freshwater snail Indoplanorbis exustus. It could be shown in laboratory bioassays, that the addition of an attractant to the formulations was advantageous in respect to a more selective and more effective control of the snails. The application of such formulations in bioassays with Indoplanorbis exustus in the presence of zebra fish (Brachydanio rerio) caused 100% lethality of the snails without obvious intoxication of the fish and thus gives way to a more environmentally friendly method of controlling snails acting as vectors of trematode diseases. AU - Pfister, G. AU - El-Naggar, M.* AU - Bahadir, M.A.* C1 - 40037 C2 - 37861 SP - 305-312 TI - Evaluation of controlled release molluscicide formulations with improved environmental acceptance. JO - Chemosphere VL - 28 IS - 2 PY - 1994 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A mathematical model UNITRISK which can be used for screening purposes and risk ranking was set up to calculate relative risk values of single chemicals and mixtures of chemicals towards single or mixtures of organisms via contamination of air, water, soil and food dose. The concentration values are calculated by applying the fugacity concept or a dose must be defined. The dose-response is assumed to be linear versus concentration and degradative processes are not considered which is the worst case. The assumption that equilibria between the environmental phases exist is simplifying the model and is also representing the worst case. A mean risk factor is calculated which is 1 if the endpoint values (LC50, LD50, ADI, etc.) are exceeded for the investigated organisms and man. AU - Schramm, K.-W. C1 - 20589 C2 - 13799 SP - 2151-2171 TI - Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Equilibrium Fugacity Calculations and Worst Case Approach. JO - Chemosphere VL - 28 IS - 12 PY - 1994 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To prevent deleterious environmental effects of chemicals to be released into the market and thus into the environment, the (eco)-toxic potentials (hazard assessments) have to be evaluated by ecotoxicological standard tests. These mono-species standard tests include species from several trophic levels, such as bacteria, algae, herbivores, and carnivores. Due to insensitive and ecologically vague toxicity endpoints (e.g., death, immobilisation of Daphnia) and limitations of mono-species tests, this evaluation procedure, however, is not able to identify and assess potentially harmful effects of real environmental exposures; e.g., in the presence of geochemical matrices, long term exposure, low concentration exposure, exposure to super-lipophilic organic chemicals, or multiple chemical exposure. The solution may be the application of more ecologically oriented tests as well as ecological toxicity endpoints. The identification of adverse effects should include evaluation of a combination of both ecosystem structure and ecosystem functioning. To evaluate ecosystem structure and to assess its integrity, classical taxonomic procedures as well as new time and labor saving ataxonomic procedures, especially for microbial biocenoses, can be applied. Another approach to assess ecosystem integrity is the application of functional parameters, such as biomarkers. Biomarkers are molecular biological or biochemical responses of organisms or populations to any kind of stressors. One class of stressors may be persistent chemicals. These approaches to evaluation of xenobiotic effects will be illustrated by recent studies in accord with recent ecosystem theories. AU - Steinberg, C.E.W. AU - Geyer, H.J. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 33261 C2 - 38956 SP - 357-374 TI - Evaluation of xenobiotic effects by ecological techniques. JO - Chemosphere VL - 28 IS - 2 PY - 1994 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Earthworms, being a widely distributed important and useful component of the soil environment are suitable and representative organism to investigate the soil pollution by potentially harmful chemicals. A number of measurement endpoints ranging from molecular to population level have been used to investigate the effects of xenobiotics on earthworms. The parameters are examined in the light of their relative sensitivity and direct or indirect ecological relevance. Earthworms' potential for biotransformation of xenobiotics is discussed. AU - Viswanathan, R. C1 - 40022 C2 - 38054 SP - 413-420 TI - Earthworms and assessment of ecological impact of soil xenobiotics. JO - Chemosphere VL - 28 IS - 2 PY - 1994 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The fate of organic chemicals in the soil-plant-atmosphere environment and the governing processes were studied with a coupled dynamic soil transport and plant compartment model. Scenarios with applications of pesticides on sand and loam soils with chemical uptake in barley and wheat were used in the model calculations. Root uptake and concentrations in the plant compartments stem, leave and fruit were calculated for the pesticides terbuthylazine, isoproturon and carbofuran. The effectivity of uptake from soils with different soil sorption coefficients had been shown for sand and loam soils. The processes degradation in plant and volatilization from leaves to atmosphere are especially effective for carbofuran and terbuthylazine. Although the concentrations in corn at harvest are lower than the maximum allowed concentrations, the peak concentrations in the course of the vegetation period are significantly higher (factor ≤ 200). AU - Behrendt, H. AU - Brüggemann, R. C1 - 40303 C2 - 40077 SP - 2325-2332 TI - Modelling the fate of organic chemicals in the soil plant environment: Model study of root uptake of pesticides. JO - Chemosphere VL - 27 IS - 12 PY - 1993 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Ranking of chemicals according to their environmental hazard is an important step in any risk assessment. Instead of using a ranking index which aggregates different substance properties a graph theoretical (Hasse-diagrams) tool is presented in this paper, which preserves almost all features of the ranking index but shows also additional insights useful for priority setting. AU - Brüggemann, R. AU - Münzer, B. C1 - 40454 C2 - 40107 SP - 1729-1736 TI - A graph-theoretical tool for priority setting of chemicals. JO - Chemosphere VL - 27 IS - 9 PY - 1993 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A method is described, which allows a rapid classification of chemicals. Based on data sets, exposure and ecotoxic and toxic effects are evaluated to enable overall classification into the following groups: I) Chemicals probably hazardous for man or environment, II) Chemicals where data are not sufficient for classification, and III) Chemicals probably non hazardous. Chemicals considered to be of relevance only at the workplace are classified seperately (Group IV). AU - Greim, H.A. AU - Ahlers, J. AU - Bias, R. AU - Broecker, B. AU - Gamer, A.O. AU - Gelbke, H.P. AU - Haltrich, W.G. AU - Klimisch, H.J. AU - Mangelsdorf, I. AU - Schön, N. AU - Stropp, G.D. AU - Vogel, R.L. AU - Welter, G. AU - Bayer, E. C1 - 40379 C2 - 40098 SP - 1653-1666 TI - Priority setting for the evaluation of existing chemicals the approach of the German advisory committee on existing chemicals of environmental relevance (BUA). JO - Chemosphere VL - 26 IS - 9 PY - 1993 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The structural and functional properties of an experimental field station for the evaluation of the ecotoxic potential of xenobiotics in static freshwaters are introduced. Eight mesocosms of one cubic metre seize were installed in a natural pond representing a set of small, almost identical test biotopes. By regular measurements of the biotic and abiotic parameters the usefullness of this systems to determine toxic threshold limits under realistic conditions was documented. AU - Lay, J.P. AU - Peither, A. AU - Jüttner, I. AU - Weiß, K.H.* C1 - 40300 C2 - 40081 SP - 1137-1150 TI - In situ pond mesocosms for ecotoxicological long-term studies. JO - Chemosphere VL - 26 IS - 6 PY - 1993 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Photochemical degradation of the herbicide Carbetamide in different solvents has been investigated. The photoproducts were characterised by spectroscopic methods and also identified by comparison with synthetic samples. The pathway of formation of the photoproducts is described. AU - Méallier, P. AU - Mamouni, A. AU - Mansour, M. C1 - 20739 C2 - 13959 SP - 1917-1923 TI - Photodegration of Pesticides - VII Photodegration of Carbetamide - Photoproducts. JO - Chemosphere VL - 26 IS - 10 PY - 1993 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The uptake of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) from soil by carrots was studied in a laboratory system which allows to distinguish between uptake via the roots and via the leaves after evaporation. OCDD is taken up by both pathways; however, no translocation between roots and shoots occurred within 14 days. AU - Schroll, R.A. AU - Scheunert, I. C1 - 40338 C2 - 40083 SP - 1631-1640 TI - Uptake pathways of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin from soil by carrots. JO - Chemosphere VL - 26 IS - 9 PY - 1993 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The acidification chronology of Gr. Arbersee (Bavarian Forest, Germany) was studied by means of subrecent diatom, and chrysophyte as well as metal (Al, Cu, Cd, Mg, Ca) stratigraphies. pH was inferred by diatom assemblages so that the simultaneous effects of acid and accompanying metals on chrysophytes could be evaluated. The occurrence of seven dominant Mallomonadacean taxa was related to the environmental variables by applying Spearman rank correlation and factor analysis. During the post-glacial period of natural acidification, increases in organic carbon and declining pH favor Mallomonas crassisquama and disfavor M. heterospina and M. caudata. Potentially toxic metals (Al, Cu, Cd) and the two alkaline earth metals (Ca, Mg) impact the occurrence as well. Although acidity appears to be also the major driving force during the recent acidification period, the occurring Mallomonadacean species may be differentiated by their tolerance toward Al and heavy metals. AU - Steinberg, C.E.W. AU - Zahn, H. AU - Saumweber, S. AU - Kern, J.W. C1 - 40349 C2 - 40053 SP - 2271-2285 TI - Evaluating effects of multiple exposure by means of palaeolimnological techniques. JO - Chemosphere VL - 27 IS - 11 PY - 1993 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The bioaccumulation, elimination and degradation of 14C-labelled diflubenzuron (DFB) and of 1-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)urea (CCU) was studied in a laboratory algae culture system of scenedesmus subspicatus. Algae were exposed at an initial concentration of 200 μg/l for seven days. Neither substance had an inhibitory effect on the growth of algae. The half life of DFB and CCU was 3 and 1 days, respectively, as measured by HPLC. The distribution of 14C between medium and algae was measured. In the case of DFB radioactivity in algae increased steadily and levelled off at approximately 60% after 5 days. Due to algae growth BCF values decreased from 4310 to 889 for DFB and from 6719 to 304 for CCU during the exposure period. The relationship between algae density and bioconcentration could be correlated by an adsorption isotherm. Elimination of both compounds was rapid during the first hours. AU - Tan, Y.-Y. AU - Thumm, W. AU - Jobelius-Korte, M. AU - Attar, A. AU - Freitag, D. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 20150 C2 - 13327 SP - 955-962 TI - Fate of two Phenylbenzoylurea Insecticides in an Algae Culture System (Scenedesmus Subspicatus). JO - Chemosphere VL - 26 IS - 5 PY - 1993 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - For an ecological assessment of the introduction and fate of organic chelating agents in the aquatic environment, the previously (part I of the article [1]) reported studies on the adsorption of 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) onto clay minerals were completed with the investigation of the adsorption onto sewage sludges and sediments. The earlier stated results: “high adsorption strength of HEDP, low adsorption of NTA”, were now confirmed again. The FREUNDLICH-adsorption constants “k” for HEDP were typically found in the range between one and two thousand (adsorption onto sediments), whereas the “k”-values of the NTA adsorption onto sediments did not exceed 35. AU - Fischer, K. C1 - 19265 C2 - 12337 SP - 51-62 TI - Sorption of Chelating Agents (HEDP and NTA) Onto Mineral Phases and Sediments in Aquatic Model Systems. Part II: Sorption Onto Sediments and Sewage Sludges. JO - Chemosphere VL - 24 IS - 1 PY - 1992 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The most convincing argument against the hypothesis that persistent superlipophilic chemicals with log KOW >6, such as OCDD are bioconcentrated - if at all - to a low extent is that in all these bioconcentration experiments, except of 2,3,7,8-TCDD, exposure concentrations have been applied which exceeded water solubility by several orders of magnitude. In this paper, a indirect method for the estimation of bioconcentration factor (BCF) of OCDD is presented: The BCF value on a lipid basis (BCFL) of 8.5*107 in fish was obtained from an extrapolation fo a linear log/log relationship for kinetically measured BCFL data in fish and the OCDD concentration in the water up to water solubility of this chemical. AU - Geyer, H.J. AU - Muir, D.C.G.* AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Steinberg, C.E.W. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 40611 C2 - 13023 SP - 1257-1264 TI - Bioconcentration of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) in fish. JO - Chemosphere VL - 25 IS - 7-10 PY - 1992 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Four azo dyes were investigated under photocatalytic conditions using aqueous titanium dioxide suspensions and wavelengths (λ) > 290 nm. The degradation approximately followed first order kinetics. To elucidate the reaction mechanisms, several products were determined by GC-MS. AU - Hustert, K. AU - Zepp, R.G. C1 - 19404 C2 - 12493 SP - 335-342 TI - Photocatalytic Degradation of Selected Azo Dyes. JO - Chemosphere VL - 24 IS - 3 PY - 1992 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Two herbicides pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-2,6-dinitro-3,4-xylidine] and alachlor (2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-methoxymethylacetanilide) were investigated under photolysis using aqueous titanium dioxide suspensions and wave lengths 290 nm. The degradation approximately followed first order kinetics. Several products were isolated and the structure determined by GC-MS and NMR. The photodecomposition of pendimethalin in the presence of TiO2 involves N-dealkylation and nitro group elimination and in the case of alachlor oxidation on both side chain and aromatic ring takes place. AU - Moza, P.N. AU - Hustert, K. AU - Pal, S.K. AU - Sukul, P. C1 - 40605 C2 - 38762 SP - 1675-1682 TI - Photocatalytic decomposition of pendimethalin and alachlor. JO - Chemosphere VL - 25 IS - 11 PY - 1992 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) alters the homeostasis of numerous hormones among them that of corticosterone and insulin. Hormonal status in turn affects toxicity of TCDD as shown by rapid exitus in response to nontoxic doses of insulin and a shifting of the dose response curve to the left in adrenalectomized rats. These two hormones are key regulators of PEPCK (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase), which is the rate determining enzyme of gluconeogenesis. PEPCK end hence gluconeogenesis is dose-dependently inhibited by TCDD and its penta-, hexa- and hepta-chloro homologues as well as their mixture revealing an essentially perfect structure/activity relationship and strict additivity in their inhibitory effect. This structure/activity relationship shows a highly significant correlation with the structure/activity relationship of acute toxicity suggesting that inhibition of PEPCK is the key lesion in the toxicity of dioxins and of all other compounds acting by this mechanism. Inhibition of PEPCK is a very early effect beginning 4 to 8 hrs after an oral dose of TCDD and it is at maximum by 16 hrs after dosing. Amount of PEPCK-protein (Western blot) and PEPCK-mRNA (Northern blot) reflect the decreased activity of PEPCK suggesting that TCDD reduces the transcription of the PEPCK gene. Hormonal changes (insulin and corticosterone) are not apparent until 4 to 8 days after dosing indicating that they are secondary to an earlier lesion and as such they represent a response of the organism to the primary insult. Moreover, hormonal changes (decreased insulin and increased corticosterone) are consistent with maximum stimulation of PEPCK (as in the case in pair-fed controls) and yet PEPCK is dose-dependently inhibited. Therefore, we suggest that the mechanism of action of dioxins consists of an interaction with the PEPCK gene which renders the insulin- and glucocorticoid-responsive regions nonresponsive to endogenous stimuli. AU - Rozman, K.K. AU - Lebofsky, M. AU - Stahl, B.U. AU - Weber, L.W.D. C1 - 19305 C2 - 12383 SP - 79-82 TI - The Role of Insulin and Corticosterone in the Toxicity of Dioxins. JO - Chemosphere VL - 25 IS - 1-2 PY - 1992 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Atmospheric PCDD/F burden was determined by monitoring human hair. Unwashed hair shows significant higher concentrations of PCDD/F than washed hair samples. Washing reduces the accumulated concentration by a factor of two for the octachlorinated congeners up to 100 fold for the hexachlorinated congeners. The related theory to these results is outlined and in good agreement with the presented measurements. This method promises to be a new simple one for PCDD/F exposure estimation to ambient air. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Kuettner, T. AU - Weber, S. AU - Lützke, K. C1 - 20341 C2 - 13532 SP - 351-358 TI - Dioxin Hair Analysis as Monitoring Pool. JO - Chemosphere VL - 24 IS - 3 PY - 1992 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In a laboratory system, root uptake and foliar uptake of hexachlorobenzene-14C (HCB) by various plant species were studied separately. HCB is taken up by both pathways; however, no translocation occurs. Uptake is highest for carrots and lowest for some monocotyledoneae. AU - Schroll, R. AU - Scheunert, I. C1 - 19322 C2 - 12400 SP - 97-108 TI - A laboratory system to determine separately the uptake of organic chemicals from soil by plant roots and by leaves after vaporization. JO - Chemosphere VL - 24 IS - 1 PY - 1992 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - EC50 values of different nitroparaffins were determined by a photobacterium phosphoreum toxicity test. Octanol/water partition coefficients were determined by a reversed phase HPLC method. From these experimental data quantitative structure activity relationships were deduced which point to a dependence of toxicity on a 'form factor' that includes the number of methyl and methylene groups in a molecule. The hypothesis will be formulated that the specific effects depend on the number of methylgroups and an equation for specific effects is given AU - Thumm, W. AU - Brüggemann, R. AU - Freitag, D. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 40540 C2 - 12948 SP - 1835-1843 TI - Toxicity tests with luminescent photobacteria and quantitative structure activity relationships for nitroparaffins. JO - Chemosphere VL - 24 IS - 12 PY - 1992 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As part of the research project 'Information system for environmental chemicals' we tested 265 databases with the help of a testset of 68 environmentally relevant chemicals. The different groups of chemicals in the testset and their number of hits in our Databank of Databases on Environmental Chemicals (DADB) are shown. On top of the general difficulties in searching for information on chemicals there are considerable differences in using either bibliographic or numeric databases. The differences searching by chemical name or by CAS-Number are illustrated and discussed. AU - Voigt, K. AU - Pepping, T. AU - Kotchetova, E. AU - Mücke, W. C1 - 19884 C2 - 13038 SP - 857-866 TI - Testing of Online Databases in the Information System for Environmental Chemicals with a Testset of 68 Chemicals. JO - Chemosphere VL - 24 IS - 7 PY - 1992 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The mechanism of CDD-induced appetite suppression was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) served as the model compound; additional experiments were performed using higher chlorinated CDDs (penta-, hexa-, hepta-, and a mixture) with substituents in the biologically crucial 2-, 3-, 7-, and 8-positions. All homologues, plus their equipotent mixture, led to an increase of plasma and brain tryptophan (TRP) levels and concomitantly serotonin (5-HT) turnover, in the very same dose range where acute toxicity occurred. The reason for elevated TRP levels was an inhibition of the activity of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TdO) in the livers of treated animals. A direct effect of TCDD on the central nervous system (CNS) was ruled out. Depletion of CNS 5-HT stores by administration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-dHT) did not influence the TCDD-induced appetite suppression, and thus it was concluded that 5-HT causes aphagia by a peripheral mechanism. Based on the similarity of symptoms caused by CDDs on the one hand, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) on the other hand, a mechanism of action is proposed where CDDs render the organism non-responsive to glucocorticoid receptor-mediated stimuli, locking the activities of several key enzymes of intermediary metabolism to low levels which do not allow the organism to respond appropriately to appetite suppression and hypoglycemia. AU - Weber, L.W.D. AU - Stahl, B.U. AU - Rozman, K.K. C1 - 19193 C2 - 12258 SP - 161-164 TI - Are Serotonergic Mechanisms Involved in the Acute Toxicity of Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins ( CDDs)?. JO - Chemosphere VL - 25 IS - 1-2 PY - 1992 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A rotifer mono-species-test is proposed for the assessment of sub-lethal effects to this freshwater organism group. The qualification of the test method was examined in practice. The test species selected were Brachionus angularis and B. rubens; lindane served as a model chemical. A semi-automatic counter for the frequent quantification of high population densities was constructed. As indicator for sub-acute toxic effects of lindane the deviations in the population development to untreated controls were investigated. For both test species NOECs were established after 28 days lindane treatment. AU - Weiß, K.H. AU - Lay, J.P. AU - Goeppel, A. AU - Lang, R. C1 - 40489 C2 - 12953 SP - 517-524 TI - The rotifer toxicity test. A new method for the assessment of long-term effects of xenobiotics. JO - Chemosphere VL - 25 IS - 4 PY - 1992 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The application of organic fertilizers is a major anthropogenic input into an agricultural ecosystem. A possible effect on the transport to groundwater of a herbicide such as atrazine must be considered. Soil column experiments with the fitting of the breakthrough curves to a convection-dispersion transport model showed that the relative time of fertilizer application was important. When the fertilizer was applied before the herbicide, the resulting organic residue on the surface sorbed at least part of the atrazine and had slow release properties. The dispersion coefficient was significantly increased and the amount of atrazine in leachate significantly decreased. The application of fertilizer after the herbicide had no significant long-term effect but did significantly slow the initial leaching rate of the atrazine, suggesting that the interaction between the herbicide and the soil was temporarily enhanced by fresh material leaching out of the fertilizer. A mechanism to explain this 'negative' co-transport is proposed. AU - Zsolnay, A. C1 - 19527 C2 - 12625 SP - 663-669 TI - Effect of an Organic Fertilizer on the Transport of the Herbicide Atrazine in Soil. JO - Chemosphere VL - 24 IS - 5 PY - 1992 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The light induced degradation of nitromethane, nitroethane, 1-nitropropane and 2-nitropropane in the gas phase (Fujiki-Test) and adsorbed on silica gel (GSF-Test) was studied. It was found that light induced degradation in the gas phase is significantly faster. 14C-labelled compounds were used in the case of reaction on silica gel. A new method for microsynthesis of the nitroalkanes is described. AU - Behechti, A. AU - Attar, A. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 40761 C2 - 38680 SP - 77-82 TI - Determination of the photodegradability of nitroaklanes by means of the Fujiki- and GSF-tests. JO - Chemosphere VL - 23 IS - 1 PY - 1991 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A laboratory model system for the direct determination of the volatilization of pesticides from soil and plant surfaces has been developed. Experiments have been carried out with lindane and atrazine as test substances, a light ″sandy soil″ and a ″peat soil″ as test soils, oats (Avena sativa L.), bean (Phaseolus aureus L,), and turnip (Brassica rapa L.) as test plants, and varying temperatures and soil moisture contents. The half-lives were strongly dependent on soil type, soil humidity, and soil temperature, or plant species and leaf temperature, resp. AU - Dörfler, U. AU - Adler-Köhler, R. AU - Schneider, P.M. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 40827 C2 - 12306 SP - 485-496 TI - A laboratory model system for determining the volatility of pesticides from soil and plant surfaces. JO - Chemosphere VL - 23 IS - 4 PY - 1991 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The fate of organic chelating agents in the aquatic environment may be mostly determined by reactions, which regulate the distribution of chemicals between the solid and liquid phase. Especially adsorption/desorption processes are important for the adjustment of the distribution equilibrium. To assess the influence of such processes on the environmental fate of the phosphate substituting chelates 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), adsorption studies were carried out in aquatic model systems, containing different adsorbents like clay minerals, sediments and sewage sludges. AU - Fischer, K. C1 - 40724 C2 - 40180 SP - 15-27 TI - Sorption of chelating agents (HEDP and NTA) onto mineral phases and sediments in aquatic model systems. Part I: Sorption onto clay minerals. JO - Chemosphere VL - 22 IS - 1-2 PY - 1991 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A statistical method, the bootstrap is used to test the reliability of QSAR models. Seven property-property relationships (PPRs) for the estimation of the aqueous solubility from the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (and the melting point) were used as an example. The testing data set includes over 350 substances. The result of the bootstrap analysis is straightforward: One PPR turned out to be more reliable than all the others. AU - Halfon, E.* AU - Altschuh, J. AU - Brüggemann, R. AU - Karcher, W.* C1 - 40793 C2 - 12446 SP - 953-957 TI - Estimations of aqueous solubility from N-octanol/water partition coefficients analyzed by the bootstrap method. JO - Chemosphere VL - 22 IS - 9-10 PY - 1991 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The influence of operating parameters and different fuel types on PCDD/F emissions was studied in a fluidized bed incinerator. Under conditions of incomplete combustion, CO concentration in the flue gas was positively, and O2 concentration was negatively correlated with total PCDD/F emissions. Low O2, high CO, and high C concentrations in the flue gas shifted the distribution pattern of PCDD/F to lower chlorinated homologues. Under normal operating conditions, high fluidized bed temperatures, low freeboard temperatures, and high O2 values increased PCDD/F levels. PCDD/F emissions did not depend on the HCl concentration in the flue gas. The investigated fuel types varied in their chlorine content which, in some experiments, was increased by adding NaCl or polyvinylchloride (PVC). Only the addition of 3% PVC to polyethylene resulted in an increase in PCDD/F concentrations. Apart from this single experiment, no effect of fuel type on PCDD/F emissions was observed. High water contents of refuse derived fuel did not affect total PCDD/F concentrations, but reduced the furans to dioxins ratio and led to a shift to lower chlorinated homologues. AU - Lenoir, D. AU - Kaune, A. AU - Hutzinger, O. AU - Mützenich, G. AU - Horch, K. C1 - 19693 C2 - 12823 SP - 1491-1500 TI - Influence of Operating Parameters and Fuel Type on PCDD/F Emissions from a Fluizidized Bed Incinerator. JO - Chemosphere VL - 23 IS - 8-10 PY - 1991 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The photolytic behavior of halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in the organic solvents methanol and n-hexane was investigated and the corresponding quantum-yields and first order decay rates are reported. The photolysis constants in n-hexane increase with increasing number of bromine atoms in the dibenzo-p-dioxin or dibenzofuran skeleton, e.g. from 4.5×10−4 s−1 for the monobrominated to 7.7×10−3 s−1 for the octabrominated dioxin, and from 4.0×10−3 s−1 for the dibrominated to 8.3×10−2 s−1 for the heptabrominated furan. Photolysis in methanol is nearly six times slower than in n-hexane. The bromine compounds react an order of magnitude faster than the chlorine analogues. The results were used to extrapolate the photochemical fate to lipohilic environmental surfaces. AU - Lenoir, D. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Hutzinger, O. AU - Schedel, G. C1 - 19954 C2 - 13122 SP - 821-834 TI - Photochemical Degradation of Brominated Dibeno-p-dioxins and -Furans in Organic Solvents. JO - Chemosphere VL - 22 IS - 9-10 PY - 1991 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The photolytic behavior of halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in the organic solvents methanol and n-hexane was investigated and the corresponding quantum-yields and first order decay rates are reported. The photolysis constants in n-hexane increase with increasing number of bromine atoms in the dibenzo-p-dioxin or dibenzofuran skeleton, e.g. from 4.5x10-4 s-1 for the monobrominated to 7.7x10-3 s-1 for the octabrominated dioxin, and from 4.0x10-3 s-1 for the dibrominated to 8.3x10-2 s-1 for the heptabrominated furan. Photolysis in methanol is nearly six times slower than in n-hexane. The bromine compounds react an order of magnitude faster than the chlorine analogues. The results were used to extrapolate the photochemical fate to lipohilic environmental surfaces. AU - Lenoir, D. AU - Schramm, K.-W. AU - Hutzinger, O. AU - Schedel, G. C1 - 40706 C2 - 40208 SP - 821-834 TI - Photochemical degradation of brominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans in organic solvents. JO - Chemosphere VL - 22 IS - 9-10 PY - 1991 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The excitation of nitrate ions in the presence of monochlorophenol leads mainly to the formation of chlorodihydroxybenzenes. The hydroxylation occurs in ortho or para position with respect to hydroxy function. The reaction is attributed to an electrophilic reaction of hydroxyl radicals formed in the photolysis of nitrate ions. No chloronitrophenol was detected whereas, in the same conditions, nitrophenols can be formed from phenol. This phenomenon is related to the electron-attractive character of chlorine which unfavours the reactions with nitrogen oxides. A minor formation of hydroquinone from 2-chloro- and 3-chlorophenol is attributed to the phototransformation of chlorohydroquinone formed in the first stage of the reaction. AU - Schedel, G. AU - Lenoir, D. AU - Boule, P. C1 - 19609 C2 - 12718 SP - 1063-1069 TI - Phototransformation of Monochlorophenols Induced by Excitation of Nitrate Ions. JO - Chemosphere VL - 22 IS - 11 PY - 1991 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Scheunert, I. C1 - 19035 C2 - 12077 SP - 381-384 TI - Fate and Degradation of Organochlorine Compounds in Terrestrial Ecosystems. JO - Chemosphere PY - 1991 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Root concentration factors (RCF) and total uptake have been determined in bean plants for twelve N-methyl-arylcarbamates. The RCF values of the substances correlate with the hydrophobic properties (log Kow). A dynamic simulation model is deduced step by step for the simulation of uptake and translocation. AU - Trapp, S.A.J. AU - Pussemier, L. C1 - 40713 C2 - 40174 SP - 327-339 TI - Model calculations and measurements of uptake and translocation of carbamates by bean plants. JO - Chemosphere VL - 22 IS - 3-4 PY - 1991 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exerts its acute toxicity by inducing a gradually increasing voluntary feed refusal. However, this seems not to be caused by a direct effect on the central nervous system, as far higher concentrations of TCDD were found in the brain after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) than after lethal intravenous (i.v.) injections, but were not accompanied by a wasting syndrome. TCDD causes inhibition of several key enzymes of gluconeogenesis, with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) responding earliest and strongest to the insult. Responses of pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) are less pronounced and begin at later time points. Blood and brain levels of tryptophan increase following TCDD treatment with a lag period of about three days, shortly after the decrease of PEPCK activity becomes apparent. Since thi samino acid is the precursor of the appetite suppressant neurotransmitter serotonin, and since it is normally degraded via gluconeogenesis, a series of events can be suggested to explain the TCDD-induced wasting syndrome. By an as yet unrevealed mechanism TCDD decreases the activity of PEPCK to about 40 percent of normal, leading to a back-up of gluconeogenic substrates, among them tryptophan, which in turn can further inhibit PEPCK activity in vivo. This causes an increase in serotonin turnover in brain and possibly in other tissues. Increased serotonergic activity in turn is likely to play an important role in the increasing feed refusal of TCDD-treated rats which eventually leads to death. AU - Weber, L.W.D. AU - Stahl, B.U. AU - Lebofsky, M. AU - Alper, R.H. AU - Kerecsen, L. AU - Rozman, K.K. C1 - 19108 C2 - 12164 SP - 1957-1962 TI - Inhibition of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Activity Appears to be the Key Biochemical Lesion in the Acute Toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tretrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in Rats. JO - Chemosphere VL - 23 IS - 11-12 PY - 1991 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exerts its acute toxicity by inducing a gradually increasing voluntary feed refusal. However, this seems not to be caused by a direct effect on the central nervous system, as far higher concentrations of TCDD were found in the brain after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) than after lethal intravenous (i.v.) injections, but were not accompanied by a wasting syndrome. TCDD causes inhibition of several key enzymes of gluconeogenesis, with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) responding earliest and strongest to the insult. Responses of pyruvate carboxylase (PC) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) are less pronounced and begin at later time points. Blood and brain levels of tryptophan increase following TCDD treatment with a lag period of about three days, shortly after the decrease of PEPCK activity becomes apparent. Since thi samino acid is the precursor of the appetite suppressant neurotransmitter serotonin, and since it is normally degraded via gluconeogenesis, a series of events can be suggested to explain the TCDD-induced wasting syndrome. By an as yet unrevealed mechanism TCDD decreases the activity of PEPCK to about 40 percent of normal, leading to a back-up of gluconeogenic substrates, among them tryptophan, which in turn can further inhibit PEPCK activity in vivo. This causes an increase in serotonin turnover in brain and possibly in other tissues. Increased serotonergic activity in turn is likely to play an important role in the increasing feed refusal of TCDD-treated rats which eventually leads to death. AU - Weber, L.W.D. AU - Stahl, B.U. AU - Lebofsky, M.* AU - Alper, R.H.* AU - Kerecsen, L.* AU - Rozman, K.K. C1 - 33976 C2 - 40217 SP - 1957-1962 TI - Inhibition of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity appears to be the key biochemical lesion in the acute toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats. JO - Chemosphere VL - 23 IS - 11-12 PY - 1991 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Brominated aromatic compounds like brominated benzenes, diphenylethers and dibenzodioxins adsorbed on the surface of fly ash from a municipal waste incininerator give mixed brominated/chlorinated und completely chlorinated aromatic compounds. These consecutive halogenation-dehalogenation reactions proceed by a nucleophilic mechanism, which is favoured by a high concentration of chloride on the fly ash. Results of kinetic and stereoselective behavior of these reactions will be discussed. The relevance of these results for PCDD/PCDF formation from bromine precursors in municipal waste incinerators will be discussed. AU - Zier, B. AU - Lenoir, D. AU - Lahaniatis, E.S. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 40722 C2 - 40178 SP - 1121-1129 TI - Surface catalyzed halogenation-dehalogenation reactions of aromatic bromine compounds adsorbed on fly ash. JO - Chemosphere VL - 22 IS - 12 PY - 1991 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The use of small (10cm x 4cm ID) columns was tested to determine the effect of micro soil structure on the transport of atrazine triazine. In the case of a sandy soil, there was no evidence that micro structure played a significant role. The breakthrough curves could be well fitted with a convection-dispersion transport model with linear equilibrium adsorption, and the transport rate was also similar to that calculated with static (batch run) partition coefficients (k(d)). In the case of an agriculturally modified muck soil, very low transport rates were predicted when static k(d) values were used. Similar results were obtained from columns of homogenized soil. By contrast, when micro structure was present, small but significant amounts of triazine leached through the columns. The transport model could not be fitted. Small columns can be used to check the suitability of decisions based on static k(d) values and can serve as a link in the scaling of transport models from laboratory to field conditions. Since they are compact and inexpensive, they are also suitable for geovariability studies. AU - Zsolnay, A. C1 - 40807 C2 - 38723 SP - 107-115 TI - The use of small columns to estimate the effect of soil structure on transport. JO - Chemosphere VL - 23 IS - 1 PY - 1991 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Behechti, A. AU - Attar, A. AU - Kettrup, A. C1 - 18524 C2 - 11679 TI - Photodegradation of Nitroalkanes-Comparison Between Degradation in the Gasphase and Adsorpted on Silica Gel. JO - Chemosphere PY - 1990 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Adsorption and desorption experiments on 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) using three samples of soil or sediment showed that the compound adsorbed very fast and then remained quite stable bound to the soil. The reaction partner is most probably the organic part of the soil. Reactions between the amino group of DCA and oxygen or carbon of oxygen-containing groups lead to strongly bound and stable products. AU - Beyerle-Pfnür, R. AU - Lay, J.P. C1 - 42030 C2 - 40141 SP - 1087-1094 TI - Adsorption and desorption of 3,4-dichloroaniline on soil. JO - Chemosphere VL - 21 IS - 9 PY - 1990 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Accumulation, depletion and metabolism of 14C-labeled diazinon (100 mg/L) an organo phosphoric insecticide and acaricide was studied in a perch. Bioaccumulation factors of diazinon were found to be low. Depletion of diazinon and/or its metabolites in fresh water was fast. The substance was readily metabolized mainly by cleavage of the phosphoric acid moiety of the molecule. Highest concentrations of diazinon and/or its metabolites were found in the vertebral cord, lowest concentrations in the muscle. 14C-radiolabeled compound was synthesized in our institute. The synthesis is described. AU - Ezz-El-Arab, A.* AU - Attar, A. AU - Ballhorn, L. AU - Freitag, D. AU - Korte, F.* C1 - 41196 C2 - 36483 SP - 193-199 TI - Behavior of diazinon in a perch species. JO - Chemosphere VL - 21 IS - 1-2 PY - 1990 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The fate of organic chelating agents in the aquatic environment may be mostly determined by reactions, which regulate the distribution of chemicals between the solid and liquid phase. Especially adsorption/desorption processes are important for the adjustment of the distribution equilibrium. To assess the influence of such processes on the environmental fate of the phosphate substituting chelates 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), adsorption studies were carried out in aquatic model systems, containing different adsorbents like clay minerals, sediments and sewage sludges. AU - Fischer, K. C1 - 18531 C2 - 11686 SP - 15-27 TI - Sorption of Chelating Agents (HEDP and NTA) Onto Mineral Phases and Sediments in Aquatic Model Systems. Part I: Sorption at Clay Minerals. JO - Chemosphere VL - 22 IS - 1-2 PY - 1990 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Freitag, D. AU - Ballhorn, L. AU - Korte, S. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 18358 C2 - 11549 SP - 253–259 TI - Bioaccumulation and degredation of some nitroalkanes. JO - Chemosphere VL - 28 IS - 2 PY - 1990 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Additional exposure of the population in the vicinity of a modern municipal incineration plant amounts to less than 1 % of the estimated daily background intake of TCDD-Equivalents. Air concentration of inorganic materials and metals are similar or lower than those found in rural areas and are without risk to human health. AU - Greim, H. C1 - 18630 C2 - 11187 SP - 317-331 TI - Toxicological evaluation of emissions from modern municipal waste incinerators. JO - Chemosphere VL - 20 IS - 3-4 PY - 1990 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The International Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I-TEF) method of risk assessment is an updated interim procedure for estimating the risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs). The I-TEF approach facilitates risk communication internationally by reducing large volumes of analytical data into a single number-International Toxicity Equivalents (I-TEQ). The I-TEF method has been officially adopted in Canada, the Netherlands, the Nordic countries, the United Kingdom, and the United States. As a result, the I-TEF method represents an improvement in an already useful risk assessment/regulatory tool. AU - Kutz, F.W.* AU - Barnes, D.G.* AU - Bottimore, D.P.* AU - Greim, H.A. AU - Bretthauer, E.W.* C1 - 41194 C2 - 36484 SP - 751-757 TI - The International Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I-TEF) method of risk assessment for complex mixtures of dioxins and related compounds. JO - Chemosphere VL - 20 IS - 7-9 PY - 1990 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Méallier, P. AU - Mamouni, A. AU - Mansour, M. C1 - 17768 C2 - 10677 SP - 267-273 TI - Photodegradation des Molecules Phytosanitaires. VII - Photodegradation du Carbetamide Seul et en Presence d'adjuvants de Formulation. JO - Chemosphere VL - 20 IS - 1-2 PY - 1990 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Acetophenon is a solvent which is very often used in the formulation of pesticides. When we study the photodegradation of Carbetamide in presence of Acetophenone we get an enhancement of the kinetic and the formation of a new compound. This new compound becomes from a Fries rearrangement and is the result of a triplet transfer between Acetophenon and Carbetamide. AU - Méallier, P. AU - Mamouni, A. AU - Mansour, M. C1 - 18761 C2 - 11874 SP - 913-917 TI - Influence de l'acetophenone sur la photostabilite des formulations: cas du carbetamide formule. JO - Chemosphere VL - 21 IS - 7 PY - 1990 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In a dated (137Cs, forest fire in the year 1800, industrial development) sediment core of the Huzenbachersee (northern Black Forest, Fed. Rep. of Germany) the chemical speciation of several metals (base cations: Mg, Ca; Al; heavy metals: Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Zn, and Cd) was evaluated applying sequential chemical extraction. In the sediment core, two distinct periods (2nd half of both 19th and 20th century) of increased amounts of Pb, Zn, Cd, and Fe can be found, indicating phases of industrialization. Elevated contents particuliarly of Cr in lower sediment layers are thought to be caused by local glass factories. In the uppermost sediment layers the bonding strength of several metals shows decreasing tendency (increasing for exchangeable and easily reducible fractions). As a result, secondary contamination of the water column can occur through sediment release especially with Zn and Cd. AU - Steinberg, C.E.W. AU - Högel, H. C1 - 19938 C2 - 13100 SP - 201-213 TI - Forms of Metals in a Sediment Core of a Severely Acidified Northern Black Forest Lake. JO - Chemosphere VL - 21 IS - 1-2 PY - 1990 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A variety of long-chain alkylamines (NR1R2R3, where Rn=H, CH3, C14H29, C16H33 OR C18H37) have been photooxidized in pure water and seawater (λ>290 nm). Half-lives of these amines in the two aqueous systems ranged from 25-95 min and 175-300 min, respectively, depending on the number and molecular weight of alkyl substituents AU - Valls, M. AU - Bayona, J.M. AU - Albaigés, J. AU - Mansour, M. C1 - 18612 C2 - 11748 SP - 599-607 TI - Fate of Cationic Dfactants in the Marine Environment. II: Photooxidation of Long-Chain Alkylamines in Aqueous Media. JO - Chemosphere VL - 20 IS - 6 PY - 1990 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As part of the research project “information system for environmental chemicals” a factual databank on a testset of 68 chemicals was developed. The set-up of the databank is described and the analysis of the results is shown for benzo(k)fluoranthene using a graphical boxplot illustration. AU - Voigt, K. AU - Benz, J. AU - Mücke, W. C1 - 19363 C2 - 12447 SP - 1429-1434 TI - Registering and Analysing Data on Detection of Chemicals in the Environment. JO - Chemosphere VL - 21 IS - 12 PY - 1990 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - 4-Chloroaniline reacted with catechol to form 4,5-bis(4-chlorophenylamino)3,5-cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione. The reaction was catalyzed mainly by tyrosinase or pyrolusit. AU - Adrian, P. AU - Lahaniatis, E.S. AU - Andreux, F. AU - Mansour, M. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 17540 C2 - 10467 SP - 1599-1609 TI - Reaction of the Soil Pollutant 4-Chloroaniline with the Humic Acid Monomer Catechol. JO - Chemosphere VL - 18 IS - 7-8 PY - 1989 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bunzl, K. AU - Schimmack, W. C1 - 17896 C2 - 10906 SP - 2109-2120 TI - Associations Between the Fluctuations of the Distribution Coefficients of Cs, Zn, Sr, Co, Cd, Ce, Ru, Tc and I in the Upper Two Horizons of a Podzol Forest Soil. JO - Chemosphere VL - 18 PY - 1989 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol-14C was applied to soil (2 mg/kg fresh weight) in a closed aerated laboratory soil-plant system containing barley, carrot, cress, maize or beans, respectively. During 7 or 21 (for the carrots experiments) days, respectively, volatilization and mineralization, uptake by plants via roots and via leaves, and conversion to soil-bound and plant-bound residues were determined. Mineralization to 14CO2 within 7 days varied between 17 and 25%. More than four fifths of the radioactivity left in soil after 7 days was due to unextractable residues. Uptake of 14C into plants mostly was foliar uptake of 14CO2 from the air; bioaccumulation factors of root uptake were below 1 except for barley with a bioaccumulation factor of 2.5. Considerable portions of the radioactivity found in plants were due to unextractable residues. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Bin, C. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 17894 C2 - 9778 SP - 1715-1720 TI - Fate of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol-14C in a Laboratory Soil-Plant System. JO - Chemosphere VL - 19 PY - 1989 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schmitzer, J. AU - Bin, C. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 17825 C2 - 9743 SP - 2383-2388 TI - Residues and Metabolism of 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol-14C in Soil. JO - Chemosphere VL - 18 PY - 1989 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To study the correlation between the degradation rate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), a commercially marketed detergent, and the initial bacterial population size in lake water (Dong Hu, Wuhan, P.R. China), 1.5 mg·1-1 LAS was added to lake water samples collected from various locations of Dong Hu with different concentrations of LAS and different microbial levels. The exposure time was 72 hours and samples were taken at time zero, then at 12, 24, 36, 48 und 72 hr. Each sample was submitted to the MBAS (methylene blue active substances) analytical procedure for the determination of remaining anionic substances. Microbial density was estimated by dilution plate method for each test medium at time zero and 72 hr. The results indicate that the LAS degradation rate was affected by the size of microbial population of the test medium. AU - Yediler, A. AU - Zhang, Y.-Y. AU - Cai, J.P. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 17543 C2 - 10470 SP - 1589-1597 TI - Effect of the Microbial Population Size on the Degradation of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate in Lake Water (Dong Hu = East Lake, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China). JO - Chemosphere VL - 18 PY - 1989 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The persistence of pentachlorophenol-14C and of HgCl2 in soil, their damage to the microorganisms and the reversibility of the damage depend on soil type and on the concentrations of chemicals. In soils of lower organic matter content, residue losses of both chemicals are higher, the damage to soil microflora is also higher, and the reversibility of the damage is lower than in soil with high organic matter content. AU - Zelles, L. AU - El-Kabbany, S. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Korte, F.* C1 - 41163 C2 - 10927 SP - 1721-1727 TI - Effects of pentachlorophenol-14C and HgCl2 on the microflora of various soils in comparison to biodegradation and volatilization. JO - Chemosphere VL - 19 IS - 10-11 PY - 1989 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Adrian, P. AU - Viswanathan, R. AU - Freitag, D. AU - Andreux, F. AU - Scheunert, I. C1 - 17205 C2 - 10248 TI - Fate of Anilines and related Compoundsin the Environment. JO - Chemosphere PY - 1988 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A simple method for the extraction and determination of adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) in soil is described. ATP was extracted by stirring with dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), followed by adding 0.01 M trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) buffer solution for a further dispersion. The ATP content was quantitatively measured by luciferin-luciferase system employing a standard addition technique. The method was most efficient in comparison with 7 other extraction procedures. The recoveries of ATP in spiked soil were found to be approximately 100 %. ATP contents in 16 selected soils were in ranges of 0.76±0.05 - 7.79±0.83 μg/g (dry weight). A significant correlation between ATP amounts and biomasses in these soils was also observed. AU - Bai, Q.* AU - Zelles, L. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 34005 C2 - 36200 SP - 2461-2470 TI - A simple effective procedure for the determination of adenosine triphosphate in soils. JO - Chemosphere VL - 17 IS - 12 PY - 1988 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In einer Versuchsanlage im Labormaßstab zur Kompostierung von standardisierten Hausmüll wurden Translokation, Umwandlung und Abbau von 14C-markierten 2,4-Dichlorphenol, 2,4,6-Trichlorphenol und Pentachlorphenol untersucht. Als Hauptabbauprodukte wurden die entsprechenden Anisole gefunden. Die Bilanzierung zeigt, daß das hoch chlorierte Pentachlorphenol mit der höchsten Konzentration im Kompost verbleibt. AU - Behechti, A. AU - Ballhorn, L. AU - Freitag, D. C1 - 41170 C2 - 36189 SP - 2433-2440 TI - Verhalten von 2,4-Dichlophenol, 2,4,6-Trichlorphenol und Pentachlorphenol bei der Kompostierung in einer standardiserten Laboranlage. JO - Chemosphere VL - 17 IS - 12 PY - 1988 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Emission and fate of the solvents trichloroethene (abbr. TRI) and tetrachloroethene (abbr. PER) in the Northern Bavarian river Main are investigated. Under assumption of proportionality between annual consumption and average release rate the percentage emitted into the river is estimated for TRI (0.1 - 0.2 %) and PER (0.6 %) by fitting calculated to measured downstream concentrations. The elimination half lifes for the solvents due to volatilization were determined to be four to six days. AU - Brüggemann, R. AU - Trapp, S.A.J. C1 - 42103 C2 - 36138 SP - 2029-2041 TI - Release and fate modelling of highly volatile solvents in the river Main. JO - Chemosphere VL - 17 IS - 10 PY - 1988 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Six methods described for the determination of total microbial activity were tested in two soils for their suitability to detect potential effects of three pesticides. Total microbial activity is represented by measuring the heat output and the ATP-amount. Methods involving the arginine ammonification, the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate and the Fe (III)-reduction show an enhanced sensitivity for special microbial groups. AU - Hund, K. AU - Zelles, L. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41939 C2 - 36142 SP - 1183-1188 TI - A critical estimation of methods for measuring side-effects of chemicals on microorganisms in soils. JO - Chemosphere VL - 17 IS - 6 PY - 1988 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate in aqueous solution were irradiated in the presence of TiO2 with wavelengths λ > 290 nm. Because of the attack of OH radicals generated by the UV irradiation of the semiconductor degradation of the phthalates is observed. Hydroxyphthalates and dihydroxyphthalates were determined as intermediate products of the photocatalytic reaction, which can be accelerated by the addition of oxygen. AU - Hustert, K. AU - Moza, P.N. C1 - 17387 C2 - 10123 SP - 1751-1754 TI - Photokatalytischer Abbau von Phthalaten an Titandioxid in wässriger Phase. JO - Chemosphere VL - 17 IS - 9 PY - 1988 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The variability and the degree of uncertainty in fate model calculations for chemicals released to the atmosphere are assessed by taking into account the meteorological statistics and the various deposition and removal processes. From the results of a stochastic approach for three chemicals (dichloromethane, fluoranthene, gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane) the frequency can be estimated that a limit or level of concentration or of exposure is exceeded. AU - Matthies, M. AU - Trenkle, R. C1 - 41875 C2 - 36144 SP - 1471-1486 TI - Variability of exposure estimations for hazardous chemicals released to the environment. JO - Chemosphere VL - 17 IS - 8 PY - 1988 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Müller, R. AU - Lach, G. AU - Parlar, H. C1 - 17698 C2 - 10601 SP - 2289-2298 TI - Vergleichende Untersuchungen über das Vorkommen von Toxaphenrückständen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 17 PY - 1988 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Photoreactions of salicylic acid and Na-salicylate in aquatic systems were investigated. Humic acid-like polymers, CO2 and singlet oxygen were identified as irradiation products. Reactivity was increased in the presence of green algae. AU - Wang, W.* AU - Beyerle-Pfnür, R. AU - Lay, J.P. C1 - 33656 C2 - 10041 SP - 1197-1204 TI - Photoreaction of salicylic acid in aquatic systems. JO - Chemosphere VL - 17 IS - 6 PY - 1988 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Persistence of four pyrethroid insecticides cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate and permethrin was investigated in a standardized soil test under laboratory conditions before and after formulation. Degradation of unformulated active ingredients (a.i.) took place within t 1 2 = 21 d (cypermethrin), 88 d (fenvalerate), 110 d (deltamethrin) and 126 d (permethrin), respectively. Formulation of cypermethrin with the aid of inorganic adsorbents like fractosil, silica gel and sea-sand had no influence on degradation rates. In comparison with it persistence of cypermethrin increased considerably after formulating with sawdust of different origin (t 1 2: pine-wood 30 d, beech 52 d and oak 110 d). Formulation by oak dust significantly increased persistence of all a.i. tested (t 1 2 = 110-475 d). Adsorption of pentachlorophenol or 4-hydroxy-benzoic acid onto pine-wood formulations showed stabilizing effects on cypermethrin indicating that unprotected (unformulated) a.i. were decomposed primarily by soil microorganisms. Sawdust formulations of deltamethrin and cypermethrin significantly inhibited the hatching rate of Phorbia brassicae Bouch e ́ at C ≤ 500 μg a.i./plant compared with 50 000 μg chlorfenvinfos/plant. AU - Bahadir, M.A. AU - Lorenz, W.G. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41228 C2 - 36605 SP - 1311-1317 TI - Einfluss unterschiedlicher Formulierungen auf die Stabilität und insektizide Wirkungen von Pyrethroiden im Boden. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 6 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Uptake of Carbofuran-14C by rice plants after root zone application of a EVA based controlled release formulation and of Furadan as a conventional control was investigated under field conditions. Using 3.6-3.9 kg a.i./ha, 14C-concentrations in grain (1.3-1.8 mg/kg) and straw (15.9-16.1 mg/kg) were in the same range for both formulations, while contamination of paddy water and soil (at μg/kg level) has been 30-40% lower in plots treated with EVA formulation than with Furadan. Besides slowing down the release of a.i., EVA matrix also prevents an early hydrolysis of incorporated Carbofuran to Carbofuranphenol and keeps therefore its insecticidal efficacy. AU - Bahadir, M.A. AU - Pfister, G.* C1 - 41401 C2 - 36575 SP - 1273-1279 TI - Uptake of carbofuran-14C by rice plants after root zone application as a controlled release formulation. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 6 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Different types of controlled release formulations of pesticides for application in fresh water systems has been developed. Release mechanisms and rates of some selected herbicides from ethylenevinylacetate copolymer (EVA) formulations, calcium alginate formulations and wettable powders as conventional control were studied. Release from wettable powder formulations were completely finished within one day, whereas release from calciumalginate formulations lasted up to two weeks and from EVA-formulations up to several months and years respectively. EVA-formulation of terbutryn was applied in a laboratory flowsystem device containing duckweeds (lemna minor) as test species. During several weeks equilibrium concentrations between 10 ppb and 200 ppb could be obtained. Herbicidal effects could be observed even at 10 ppb terbutryn. AU - Bahadir, M.A. C1 - 41934 C2 - 36230 SP - 615-621 TI - Safe formulations of agrochemicals. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 2-3 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The concept of “Environmental Hazard Profile” developed at this institute has been tested with 100 14C-labelled organic compounds. Concentration factors in activated sludge, in algae and fish were determined. The microbial degradation of the chemicals to CO2 in activated sludge and the decomposition to CO2 under artificial light were determined. Ranking of compounds is given in the order of falling concentration factors and accumulation in rats respectively, and decreasing rates of decomposition. Relationship between chemical structure and accumulative and degradative behaviours is demonstrated using some selected groups of chemicals, such as benzenes, phenols, biphenyls and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Correlations between the octanol/water partition coefficient, concentration factors and rates of decomposition could be established. Evaluation of test compounds was possible using hazard profiles obtained by the sum of single test results. AU - Freitag, D. C1 - 41590 C2 - 36251 SP - 589-598 TI - Environmental hazard profile of organic chemicals. An experimental method for the assessment of the behaviour of organic chemicals in the environment. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 2-3 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A quantitative relationship was found to exist between the lipophilicity (n-octanol/water partition coefficient) of pentachlorophenol, dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Σ DDT, polychlorinated biphenyls, α-, β-, γ- and δ -hexachlorocyclohexane and their bioconcentration factor (BCF) in human adipose tissue. The equations were used to predict the bioconcentration factors of some chlorinated aromatic chemicals. AU - Geyer, H.J. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 40896 C2 - 40129 SP - 239-252 TI - Correlation between the bioconcentration potential of organic environmental chemicals in humans and their n-octanol/water partition coefficients. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 1 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in different tissues, organs and body fluids of humans were calculated by two methods: 1) from daily intake of PCP and its measured concentrations in different tissues and, 2) from measured half-life and measured PCP concentrations in the human body at steady state using a linear one compartment pharmacokinetic model. The BCFs (based on wet weight) in liver, brain, blood, spleen and adipose tissue of humans as calculated by method 1 were 5.7, 3.3, 1.4, 1.4, and 1.0, respectively. The figures obtained by method 2 were in good agreement to those obtained by method 1. AU - Geyer, H.J. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41289 C2 - 36601 SP - 887-899 TI - Distribution and bioconcentration potential of the environmental chemical pentachlorophenol (PCP) in different tissues of humans. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 4 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Herrmann, M.J. AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42221 C2 - 36221 SP - 523-525 TI - Photoreactivity of humic acids in natural waters. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 2-3 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - 1,2-Chloronitrobenzene, 1,4-chloronitrobenzene, 2,3-dichloronitrobenzene and 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene in aqueous solution were irradiated in the presence of TiO2 with wavelengths λ > 290 nm. Due to the attack of oxygen containing radicals a fast reaction of these stable compounds was observed. Chloronitrophenols and chlorodinitrobenzenes in minor amounts were determined as intermediate products. Continued irradiation leads to total degradation. AU - Hustert, K. AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42399 C2 - 36196 SP - 809-812 TI - Photokatalytischer Abbau von Chlornitrobenzolen an TiO2 in wäßriger Phase. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 4 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kamal, M. AU - Lay, J.P. AU - Scheunert, I. C1 - 33046 C2 - 38390 SP - 599-604 TI - Metabolism of trichlorobiphenyl in different test species. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 2-3 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Humic substances in aqueous solution undergo characteristic alterations when irradiated with light of wavelengths >290 nm. Humic substances subjected to a preliminary irradiation are less capable of generating reactive oxygen species; this indicates a decrease in photoreactivity. This effect is accompanied by changes in spectroscopic (UV, ESR) and other physical properties of the samples. AU - Kotzias, D.* AU - Herrmann, M.J. AU - Zsolnay, A. AU - Beyerle-Pfnür, R. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41169 C2 - 40120 SP - 1463-1468 TI - Photochemical aging of humic substances. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 7 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Factors affecting the photoinduced formation of oxygen species and their reaction with organic chemicals in aqueous solutions were examined. It has been found that the presence of nitrate increases the production of oxidizing species by humic materials in water. ESR-spectroscopy studies on solution of humic substances of different origin also indicate the influence of UV-irradiation by the generation of stable radicals. AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Hustert, K. AU - Wieser, A. C1 - 41339 C2 - 36599 SP - 505-511 TI - Formation of oxygen species and their reactions with organic chemicals in aqueous solution. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 2-3 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Enclosures were placed in a pond in order to determine the effects of p-chloroaniline on the plankton communities and on the limnological conditions. In this way it was possible to approach almost natural conditions (creating mesocosms). The chemical was introduced into the enclosed aquatic biotopes with a novel slow release mechanism. The enclosures were allowed to equilibrate for 20 days before the chemical was applied. The results showed that p-chloroaniline caused a reduction of O2-concentration, pH- and conductivity values compared to controls. Phytoplankton was not significantly affected, b AU - Lay, J.P. C1 - 41930 C2 - 36231 SP - 581-588 TI - Influences of chemicals upon plankton in freshwater systems. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 2-3 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Toxicity screening tests of 10 days duration, using microcosms in a experimental pond, were performed. {A figure is presented}-BHC was applied at different concentrations as a model chemical to evaluate the toxic effects to natural occuring plankton. Zooplankton taxa showed sensitive reactions to the chemical perturbation even at 20 μg·L-1. The methodology developed proved to be a helpful means for roughly estimating the toxicity of micropollutants to planktonic freshwater organisms. AU - Lay, J.P. AU - Müller, A.M. AU - Peichl, L. AU - Lang, R. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42154 C2 - 36224 SP - 1527-1538 TI - Effects of γ-BHC (lindane) on zooplankton under outdoor conditions. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 7 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Levi, H.W. C1 - 40897 C2 - 40128 SP - 605-61w TI - Environmental sciences: A challenge for the German National Research Centers. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 2-3 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lorenz, W.G. AU - Bahadir, M.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 40872 C2 - 40131 SP - 521-522 TI - Thermolysis of pesticide residues during tobacco smoking. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 2-3 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - On the basis of investigations on the waters of the lake Vistonis in north-eastern Greece related to ecological parameters like Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.), BOD, pH, N/NH4 +, N/NO3 - and P/PO4 3- it has attempted to determine the environmental quality of the area around it. During the last 20 years a notable reduction in fish production from this lake has been observed. In the surface waters of this lake the level of D.O. increased to saturation point during summer. In contrast to this, the level of D.O. in the lake depths showed a decline which was under the existance level of the fishes (4-5 mg/l). This could be attributed to the deficiency of light, reduced photosynthesis and decomposition of organic matter. In samples from different matrices a number of chlorinated hydrocarbons have been measured and compared with similar data obtained from South Germany (Bavaria). The measurements showed that in none of the cases the levels of components exceeded the maximum allowed limits of Germany. But the presence of xenobiotics in detectable amounts in a region in mediterranean, which is not industrially developed, is a matter for concern for the future. AU - Ouzounis, K. AU - Sotiriou, N. C1 - 41229 C2 - 36604 SP - 351-359 TI - Ecological parameter of surface water in Northeastern Greece. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 2-3 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Oxynos, K. AU - Gebefügi, I.L. AU - Bahadir, M.A. C1 - 41652 C2 - 36250 SP - 225-232 TI - Tierische Organismen als Bioindikatoren für Chlorkohlenwasserstoffe. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 1 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Güloglu, H. AU - Herrmann, M.J. AU - Kotzias, D. C1 - 42083 C2 - 0 SP - 19-27 TI - Die Rolle der Peroxyradikale bei der Photoinduzierten Umwandlung der Diphenylhydrazonherbiziden in Wassringen Systemen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 1 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Under the influence of 2,5, or 10 μg/g atrazine, the degradation of 10 μg/g of the detergent n-dodecylbenzenesulfonate-14C to 14CO2 in an Alfisol soil is inhibited for about 12 days, then stimulated. The overall influence of atrazine after 38 days is a slight inhibition of 14CO2-formation. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Vockel, D. AU - Bahig, M.E.* AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42720 C2 - 36456 SP - 1521-1526 TI - Influence of atrazine on the mineralisation of n-dodecylbenzene-sulfonate-14C in soil. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 7 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The results from several research cruises, covering the period of 1969 to 1982, indicate that the spatial distribution of pelagic tar (tar balls) is highly heterogenous. However, the Ionian Sea had a considerably greater accumulation than the other regions.The closing and reopening of the Suez Canal had little influence on the overall quantity of pelagic tar. The general trend does indicate that the quantity of this pollutant has been decreasing since 1975. AU - Zsolnay, A. C1 - 41689 C2 - 36245 SP - 399-404 TI - Spatial and temporal variation of pelagic tar in the Mediterranean sea. JO - Chemosphere VL - 16 IS - 2-3 PY - 1987 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) of 2,3,7,8-TCDD in adipose tissue of rats, beef cattle and monkeys have been calculated. The bioconcentration potential of TCDD in man was calculated by two indirect methods: 1) from daily intake of TCDD and its measured concentrations in adipose tissues and 2) from measured half-life and measured concentrations in body fat at steady state using a linear one compartment pharmacokinetic model. The BCFs in humans calculated by both methods are between 104 and 206, or 153, respectively. AU - Geyer, H.J. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Filser, J.G. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42054 C2 - 38260 SP - 1495-1502 TI - Bioconcentration potential (BCP) of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) in terrestrial organisms including humans. JO - Chemosphere VL - 15 IS - 9-12 PY - 1986 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The OH reaction rate constants of n-alkanes, cycloalkanes, branched alkanes, n-alcohols, n-esters and n-ethers in the gaseous phase have been correlated with their 1H- and 13C-NMR data. In contrast to other physico-chemical properties, the nuclear magnetic resonance data are suitable values for the estimation of the OH reactivity of organic compounds, because they can be simply and rapidly determinated. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Herrmann, M.J. AU - Zsolnay, A. C1 - 42716 C2 - 36454 SP - 971-980 TI - Relationship between the OH radical rate constants of organic compounds in gaseous phase and their chemical shifts in 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. JO - Chemosphere VL - 15 IS - 8 PY - 1986 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - 14C-15N-Labelled urea-formaldehyde-polymers, when applied as soil conditioners under outdoor conditions, were decomposed within one vegetation period only very slowly. Traces of 14C as well as of 15N were detected in barley plants as well as in deeper, untreated soil layers. . AU - Sotiriou, N. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41718 C2 - 38262 SP - 1073-1078 TI - Fate of 14C15N-labelled urea-formaldehyde-polymers in soil and barley plants under outdoor conditions. JO - Chemosphere VL - 15 IS - 8 PY - 1986 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Pentachlorophenol, depending on the applied concentration, reduces the activity of some microorganisms, as measured by the iron reduction test. The test is more sensitive, if the procedures reported in literature are modified, including the use of glucose as a source of energy instead of yeast extract. AU - Zelles, L. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41412 C2 - 36103 SP - 309-315 TI - Determination of the effect of pentachlorophenol on the bioactivity of soils by the iron-reduction test. JO - Chemosphere VL - 15 IS - 3 PY - 1986 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The concept of "Environmental Hazard Profile" developed at this institute has been tested with 100 14C-labelled organic compounds. Concentration factors in activated sludge, in algae and fish were determined. The microbial degradation of the chemicals to CO2 in activated sludge and the decomposition to CO2 under artificial light were determined. Ranking of compounds is given in the order of falling concentration factors and accumulation in rats respectively, and decreasing rates of decomposition. Relationship between chemical structure and accumulative and degradative behaviours is demonstrated using some selected groups of chemicals, such as benzenes, phenols, biphenyls and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Correlations between the octanol/water partition coefficient, concentration factors and rates of decomposition could be established. Evaluation of test compounds was possible using hazard profiles obtained by the sum of single test results. AU - Freitag, D. AU - Ballhorn, L. AU - Geyer, H.J. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41336 C2 - 38239 SP - 1589-1616 TI - Environmental hazard profile of organic chemicals. An experimental method for the assessment of the behaviour of organic chemicals in the ecosphere by means of simple laboratory tests with 14C labelled chemicals. JO - Chemosphere VL - 14 IS - 10 PY - 1985 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A significant positive correlation between the lipid content of eight fish species and their bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is demonstrated. The log BCF value on a lipid basis is in good agreement with the log n-octanol/water partition coefficient. AU - Geyer, H.J. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41725 C2 - 38276 SP - 545-555 TI - Relationship between the lipid content of fish and their bioconcentration potential of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. JO - Chemosphere VL - 14 IS - 5 PY - 1985 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The photochemistry of the herbicide chlorsulfuronR (2-chloro-N-[[4-methoxy-6-methyl-1.3.5-triazinyl-2-amino]carbonyl]benzene sulfonamide) was investigated in methanol, distilled water, natural creek-water, on silica gel and on montmorillonit surfaces. The rate of degradation was determined in outdoor and indoor experiments simulating tropospheric conditions (λ>290 nm). Two major photoproducts were identified in all cases. AU - Herrmann, M.J. AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41486 C2 - 38230 SP - 3-8 TI - Photochemical behavior of chlorsulfuronR in water and in adsorbed phase. JO - Chemosphere VL - 14 IS - 1 PY - 1985 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Upon heating of 2,4,5-T to 600°C, 2,3,7,8-TCDD is formed with a yield of 0,2 %. At 800°C, the formation of TCDD decreases by a factor at 200. Tormona 80® an ester at 2,4,5-T yields 200 ppm TCDD at 600°C and 3 ppm at 800°C. The highest formation rate is observed for 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol (0,5 % at 600°C). During the thermolysis of 2,4-D, γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane, 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol, Pentachlorophenol and Clophen A 40. 2,3,7,8-TCDD could not be detected. AU - Lahaniatis, E.S. AU - Clausen, E. AU - Bieniek, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41730 C2 - 38219 SP - 233-238 TI - Bildung von 2,3,7,8-TCDD bei der Thermolyse von ausgewählten chlorierten organischen Verbindungen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 14 IS - 2 PY - 1985 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - It is well documented that the photolysis of H2O2 generates OH radicals which play an important role in explaining the degradation of environmental chemicals in aqueous medium. In the following work relative reaction rate constants of some representative substances were determined with wavelengths above 290 nm in the presence of H2O2. The results show, that the used system is suitable to check the OH radical reactivity of organic compounds under natural conditions. AU - Mansour, M. AU - Moza, P.N. AU - Barlas, H.* AU - Parlar, H.A. C1 - 33236 C2 - 35407 SP - 1469-1474 TI - Ein Beitrag zur Photostabilität organischer Umweltchemikalien in Gegenwart von Wasserstoffperoxid in aquatischen Systemen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 14 IS - 10 PY - 1985 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Residues of persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons HCB, BHC isomers, Hepatochlor and -epoxide, DDE, Aldrin, Dieldrin and PCBs have been analysed in selected environmental samples - soil, grass roots, pine-needles, hen's eggs and sheep's milk from Northern Greece (Xanthi). Almost all samples have shown residues in a range of 0.1-10 ppb except eggs and milk, which have been partially contaminated with HCB (approx. 20 ppb), DDE (approx. 40 ppb) and Dieldrin (approx. 30-40 ppb) related to freshweight. The contamination levels have been in the same order of magnitude as in environmental samples from Germany except PCBs, which have been accumulated in German samples tendencially higher. All residues detected have been significantly lower than the limits allowed in foodstuffs. AU - Ouzounis, K. AU - Oxynos, K. AU - Gebefügi, I.L. AU - Bahadir, M.A. C1 - 40884 C2 - 38360 SP - 1571-1578 TI - Vorkommen chlorierter Kohlenwasserstoffe in ausgewählten Umweltproben Nordgriechenlands (Xanthi). JO - Chemosphere VL - 14 IS - 10 PY - 1985 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The extraction of ATP from soils with the TCA- and NRB ®-methods shows qualitative and quantitative differences. A combination of both methods results in a higher yield of extracted ATP and in a solution of low optical quenching. AU - Zelles, L. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41577 C2 - 38236 SP - 139-148 TI - Atp-measurements in soil: A combination between the TCA and NRB ® extraction methods. JO - Chemosphere VL - 14 IS - 1 PY - 1985 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In order to see the effect of time lapse between the last application of methamidophos and harvesting insecticide was applied on lettuce plants (6,84 μCi in one experiment and 4,03 μCi in the other experiment). Analysis of the crops harvested 3 days after last application showed 9,7 ppm residues on leaves, while crops harvested 1 day after application showed residues of 12,7 ppm (25% more). Treatment of tomato plants (39,65 μCi, 1,01 kg/ha) gave residues in fruits 4,92 ppm after 8 days interval between last application and harvesting. 40 days gap between the last application and harvesting leaved residues of 0,7 ppm in fruits which is much less as recommended by FAO/WHO (1 - 2 ppm). Degradation of this insecticide is dependent on the matrix of the soil, this breakdown is observed in the first ten days and than after it remains constant. C-14 radioactivity extracted from soil and plant analysis was methamidophos (92%). AU - Carazo, E.* AU - Constenla, M.A.* AU - Fuentes, G.* AU - Moza, P.N. C1 - 40892 C2 - 38456 SP - 939-946 TI - Studies of methamidophos-C-14 in Costa Rican vegetables and soils. JO - Chemosphere VL - 13 IS - 8 PY - 1984 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Octachlorostyrene was irradiated with wavelengths λ > 230 nm using n-hexane, acetone, methanol and methanol/water as solvents. Heptachlorostyrene and two isomers of hexachlorostyrene were identified as main products of the photochemical reaction. Minor amounts of pentachlorostyrene and tetrachlorostyrene were also found by GC/MS. Total degradation is effected by continued irradiation. AU - Hustert, K. AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42692 C2 - 38246 SP - 845-848 TI - Beitrag zum Verhalten von Octachlorstyrol bei UV-Bestrahlung. JO - Chemosphere VL - 13 IS - 8 PY - 1984 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Data from an environmental hazard profile, including different tests on accumulation and degradation as well as Daphnia acute toxicity were used for a classification of chemicals into three categories: High hazard potential, uncertain hazard potential, and low likelyhood of environmental hazard. Giving the used evaluation factors different weights, leads to a modification in classification. AU - Klein, W. AU - Geyer, H.J. AU - Freitag, D. AU - Rohleder, H. C1 - 41745 C2 - 38478 SP - 203-211 TI - Sensitivity of schemes for ecotoxicological hazard ranking of chemicals. JO - Chemosphere VL - 13 IS - 1 PY - 1984 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The photochemical behaviour of biphenyle, 2-chlorobiphenyle and 4,4-dichlorobiphenyle in the adsorbed state upon irradiation with UV-light (λ > 290 nm) has been investigated. The results indicate that under these conditions organic chemicals are converted to hydroxylated products and in presence of sodium-nitrite to nitrocompounds. The photoinduced hydroxylation of aromatics strongly suggests the generation of hydroxylating species on the silica gel surface. Further it was found that the water molecules on the silica gel surface immediately participate in formation of these species. This study provides the first qualitative data for photoinduced hydroxylation reaction of aromatics on silica gel and reveals the environmental significance of silica gel adsorption on photochemical reactions. AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Herrmann, M.J. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 33009 C2 - 35595 SP - 623-630 TI - Reaktion adsorbierter organischer Chemikalien bei UV-bestrahlung Photoinduzierte Hydroxylierung auf Kieselgel. JO - Chemosphere VL - 13 IS - 5-6 PY - 1984 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Atrazine (1.1 mg · L-1) and Dichlobenil ("DBN") (4.3 mg · L-1) were dosed in triplicates into the water of a compartimentalized pond. Maximum concentrations of the chemicals detected were 200 μg · L-1 Atrazine and 4.2 mg · L-1 DBN (on day 3 - 5 after dosing). Residues were monitored for 55 days, amounting to 60 μg Atrazine and 1.5 mg DBN per litre at the end of observation. O2- and H+-concentrations were significantly lower for 35 and 30 days resp. in the treated water as compared to controls. The conductivity of the dosed water was significantly higher for at least 65 (DBN) and 120 days (Atrazine) than in the untreated compartments. Differences in phytoplankton abundance and diversity could be evaluated between controls and treated biotopes. AU - Lay, J.P. AU - Müller, A.M. AU - Peichl, L. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 33135 C2 - 35557 SP - 821-832 TI - Longterm effects of the herbicides Atrazine and Dichlobenil upon the phytoplankton density and physico-chemical conditions in compartments of a freshwater pond. JO - Chemosphere VL - 13 IS - 7 PY - 1984 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The formation of cyano group-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds (cyanoarenes) and nitrogen-containing aromatic compounds (azaarenes) during combustion processes is described. The experiments were carried out by combustion of nitrogen containing polymers (nylon 6, polyacrylonitrile and polyamide) in a combustion chamber ,to simulate combustion processes of waste incineration plants. The result from experiments, in which only one nitrogen containing polymer was burnt, showed the formation of several cyanoarenes. We conclude that during combustion processes in which hydrogen cyanide is formed, air pollution by cyanoarenes and azaarenes (in ppb or ppm concentrations) may occur. AU - Politzki, G.R. AU - Lahaniatis, E.S. AU - Bieniek, D. C1 - 41663 C2 - 38487 SP - 191-201 TI - Formation of cyanoarenes by combustion of nitrogen containing polymers. JO - Chemosphere VL - 13 IS - 1 PY - 1984 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and carbon dioxide (CO2) production in soil vary considerably, depending on soil type, water content, light, stirring of soil, storage conditions, date of sampling, and chemicals added. In most soils, the biomass calculated on the basis of ATP-content was in line with that calculated on the basis of CO2-production. AU - Zelles, L. AU - Bahig, M.E. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41612 C2 - 38496 SP - 899-913 TI - Measurement of bioactivity based on CO2-release and ATP content in soils after different treatments. JO - Chemosphere VL - 13 IS - 8 PY - 1984 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gebefügi, I.L. AU - Oxynos, K. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41468 C2 - 38633 SP - 59-63 TI - Langzeitverhalten von Pentachlorphenol in geschlossenen Räumen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 12 IS - 1 PY - 1983 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Samples of human milk from Upper Bavaria have been analyzed and found to be contaminated with pentachlorophenol. The pentachlorophenol content of these samples was found to be lower than the organochlorine pesticide residues. The analyses were carried out with alkaline extraction, clean up derivatisation with acetic anhydride and quantification by gas chromatography using an electron capture detector. AU - Gebefügi, I.L. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41749 C2 - 38393 SP - 1055-1060 TI - Pentachlorophenol contamination of human milk samples. JO - Chemosphere VL - 12 IS - 7-8 PY - 1983 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The reaction behaviour of benzene in aqueous solution (ppm-concentrations) during chlorination with NaOC1 was studied. The dependence of chlorination upon the pH-value was determined quantitatively. All isomeric chlorobenzenes were formed including hexachlorobenzene. Thus, water chlorination can be regarded as another source of environmental hexachlorobenzene contamination. AU - Höfler, M. AU - Lahaniatis, E.S. AU - Bieniek, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 40923 C2 - 38312 SP - 217-224 TI - Reaktionsverhalten von Benzol - In PPM Konzentrationen - Bei der chlorierung mit NaOCl in wässriger Lösung. JO - Chemosphere VL - 12 IS - 2 PY - 1983 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hustert, K. AU - Kotzias, D. C1 - 33067 C2 - 38599 SP - 1633-1636 TI - Bildung von Nitrit in nitratbelastetem Trinkwasser. JO - Chemosphere VL - 12 IS - 11-12 PY - 1983 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hustert, K. AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42332 C2 - 38300 SP - 55-58 TI - Photokatalytischer Abbau von organischen Verbindungen an Titandioxid. JO - Chemosphere VL - 12 IS - 1 PY - 1983 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A modified apparatus for the adsorption of pyrolysis products both in mainstream smoke and sidestream smoke has been developed. The efficiency of the assembly has been checked with the pyrolysis of 4.4′-DDT in spiked cigarettes and the results were compared with the literature. AU - Lorenz, W. AU - Bahadir, M.A. AU - Korte, F. AU - Drawert, F.* C1 - 33069 C2 - 35577 SP - 263-269 TI - Pestizide im Tabakrauch : I. Methode zur Bestimmung des Überganges von Pestiziden und deren Pyrolyseprodukten in Haupt- und Nebenstromrauch. JO - Chemosphere VL - 12 IS - 2 PY - 1983 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The fate of Lindan, DDT, Malathion, Monolinuron, Captan and Maneb during smoking process was studied and it was observed that the amount of unchanged pesticides in the mainstream smoke depends on steam volatility of the substances, while the vapor pressures have no significant influence. AU - Lorenz, W.G. AU - Bahadir, M.A. AU - Korte, F. AU - Drawert, F.* C1 - 41761 C2 - 38330 SP - 271-275 TI - Pestizide im Tabakrauch II. Pyrolyseverhalten von ausgewählten pestiziden beim Tabakrauchen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 12 IS - 2 PY - 1983 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Toxaphen gehört zu den weitverbreitetsten Chlorkohlenwasserstoffinsektiziden in der Umwelt. Wegen seiner komplizierten chemischen Zusammsetzung ist es bis heute nicht gelungen, dieses biologisch wirksame Präparat ökochemisch zu qualifizieren. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird der Versuch unternommen, anhand der zur Verfügung stehenden wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse Toxaphen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Umweltfaktoren zu bewerten. In Teil I werden die Chemie und Struktur der Toxaphenkomponenten besprochen, um die Zusammensetzung dieses komplizierten Gemisches näher zu erläutern. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Michna, A.* C1 - 33146 C2 - 35553 SP - 1407-1420 TI - Ökochemische Bewertung des Insektizids ToxaphenR : Teil I. Chemie und Struktur der Toxaphenkomponenten. JO - Chemosphere VL - 12 IS - 11-12 PY - 1983 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Mansour, M. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41031 C2 - 38293 SP - 93-96 TI - Photodehalogenierungsreaktionen an Brom- und Jodtoluolen in Gegenwart von protonendonatoren. JO - Chemosphere VL - 12 IS - 1 PY - 1983 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Da Toxaphen chemisch gesehen ein sehr komplexes Gemisch darstellt, sind die Untersuchungen zur Bestimmung des Verhaltens dieses Präparates in der Umwelt von erheblichen Schwierigkeiten begleitet. In der folgenden Arbeit werden sowohl biotische als auch abiotische Reaktionen der Polychlorbornane, die bekanntlich zu den wichtigsten Komponenten des Toxaphens gezählt werden, beschrieben. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41042 C2 - 38295 SP - 927-934 TI - Ökochemische Bewertung des Insektizids ToxaphenR Teil II. Verhalten unter biotischen und abiotischen Bedingungen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 12 IS - 7-8 PY - 1983 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - ToxaphenR stellt chemisch gesehen ein sehr komplexes Gemisch dar. Die Hauptkomponenten dieses Produkts gehören zu den chlorierten Bornanen, deren biochemische und toxikologische Eigenschaften wie des technischen Toxaphens in der folgenden Arbeit beschrieben werden. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F.* C1 - 41280 C2 - 38320 SP - 1443-1452 TI - Ökochemische Bewertung des Insektizids ToxaphenR. Teil III. Biochemische und Toxikologische Aspekte. JO - Chemosphere VL - 12 IS - 11-12 PY - 1983 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41397 C2 - 38650 SP - 1453-1458 TI - Ökochemische Bewertung des Insektizids ToxaphenR. Teil IV. Vorkommen und Analytik der Toxaphenkomponenten. JO - Chemosphere VL - 12 IS - 11-12 PY - 1983 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Residues of hexachlorobenzene-14C were found in all parts of wheat plants grown from treated seeds or in contaminated soil. Besides the parent compound and bound residues in plants and soil, very small amounts of soluble acidic metabolites were present in plants, which were characterized and determined quantitatively. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Marra, C. AU - Viswanathan, R. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42146 C2 - 38631 SP - 843-858 TI - Fate of hexachlorobenzene-14C in wheat plants and soil under outdoor conditions. JO - Chemosphere VL - 12 IS - 6 PY - 1983 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The accumulation of chlorinated biphenyls in Daphnia magna shows a tendency to increase with decreasing water solubility. The depuration times of PCBs from daphnia depend on the temperature of the test water and possibly on the water solubility of the substance. The water solubilities of 2,2′-dichlorobiphenyl, 2,5,4′-trichlorobiphenyl, 2,4,6,2′-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 2,4,6,2′,4′-pentachlorobiphenyl have been determined using 14C-labelled substances. AU - Zhang, Y. AU - Rott, B. AU - Freitag, D. C1 - 41832 C2 - 38331 SP - 1645-1651 TI - Accumulation and elimination of 14C-PCBs by daphnia magna straus 1820. JO - Chemosphere VL - 12 IS - 11-12 PY - 1983 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Barlas, H. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 40929 C2 - 38864 SP - 747-754 TI - Reaktionen von Anthracen, Pyren und Fluoren mit Stickstoffdioxid in ultraviolettem Licht. JO - Chemosphere VL - 11 IS - 8 PY - 1982 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The analysis presented in this paper shows that water solubility as well as the n-octanol/water partition coefficient are useful indicators of the tendency of organic chemicals to bioaccumulate. It is suggested that these physico-chemical data be used as screening test for organic chemical bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms, such as the mussel Mytilus edulis. AU - Geyer, H.J. AU - Sheehan, P.J. AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Freitag, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42318 C2 - 36211 SP - 1121-1134 TI - Prediction of ecotoxicological behaviour of chemicals: Relationship between physico-chemical properties and bioaccumulation of organic chemicals in the mussel Mytilus edulis. JO - Chemosphere VL - 11 IS - 11 PY - 1982 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Pendimethalin (I) decomposed in hexane, methanol and aqueous methanol upon irradiation with UV-light (λ > 290 nm) to form "polar" products. The main products formed are the dinitroaniline (II) and the isomers mono-nitroanilines (III). Kinetic studies indicate that the photodegradation of pendimethalin is strongly dependent of solvent and concentration. AU - Papathanassiou, E. AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41464 C2 - 38926 SP - 1035-1040 TI - Reaktion von Pendimethalin in Lösung bei UV-Bestrahlung. JO - Chemosphere VL - 11 IS - 10 PY - 1982 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The vapour pressures of nine organic chemicals adsorbed on silicagel were determined by a method which can be standardized. They were compared with those of the non-absorbed, free compounds (range 6 × 10-3 - 7 × 104 Pa). AU - Politzki, G.R. AU - Bieniek, D. AU - Lahaniatis, E.S. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42518 C2 - 36590 SP - 1217-1229 TI - Determination of vapour pressures of nine organic chemicals adsorbed on silicagel. JO - Chemosphere VL - 11 IS - 12 PY - 1982 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden 14 organische Chemikalien mit Hilfe von Zahn-Wellens-Test, modifiziertem OECD-Screening-Test, Closed Bottle-Test und GSF-Bioabbautest in Hinblick auf ihre Bioabbaubarkeit untersucht. Anhand der Ergebnisse werden Methodik, Aussagekraft und Aufwand verglichen. AU - Rott, B. AU - Viswanathan, R. AU - Freitag, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41667 C2 - 38582 SP - 531-538 TI - Vergleichende Untersuchung der Anwendbarkeit verschiedener Tests zur Überprüfung der Abbaubarkeit von Umweltchemikalien. JO - Chemosphere VL - 11 IS - 5 PY - 1982 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Organic chemicals are concentrated in natural waters, where they undergo complex reactions under the influence of solar radiation and catalyzed by substances such as humic acid as well as nitrate and nitrite salts. Nitrates are present in high concentrations in natural waters (5 - 50 mg/l). The photolysis of the nitrate ion leads to the formation of OH-radicals. In this investigation the steady-state concentration of OH-radicals in different aquatic environments is estimated (∼ 5 · 10-16 mol/l). It depends on the amount of nitrate dissolved in the water. Under the conditions of this work the half life for a great number of organic chemicals lies in the range 80 - 400 hours (for the reaction with OH-radicals). AU - Russi, H. AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41284 C2 - 38865 SP - 1041-1048 TI - Photoinduzierte hydroxylierungsreaktionen organischer chemikalien in natürlichen Gewässern - Nitrate als potentielle OH-radikalquellen -. JO - Chemosphere VL - 11 IS - 10 PY - 1982 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Effects of the chemicals 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) on population dynamics of several species were studied in a short-term experiment in separated compartments of an experimental pond. TCP and PCP were applied at single doses of 5 mg/1 and 1 mg/1 respectively in duplicates into compartments of a natural experimental pond. The chemicals showed the following influences on population dynamics and on the physicochemistry of the compartments: 1. 1. A rapid decline of daphnia concentrations to zero after about three days for PCP and eight days for TCP. 2. 2. A decrease of autotrophic phytoplankton (blue-algae and diatoms). 3. 3. A continuous increase of contamination indicators like flagellates and microorganisms. 4. 4. A significant decrease in oxygen concentration as secondary effect of the changed balance between autotrophic and heterotrophic populations. AU - Schauerte, W. AU - Lay, J.P. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41240 C2 - 38866 SP - 71-79 TI - Influence of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol on the biota of aquatic systems. Outdoor experiments in compartments of a natural pond. JO - Chemosphere VL - 11 IS - 1 PY - 1982 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper reports the bioaccumulation of three PCBs (2,4′-dichlorobiphenyl, 2,4,6,2′-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 2,4,6,2′,4′-pentachlorobiphenyl) by the green alga Chlorella fusca under various conditions. A probable pattern of the bioconcentration mechanism is suggested. No metabolites were extracted from algae or water 6 days after incubation with PCBs. AU - Wang, K. AU - Rott, B. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42319 C2 - 38283 SP - 525-530 TI - Uptake and bioaccumulation of three PCBs by Chlorella fusca. JO - Chemosphere VL - 11 IS - 5 PY - 1982 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Arndt, W.* AU - Schindlbeck, E. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41854 C2 - 38569 SP - 1035-1040 TI - Verhalten von organophosphorinsektiziden bei der Müllkompostierung. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 9 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bahig, M.E. AU - Kraus, A.G. AU - Klein, W. C1 - 41068 C2 - 38549 SP - 323-327 TI - Excretion and metabolism of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol-14C in rats. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 3 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bahig, M.E. AU - Kraus, A.G. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41478 C2 - 38125 SP - 319-322 TI - Metabolism of pentachloronitrobenzene-14C (Quintozene) in fish. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 3 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The effect of cholestyramine in the daily diet upon the excretion of pentachlorophenol with the feces was studied in the rhesus monkey. The treatment increased fecal elimination of pentachlorophenol and/or metabolites up to 9- to 14-fold over a six-day period. At the same time urinary excretion was reduced 2- to 6-fold. The data suggest that cholestyramine interrupts the enterhepatic circulation of PCP and/or metabolites thus indicating its possible usefulness in preventing toxicity of PCP that otherwise may occur due to reabsorption of biliary PCP and/or metabolites. AU - Ballhorn, L. AU - Rozman, T.A. AU - Rozman, K.K. AU - Korte, F. AU - Greim, H.A. C1 - 40933 C2 - 38706 SP - 877-888 TI - Cholestyramine enhances fecal elimination of pentachlorophenol in rhesus monkeys. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 8 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In a closed aerated laboratory soil test, volatilization and mineralization of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile-14C is negligible within 61 days. The major soil residues are parent compound, 2,6-dichlorobenzamide and unextractable residues. AU - Chowdhury, A. AU - Vockel, D. AU - Moza, P.N. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41625 C2 - 38564 SP - 1101-1108 TI - Balance of conversion and degradation of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile -14C in humus soil. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 10 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Most of the 2, 4, 6-TCP applied in the nutrient solution of the hydroculture test was volatilised; a proportion was absorbed by the developed plant roots and to a small extent isomerised. Significant portions of the non-extractable tomato plant residues were found in the isolated lignin and cellulose fractions. AU - Fragiadakis, A. AU - Sotiriou, N. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 33672 C2 - 37991 SP - 1315-1320 TI - Absorption, balance and metabolism of 14C-2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol in hydroponic tomato plants. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 11-12 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - 6-tert.-Butyl-3-methylthio-1,2,4-triazin-5 (4H)-one ( - ) sind eine neue Klasse von Herbiziden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden sie massenspektroskopisch charakterisiert. Insbesondere die quasi-Retro-Diels-Alder-Fragmentierungen geben spezifische Informationen über die Struktur dieser Verbindungen, die für die einwandfreie Identifizierung ausreichend sind. AU - Herrmann, M.J. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42505 C2 - 38701 SP - 745-750 TI - Massenspektroskopische charakterisierung der 6-tert.-butyl-3-methylthio-1,2,4-triazin-5 (4H)-onen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 7 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hustert, K. AU - Mansour, M. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41974 C2 - 38683 SP - 995-998 TI - Der EPA-Test - eine Methode zur Bestimmung des photochemischen Abbaus von organischen Verbindungen in aquatischen Systemen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 9 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kempny, J.M. AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 33066 C2 - 38591 SP - 487-490 TI - Reaktion von Atrazin in adsorbierter Phase bei UV-Bestrahlung. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 5 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Mit Hilfe chromatographischer Methoden wurden sechs Substanzen, 2,4′-Dichlorbiphenyl (), 2,4′-Dichlor-3′-isopropylbiphenyl (), 2,4′-Dichlor-5-isopropylbiphenyl (), 2,4′-Dichlor-4-isopropylbiphenyl (), 2,4′-Dichlor-3′,5-diisopropylbiphenyl () und 2,4′-Dichlor-3′,4-diisopropylbiphenyl () aus dem technischen Chloralkylen 9 isoliert und mit spektroskopischen Methoden (MS, IR, 1H-NMR und 13C-NMR) identifiziert. Ferner wurde das technische Gemisch sowohl kapillargaschromatographisch als auch gaschromatographisch-massenspektroskopisch untersucht. Die dabei erzielten Daten dienten zur Charakterisierung der Zusammensetzung des technischen Chloralkylens 9. AU - Klesse, C. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Hustert, K. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41242 C2 - 38557 SP - 1293-1305 TI - Isolierung und Identifizierung einiger Chloraromaten aus Chloralkylen 9. Ein Ersatzstoff für polychlorierte Biphenyle. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 11-12 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A laboratory screening method is presented which yields data on residue disappearance and conversion of 14C-labelled chemicals in the soil-plant-system. For 11 chemicals it is shown that a relative prediction resulting in a correct ranking for outdoor long-term behaviour is possible. AU - Kloskowski, R. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 40922 C2 - 38710 SP - 1089-1100 TI - Laboratory screening of distribution, conversion and mineralization of chemicals in the soil-plant-system and comparison to outdoor experimental data. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 10 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Nitz, S. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42669 C2 - 38704 SP - 415-422 TI - Lichtinduzierter Totalabbau organischer Moleküle adsorbiert an Kieselgel. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 4 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Increasing attention has been given for some years now to the occurrence of halogenated organic compounds in stack gases and fly-ash incineration plants. Upon combustion of an organic matrix containing polyethylene and with sodium chloride as the only chlorine source, it could be demonstrated that chloroaromatics are formed. Thus, not only organochlorines present in the material burnt but also inorganic chlorine may be a source of organochlorine emissions. AU - Lahaniatis, E.S. AU - Roas, R. AU - Bieniek, D. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41668 C2 - 38562 SP - 1321-1326 TI - Bildung von chlorierten organischen Verbindungen bei der Verbrennung von Polyäthylen in Gegenwart von Natriumchlorid. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 11-12 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lahaniatis, E.S. AU - Bieniek, D. AU - Vollner, L. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42688 C2 - 38705 SP - 935-943 TI - Bildung von Organochlorverbindungen bei der Verbrennung chlorhaltiger Polymere. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 8 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Malik, J.K. AU - Lay, J.P. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41296 C2 - 38558 SP - 1061-1066 TI - Does phenobarbital reduce retention of non-accumulating compounds in the rat?. Excretion and tissue distribution of (14C) coumaphos in rats upon phenobarbital treatment. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 9 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mansour, M. AU - Hustert, K. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 34337 C2 - 38628 SP - 1275-1280 TI - Erfahrungen mit den Testmethoden zur Bestimmung der Photostabilität von organischen Verbindungen in der Gasphase. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 11-12 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Oxinos, K. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42334 C2 - 38694 SP - 63-66 TI - Massenspektrometrisches verhalten der 4,5,6,7,8,8-Hexachlor-(2,3) 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro (hexahydro)-4,7-methano-1H-indene. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 1 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Oxinos, K. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42668 C2 - 38703 SP - 1291-1292 TI - Synthese der 3a-substituierten dihydrochlordenderivate. JO - Chemosphere VL - 10 IS - 11-12 PY - 1981 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Geyer, H.J. AU - Kraus, A.G. AU - Klein, W. AU - Richter, E.* AU - Korte, F.* C1 - 33694 C2 - 38614 SP - 277-291 TI - Relationship between water solubility and bioaccumulation potential of organic chemicals in rats. JO - Chemosphere VL - 9 IS - 5-6 PY - 1980 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hartung, G. AU - Mansour, M. AU - Hustert, K. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 33076 C2 - 35282 SP - 325-328 TI - Reaktionen einiger Chloräthylene mit O(3P). JO - Chemosphere VL - 9 IS - 5-6 PY - 1980 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hartung, G. AU - Mansour, M. AU - Hustert, K. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41982 C2 - 38848 SP - 317-324 TI - Zur Frage der Korrelierbarkeit zwischen Strukturmerkmalen und Photodechlorierungsreaktionen chlorierter Äthylene. JO - Chemosphere VL - 9 IS - 5-6 PY - 1980 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Klesse, C. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42711 C2 - 38137 SP - 551-552 TI - Kurze Mitteilung zur Synthese der Chlorjodcumole. JO - Chemosphere VL - 9 IS - 9 PY - 1980 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mansour, M. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41090 C2 - 0 SP - 59-60 TI - Photoinduzierte deuterierung monosubstituierter dichlorbenzole. JO - Chemosphere VL - 9 IS - 1 PY - 1980 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F.* C1 - 41310 C2 - 38150 SP - 55-58 TI - Photoumwandlungsprodukte der Chlordanderivate und ihre insektizide Wirksamkeit. JO - Chemosphere VL - 9 IS - 1 PY - 1980 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Baumann, R. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42649 C2 - 38140 SP - 547-550 TI - [2+2]-Photocycloadditionen der Cyclodieninsektizide als Festkörper. JO - Chemosphere VL - 9 IS - 9 PY - 1980 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Baumann, R. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41593 C2 - 35773 SP - 869-872 TI - Oberflächenkatalysierte Reaktionen der 4-Amino-6-R-3-methylthio-1,2,4-triazin-5 (4H) -one. JO - Chemosphere VL - 8 IS - 11-12 PY - 1979 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kilzer, L. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Geyer, H.J. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 33172 C2 - 35597 SP - 751-761 TI - Laboratory screening of the volatilization rates of organic chemicals from water and soil. JO - Chemosphere VL - 8 IS - 10 PY - 1979 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Klein, W. AU - Lotz, F. AU - Nitz, S. AU - Korte, F.* C1 - 41246 C2 - 35764 SP - 301-304 TI - Zur photoinduzierten Mineralisierung organischer Chemikalien. JO - Chemosphere VL - 8 IS - 5 PY - 1979 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lay, J.P. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Anagnostopoulos, E. AU - Klein, W. C1 - 42354 C2 - 38820 SP - 863-867 TI - Evidence of the metabolic introduction of the NO2-group into aromatic xenobiotics. JO - Chemosphere VL - 8 IS - 11-12 PY - 1979 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lotz, F. AU - Nitz, S. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41595 C2 - 35780 SP - 763-768 TI - Photomineralisierung adsorbierter organischer Chemikalien im Mikromasstab. JO - Chemosphere VL - 8 IS - 10 PY - 1979 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Moza, P.N. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 40944 C2 - 38527 SP - 373-375 TI - Long-term uptake of lower chlorinated biphenyls and their conversion products by spruce trees (Picea abies) from soil treated with sewage sludge. JO - Chemosphere VL - 8 IS - 6 PY - 1979 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41066 C2 - 35759 SP - 873-876 TI - Photokinetische Bewertung von Dechlorierungsreaktionen der Cyclodieninsektizide. JO - Chemosphere VL - 8 IS - 11-12 PY - 1979 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42433 C2 - 38814 SP - 797-807 TI - The significance of quantum yield during determination of environmental photochemical degradability of organic compounds. JO - Chemosphere VL - 8 IS - 10 PY - 1979 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schimmack, W. AU - Bunzl, K.W. C1 - 41465 C2 - 35766 SP - 777-785 TI - Kinetics of disaggregation of humic acid in water. JO - Chemosphere VL - 8 IS - 10 PY - 1979 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Anagnostopoulos, E. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 40942 C2 - 38528 SP - 351-357 TI - Contributions to ecological chemistry CXLIII Conversion of p-chloroaniline-14C in green algae and water. JO - Chemosphere VL - 7 IS - 4 PY - 1978 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Attar, A. AU - Müller, J.P.H. AU - Bieniek, D. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41949 C2 - 35745 SP - 339-343 TI - Synthese von Natrium Dodecylbenzol-14C-Sulfonat. JO - Chemosphere VL - 7 IS - 4 PY - 1978 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bahadir, M.A. AU - Gäb, S. AU - Schmitzer, J.L. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 33085 C2 - 35490 SP - 941-942 TI - Degradation of CCl2F2: Formation of CO2 upon adsorption on Mecca sand. JO - Chemosphere VL - 7 IS - 12 PY - 1978 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bieniek, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41838 C2 - 38370 SP - 729-730 TI - Einfache Synthese des Octachlorstyrols. JO - Chemosphere VL - 7 IS - 9 PY - 1978 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gebefügi, I.L. AU - Michna, A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 33189 C2 - 35634 SP - 359-364 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie CXLIV : Zur ökologisch-chemischen Bewertung des Pentachlorphenols in geschlossenen Räumen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 7 IS - 4 PY - 1978 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Göttfert, J. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41070 C2 - 35750 SP - 881-892 TI - Wachstum von Hypocrea cf. pilulifera Webster St. Con. unter verschiedenen Kulturbedingungen in Anwesenheit von Methabenzthiazuron. JO - Chemosphere VL - 7 IS - 11 PY - 1978 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a fungicide used in wood protection and a herbicide used against weeds in various crops2-4, especially in rice. Up to 1971, it contributed more than 50% to the herbicides used in Japan. However, because it has a high fish- and shellfish-toxicity, its application to paddy fields has been restricted since 1971. Today, PCP is still in use to a fair extent in paddy fields and upland crops either as a single herbicide or in combination with others4. Numerous publications are concerned with its abiotic decomposition5-8 including photomineralization9 and microbial degradation4,10-16 leading to the formation of carbon dioxide17-18. Furthermore, studies with bacteria using PCP as a sole carbon source have been done13,19. At least ten metabolites have been isolated from soil and identified4,10-11,14, 20-21, the main metabolic steps being methylation of the hydroxyl group, dechlorination resulting in tetrachloro- and trichlorophenols, and hydroxylation to chlorinated hydroquinones or catechols. According to our knowledge, no reports are available on identification of metabolites in the protected organisms, the higher plants. In one study it has been suggested that cotton plants accumulate and metabolize PCP, but no metabolites were reported22. This first paper on our respective experiments deals with the isolation and identification of a metabolite found in rice plants. AU - Haque, A.U. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42008 C2 - 35822 SP - 65-69 TI - Contributions to ecological chemistry CXL : Isolation and identification of a metabolite of pentachlorophenol- 14C in rice plants. JO - Chemosphere VL - 7 IS - 1 PY - 1978 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Herbst, E. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41778 C2 - 38114 SP - 221-230 TI - Contributions to ecological chemistry CXXXIX. Uptake and conversion of 2,5,4′-trichlorobiphenyl-14C, 2,4,6,2′,4′-pentachlorobiphenyl-14C and chloroalkylene-9-14C by goldfish after a single water treatment. JO - Chemosphere VL - 7 IS - 3 PY - 1978 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hustert, K. AU - Mansour, M. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41847 C2 - 35789 SP - 35-50 TI - Beiträge zur Ökologischen Chemie CXLI : Reaktionen von Essigester und Äthanol in Gegenwart von Umweltkontaminanten (NO2 und SO2) unter simulierten Troposphärischen Bedingungen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 7 IS - 1 PY - 1978 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Korte, F.* AU - Freitag, D. AU - Geyer, H.J. AU - Klein, W. AU - Kraus, A.G. AU - Lahaniatis, E.S. C1 - 42525 C2 - 35744 SP - 79-102 TI - Ecotoxicologic profile analysis : A concept for establishing ecotoxicologic priority lists for chemicals. JO - Chemosphere VL - 7 IS - 1 PY - 1978 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Lahaniatis, E.S. AU - Bieniek, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41344 C2 - 35706 SP - 503-507 TI - Nebenprodukte im käuflichen Pentachlornitrobenzol. JO - Chemosphere VL - 7 IS - 6 PY - 1978 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sotiriou, N. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42521 C2 - 38451 SP - 935-940 TI - Verhalten von Harnstoff-Formaldehyd-Polymeren im Boden unter Freilandbedingungen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 7 IS - 12 PY - 1978 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Rapid conversion and high rate of excretion of the fungicide, Imugan- 14C (N-formyl-N′ - (3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2, 2, 2-trichloroacetaldehydeaminal, Fig. 1) has been observed in rats upon long term oral administration2. In simulated waste composting experiments3 this fungicide is metabolized to 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA). 3,4-DCA and 3,3′, 4,4′-tetrachloroazobenzene (3,3′, 4,4′-TCAB) have been isolated from soil treated with it4. Algae have been found to convert it to a ring hydroxylated monohydroxy 3,3′,4,4′-TCAB5. In this work, the isolation and structure elucidation of metabolites of Imugan excreted with urine and faeces of rats are reported. AU - Viswanathan, R. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 33071 C2 - 35259 SP - 71-78 TI - Contributions to ecological chemistry CXLII : Separation and identification of metabolites excreted by rats after long term oral administration of imugan-14C. JO - Chemosphere VL - 7 IS - 1 PY - 1978 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - 14C-Chloralkylene-9 was applied to rats for 35 days (2 ppm/day/animal)2. GC-Mass Spectra indicated oxygenated components of chloralkylene-9 in urine and feces. The urinary metabolites were characterized to be mono-, di- and trihydroxy 2,4′-dichlorobiphenyls. The feces contained mainly those metabolites in which the side chain of mono-, di- and tri-isopropyl 2,4′-dichlorobiphenyl was oxidized. Different metabolic products containing alcoholic, aldehydic and carboxylic side chains were detected. Metabolites with unsaturated side chains were also detected. The GC-Mass spectroscopic analysis of chloroalkylene-9 residue showed the major component consisted of di- and tri-isopropyl 2,4′-dichlorobiphenyl. 2,4′-dichlorobiphenyl and monoisopropyl 2,4′-dichlorobiphenyl were found to comprise a smaller percentage of the total residue. There was also an indication of isomerization of 2,4′-dichlorobiphenyl. AU - Begum, S. AU - Lay, J.P. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41359 C2 - 38180 SP - 711-718,720-721,723 TI - Metabolic conversion of 14C-chloralkylene - 9. JO - Chemosphere VL - 6 IS - 11 PY - 1977 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ismail, R.M. AU - Salminen, L.M. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41317 C2 - 38092 SP - 797-802 TI - Distribution of topically applied environmental chemicals in the rabbit eye. JO - Chemosphere VL - 6 IS - 12 PY - 1977 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kilzer, L. AU - Weisgerber, I. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42440 C2 - 38450 SP - 93-98 TI - Contributions to ecological chemistry CXXXIV. Fate of aldrin-14C-derived residues in soil and plant samples during deep-frozen storage for five to seven years. JO - Chemosphere VL - 6 IS - 2-3 PY - 1977 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lahaniatis, E.S. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41954 C2 - 38188 SP - 11-16 TI - Beitrage zur ökologischen Chemie CXXXII. Über das Vorkommen chlorierter Kohlenwasserstoffe in Flugaschen von Müllverbrennungsanlagen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 6 IS - 1 PY - 1977 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mobarak, Z.M. AU - Zaki, N. AU - Bieniek, D. AU - El Darawy, Z.I. C1 - 42706 C2 - 38113 SP - 633-639 TI - Some chromatographic aspects of nutmeg analysis. JO - Chemosphere VL - 6 IS - 10 PY - 1977 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Moza, P.N. AU - Scheunert, I. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42010 C2 - 35675 SP - 575-580 TI - Contributions to ecological chemistry CXXXVII : Metabolism of chloroalkylene-9-14C in the marsh plant Veronica beccabunga. JO - Chemosphere VL - 6 IS - 9 PY - 1977 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Müller, J.P.H. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 33195 C2 - 35625 SP - 341-346 TI - Beiträge zur Ökologischen chemie CXXXVI : Kurze Mitteilung zur nicht sensibilisierten Photooxidation von Chloräthylenen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 6 IS - 6 PY - 1977 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42260 C2 - 35670 SP - 665-705 TI - Photoreactions of cyclodiene insecticides under simulated environmental conditions. A review. JO - Chemosphere VL - 6 IS - 10 PY - 1977 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Previous studies have shown addition of light liquid paraffin to enhance the elimination of organochlorine xenobiotics. In the present study the effect of paraffin on the elimination of [14C]hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was compared with the effect of possible alternative compounds, squalane and sucrose polyester (SPE). Four groups of 7 rats were fed a diet containing 1.5 ppm [14C]HCB for 4 days followed by 10 days on HCB-free diet. Thereafter one group (control) remained on this diet whereas the other 3 groups received a diet supplemented with 8% (w/w) paraffin, squalane or SPE, respectively. Radioactivity in urine and faeces was measured daily and at the end of the experiment in samples of abdominal fat, muscle, liver, kidney and blood. Dietary treatment with either paraffin, squalane or SPE markedly enhanced faecal excretion of [14C]HCB, whereas urinary excretion was not affected. Both the time course as well as the extent of faecal [14C]HCB elimination were similar in the treated groups. After 3 weeks of treatment the amount of [14C]HCB excreted with faeces was about three times higher in treated animals than in controls. The half-life (t1/2) of [14C]HCB elimination from the body was markedly decreased in treated animals (mean 34--38 days) compared to controls (110 days). [14C]HCB concentrations in some major tissues were significantly reduced to the same extent by all three dietary regimens. Thus squalane and SPE are as effective as paraffin in removing HCB from contaminated animals. AU - Richter, E.* AU - Lay, J.P. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 40958 C2 - 38135 SP - 357-369 TI - Enhanced elimination of hexachlorobenzene in rats by light liquid paraffin. JO - Chemosphere VL - 6 IS - 6 PY - 1977 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Saravanja Bozanic, V. AU - Gäb, S. AU - Hustert, K. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42644 C2 - 38118 SP - 21-26 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie CXXXIII. Reaktionen von Aldrin, Chlorden und 2, 2′-Dichlorbiphenyl mit O(3P). JO - Chemosphere VL - 6 IS - 1 PY - 1977 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Distribution coefficients for the sorption of Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ by peat were determined as a function of the Ca2+-content of peat as well as of the Ca2+-concentration in the solution. The amount of heavy metal ions taken up was measured for Cu2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ by atomic absorption spectrometry and for Pb2+ by using Pb-212 as a radioactive tracer. The results show that the distribution coefficients of the heavy metal ions increase, if one increases the initial ratio of the Ca2+ H+-ions in the peat phase. The distribution coefficients for the heavy metal ions decrease, however, if - at constant initial Ca2+-content of the peat - the Ca2+-concentration of the solution is increased. AU - Wolf, A. AU - Bunzl, K.W. AU - Dietl, F. AU - Schmidt, W.F. C1 - 41537 C2 - 38186 SP - 207-213 TI - Effect of Ca2+-ions on the absorption of Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ by humic substances. JO - Chemosphere VL - 6 IS - 5 PY - 1977 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lay, J.P. AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42705 C2 - 38079 SP - 45-48 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie CX. The chromatographic behaviour of technical "Chloralkylene-9". JO - Chemosphere VL - 5 IS - 1 PY - 1976 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Müller, W.F. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 40963 C2 - 38155 SP - 95-100 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie CXVII. Polychlorierte Biphenyle und Hexachlorbenzol in Umweltproben aus dem süddeutschen Raum. JO - Chemosphere VL - 5 IS - 2 PY - 1976 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tsorbatzoudi, E. AU - Vockel, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 34329 C2 - 40377 SP - 49-52 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie CXI. Metabolismus von Buturon-14C in algen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 5 IS - 1 PY - 1976 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bartl, P. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41390 C2 - 38440 SP - 169-172 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie XCVIII. Photochemisches verhalten des herbizids sencor (4-Amino-6-tert.-butyl-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4,triazin-5-(4H)-on) in Lösung. JO - Chemosphere VL - 4 IS - 3 PY - 1975 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bartl, P. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41558 C2 - 37938 SP - 173-176 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie IC. Photochemisches und thermisches verhalten des herbizids sencor (4-Amino-6-tert.-butyl-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-on) als festkörper und auf oberflächen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 4 IS - 3 PY - 1975 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Begum, S. AU - Lay, J.P. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41121 C2 - 37926 SP - 241-246 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen chemie CIII. Ausscheidung, Speicherung und Verteilung von Chloralkylen-9-14C nach Fütterung an Ratten. JO - Chemosphere VL - 4 IS - 4 PY - 1975 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gäb, S. AU - Nitz, S. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41658 C2 - 35855 SP - 251-256 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie CV : Photomineralisation of certain aromatic xenobiotica. JO - Chemosphere VL - 4 IS - 4 PY - 1975 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hustert, K. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42023 C2 - 38434 SP - 381-386 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie CIX. Zur Struktur von Polychlormethanoindenen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 4 IS - 6 PY - 1975 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Lay, J.P. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 33209 C2 - 35619 SP - 247-250 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie CIV : Rückstandsanalytik von Hexachlorbutadien in Lebensmitteln und Geflügelfutter. JO - Chemosphere VL - 4 IS - 4 PY - 1975 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41111 C2 - 35753 SP - 301-306 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie CVI : Vorkommen von Xenobiotika im Sickerwasser von Mülldeponien. JO - Chemosphere VL - 4 IS - 5 PY - 1975 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lahaniatis, E.S. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42448 C2 - 38442 SP - 83-88 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie XCIV. Zur Analytik und Photochemie hochsiedender polychlorierter Paraffingemische. JO - Chemosphere VL - 4 IS - 2 PY - 1975 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lay, J.P. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42231 C2 - 37925 SP - 161-168 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie C. Ausscheidung, Speicherung und Metabolisierung von 2,4,6,2′,4′-pentachlorbiphenyl-14C nach Langzeitfütterung an Ratten. JO - Chemosphere VL - 4 IS - 3 PY - 1975 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mansour, M.* AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F.* C1 - 41963 C2 - 38395 SP - 235-240 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie CI. Reaktionsverhalten von 3, 4 Dichloranilin und 3, 4 Dichlorphenol in Lösung, als Festkörper und in der Gasphase bei UV-Bestrahlung. JO - Chemosphere VL - 4 IS - 4 PY - 1975 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mobarak, Z.M. AU - Bieniek, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41562 C2 - 37937 SP - 299-300 TI - Untersuchung der Inhaltsstoffe der Cannabis sativa Während der Vegetationsperiode. JO - Chemosphere VL - 4 IS - 5 PY - 1975 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Müller, W.P. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41528 C2 - 37940 SP - 195-198 TI - Contributions to ecological chemistry CII. Microbial degradation of benzo-[a]-pyrene, monolinuron, and dieldrin in waste composting. JO - Chemosphere VL - 4 IS - 3 PY - 1975 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Gäb, S. AU - Lahaniatis, E.S. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41882 C2 - 38369 SP - 15-20 TI - Beiträge zur Ökologischen chemie XCIII. Synthese und analytisches Verhalten von 1-endo-hydroxychlorden und 1-exo-Hydroxychlorden. JO - Chemosphere VL - 4 IS - 1 PY - 1975 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Weisgerber, I. AU - Tomberg, W. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41684 C2 - 35856 SP - 99-104 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie XCV : Isolierung und Strukturaufklärung einiger Hydrophiler Isodrin-14C-metaboliten aus Weisskohl. JO - Chemosphere VL - 4 IS - 2 PY - 1975 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Anagnostopoulos, M.L. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42454 C2 - 37953 SP - 65-70 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LXXI. Isolierung, Identifizierung und Toxikologie einiger Toxaphenkomponenten. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 2 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Freitag, D. AU - Weisgerber, I. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41678 C2 - 35511 SP - 139-142 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LXXVI : Schicksal von Hexachlorbenzol-14C in Sommerweizen und Boden nach Saatgutbehandlung. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 4 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gäb, S. AU - Parlar, H. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41102 C2 - 37932 SP - 187-192 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LXXXII Reaktionen von Photodieldrin als Festkörper auf Glas und adsorbiert an Kieselgel bei UV-Bestrahlung. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 5 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gäb, S. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Nitz, S. AU - Hustert, K. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42459 C2 - 35525 SP - 183-186 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LXXXI : Photochemischer Abbau von Aldrin, Dieldrin und Photodieldrin als Festkörper im Sauerstoffstrom. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 5 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Haque, A.U. AU - Weisgerber, I. AU - Klein, W. C1 - 40972 C2 - 38167 SP - 9-12 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LXVIII. Metabolismus von buturon-14C in weizenblättern. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 1 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kilzer, L. AU - Detera, S. AU - Weisgerber, I. AU - Klein, W. C1 - 41675 C2 - 35509 SP - 143-148 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LXXVII : Verteilung und Metabolismus des Aldrin-Dieldrin-Metaboliten Trans-4,5-dihydroxy-4,5-dihydroaldrin-14C in Salatpflanzen und Boden. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 4 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 40971 C2 - 38174 SP - 161-166 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LXXIX Reaktionen von Buturon und Monolinuron in fester und flüssiger Phase bei UV-Bestrahlung. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 4 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Lay, J.P. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41940 C2 - 35526 SP - 193-198 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LXXXV : Mikrosynthese und in vitro Metabolismus von Dihydrochlorden-Dicarbonsäure-14C durch Rattenleberorganellen. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 5 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Mobarak, Z.M. AU - Bieniek, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 33106 C2 - 35270 SP - 265-270 TI - Studies on non-cannabinoids of hashish II An approach to correlate the geographical origin of Cannabis with hydrocarbon content by chromatographic analysis. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 6 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - 13 hydrocarbons together with the known n-nonacosane were isolated by column chromatography from Canabis sativa extract. For separation and identification of the new compounds, the combined gas chromatography-masspectrometry technique was used. AU - Mobarak, Z.M. AU - Bieniek, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 33219 C2 - 35612 SP - 5-8 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LXVI : Studies on non-cannabinoids of hashish. Isolation and identification of some hydrocarbons. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 1 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The results of gas chromatographical identification of hexane soluble plant metabolites after lindane treatment of the plants in hydroculture are presented. The plants involved in these experiments were the dicotyledonous garden bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and the monocotyledonous maize plant (Zea mays). The gas chromatogram of the hexane extract of the bean plants showed lindane (in a concentration of 20 ppm in the plant material) and two additional peaks, which were identified as γ pentachlorocyclohexene (4 ppm) and 1,2,4 trichlorobenzol (0.36 ppm). The maize extract contained unchanged lindane, γ pentachlorocyclohexene (5 ppm), 1,2,4 trichlorobenzol (0.30 ppm), and 1,2,3 trichlorobenzol (0.14 ppm). AU - Mostafa, I.Y. AU - Moza, P.N. AU - Weisgerber, I. AU - Klein, W. C1 - 42207 C2 - 0 SP - 55-58 TI - Ecologic chemistry. LXX: Orienting experiments on lindane metabolism of higher plants in hydroculture JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 2 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In order to find out whether γ pentachlorocyclohexene (γ PCCH), which has been identified as a metabolite of lindane in experiments with higher plants, soil, houseflies and rats, constitutes a provisional end product of the lindane metabolism in higher plants or an intermediary metabolite (as in mammals), maize seedlings and pea seedlings were kept in a suspension of 25 mg γ PCCH in 500 ml water for several days and examined for γ PCCH metabolites by means of gas chromatography and mass spectometry. It was found that γ PCCH undergoes further conversion into a series of chlorinated benzols and phenols. The differences in metabolic products between peas and maize suggest that the metabolism of γ PCCH proceeds differently in distinct plant species. A possible pathway of the γ PCCH metabolism in higher plants is depicted. AU - Moza, P.N. AU - Mostafa, I.Y. AU - Klein, W. C1 - 41530 C2 - 35498 SP - 255-258 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LXXXIX : Orientierende Versuche zum MEtabolismus von γ Pentachlorcyclohex 1 EN in höheren Pflanzen in Hydrokultur. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 6 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Müller, H.M. AU - Gäb, S. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41379 C2 - 38105 SP - 157-160 TI - Beiträge zur Ökologischen Chemie LXXV Photochemical reactions of imugan - 1-(3,4-dichloroanilino)-1-formylamino-2,2,2-trichloroethane -. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 4 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Müller, W. AU - Geyer, H. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42210 C2 - 38501 SP - 19-22 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LXVII. Untersuchung über die methyl- und gesamtquecksilberkontamination von fischen aus einem süddeutschen Fluß. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 1 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Nitz, S. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 33218 C2 - 35613 SP - 83-88 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LXXII : Analytisches Verhalten von Endo-Dieldrin und Endo-Photodieldrin. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 2 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In a previous publication, the authors reported on the residue behavior and conversion of the insecticide kelevan C14 in potatoes and in the soil after application of the insecticide on leaves or on the soil. After the harvest, the potato foliage and the soil were demonstrated to contain radioactive residues which mainly consisted of metabolites of kelevan C14. This report describes the isolation and identification of these metabolites as well as the radioactivity balance at the end of the first period of vegetation after application of the insecticide on leaves. It was found that over 90% of kelevan is already converted during the first period of vegetation after application. All main decomposition products, however, are compounds with a shortened or eliminated side chain. So far, no modification of the carbon frame could be demonstrated. AU - Sandrock, K. AU - Bieniek, D. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42253 C2 - 35518 SP - 119-204 TI - Beiträge zur Ökologischen Chemie. LXXXVI : Isolierung und Strukturaufklärung von Kelevan 14C Metaboliten und Bilanz in Kartoffeln und Boden. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 5 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Verschiedene Mikroorganismen (hauptsächlich Bodenmikroorganismen) wurden auf ihre Fähigkeit, Dieldrin bzw. 2, 2′-Dichlorbiphenyl zu metabolisieren, untersucht. In keinem dieser Versuche gelang es, Umwandlungs- oder gar Abbauprodukte nachzuweisen. Ein mit mindestens 200 ppm Aldrin, 155 ppm verschiedenster Chlorkohlenwasserstoffe und 650 ppm Dieldrin belasteter Boden wurde auf die in der Literatur2, 3) beschriebenen Hauptmetaboliten des Dieldrins untersucht. Dünnschichtchromatographisch ließen sich neben Photodieldrin nur die als Aldrinmetaboliten bekannten Verbindungen Dihydroaldrin-4, 5-transdiol und Dihydrochlorden-1, 3-dicarbonsäure nachweisen4, 5). Erst mit Hilfe einer GC-MS-Kombination wurde in Spuren 4-Ketoaldrin (Matsumuras Metabolit G) gefunden. AU - Vockel, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 40983 C2 - 38175 SP - 177-182 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LXXX Versuche zum Mikrobiellen Abbau von Dieldrin und 2, 2′-Dichlorbiphenyl. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 5 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Vollner, L. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 33105 C2 - 35269 SP - 271-274 TI - Beiträge zur Ökologischen Chemie XCI : Radiolyse von chlor-pestiziden : I. Gamma-bestrahlung von Dieldrin in wasser. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 6 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Vollner, L. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41380 C2 - 35718 SP - 275-280 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie XCII : Radiolyse von Chlor-Pestiziden II. Gamma-bestrahlung in Hexan, Aceton und Aceton/Wasser. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 6 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Weisgerber, I. AU - Detera, S. AU - Klein, W. C1 - 40996 C2 - 38112 SP - 221-226 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LXXXVIII. Isolierung und identifizierung einiger Heptachlor- 14C-Metaboliten aus Pflanzen und Boden. JO - Chemosphere VL - 3 IS - 5 PY - 1974 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Begum, S. AU - Gäb, S. AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42393 C2 - 35386 SP - 235-238 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LXIV : Reaktionsverhalten von kelevan in lösung, als festkörper und in der gasphase bei UV-Bestrahlung. JO - Chemosphere VL - 2 IS - 6 PY - 1973 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Greb, W.* AU - Klein, W. AU - Coulston, F.* AU - Golberg, L.* AU - Korte, F. C1 - 41548 C2 - 35504 SP - 143-146 TI - Excretion rates of pure Di- and trichlorobiphenyl-14C in the rhesus monkey. JO - Chemosphere VL - 2 IS - 4 PY - 1973 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kohli, J. AU - Weisgerber, I. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42467 C2 - 35388 SP - 153-156 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LIX : Rückstandsverhalten und Umwandlung von Dieldrin-14C in Kulturpflanzen, Boden und Sickerwasser nach Bodenapplikation. JO - Chemosphere VL - 2 IS - 4 PY - 1973 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kotzias, D. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42665 C2 - 35393 SP - 87-90 TI - Beiträge zur Ökologischen Chemie LVII : Reaktion des Buturons bei UV-Bestrahlung. JO - Chemosphere VL - 2 IS - 2 PY - 1973 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Moza, P.N. AU - Weisgerber, I. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42391 C2 - 35384 SP - 217-222 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie lxiii : Verteilung und Metabolismus von 2,2′-dichlorbiphenyl-14C in der höheren Sumpfpflanze Veronica Beccabunga. JO - Chemosphere VL - 2 IS - 5 PY - 1973 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 40988 C2 - 38810 SP - 169-172 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LX. Zur Photochemie der Chlordanderivate. JO - Chemosphere VL - 2 IS - 4 PY - 1973 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Roemer-Mähler, J. AU - Bieniek, D. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42699 C2 - 35390 SP - 31-33 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LIV : Solvolyse von Heptachlor und Dieldrin unter hohen Drucken. JO - Chemosphere VL - 2 IS - 1 PY - 1973 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Schulten, H.R.* AU - Prinz, H.* AU - Beckey, H.D.* AU - Tomberg, W. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42661 C2 - 37909 SP - 23-30 TI - Felddesorptions - massenspektrometrie eine neue methode zur identifizierung von pestiziden und deren metaboliten. JO - Chemosphere VL - 2 IS - 1 PY - 1973 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Any influence of 2,2 dichlorophenyl on embryonic development would be most expected when the substance is applied at the pre implantation stage. A specially teratogenic effect of 2,2' dichlorobiphenyl could not be demonstrated under experimental conditions. The questions of microscopically demonstrable abnormalities in organs and tissue damage induced by 2,2' dichlorobiphenyl will form the subject of further investigations. AU - Török, P. C1 - 41546 C2 - 35428 SP - 173-177 TI - Einfluss von 2,2'-Dichlorbiphenyl (PCB) auf die Embryonalentwiklung. JO - Chemosphere VL - 2 IS - 4 PY - 1973 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Elsner, E. AU - Bieniek, D. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42639 C2 - 37918 SP - 247-250 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LII1). Verteilung und Umwandlung von Aldrin-14C, Heptachlor-14C und Lindan-14C in der Grünalge Chlorella pyrenoidosa. JO - Chemosphere VL - 1 IS - 6 PY - 1972 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hockwin, O. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42660 C2 - 37914 SP - 261-266 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie LIII. Veränderung der Enzymaktivitäten der Linse des Auges durch Umweltchemikalien. JO - Chemosphere VL - 1 IS - 6 PY - 1972 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kaul, R. AU - Bieniek, D. AU - Klein, W. C1 - 42588 C2 - 37921 SP - 139-142 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie XLVI. Isolierung und Identifizierung von Metaboliten des 14C-trans-Chlordans aus Weißkohl. JO - Chemosphere VL - 1 IS - 4 PY - 1972 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Moza, P.N. AU - Weisgerber, I. AU - Klein, W. C1 - 42587 C2 - 37922 SP - 191-195 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen chemie L. Auswaschen eines wasserlöslichen Aldrin-14C-Abbauprodukts aus Boden. JO - Chemosphere VL - 1 IS - 5 PY - 1972 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Klein, W. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42658 C2 - 0 SP - 129-132 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen chemie XLV. Photodechlorierungsreaktionen des kelevan. JO - Chemosphere VL - 1 IS - 3 PY - 1972 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Parlar, H.A. AU - Korte, F.* C1 - 42677 C2 - 37913 SP - 125-128 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen chemie XLIV. Reaktionsverhalten von chlorden in lösung und in der gasphase bei uv-bestrahlung. JO - Chemosphere VL - 1 IS - 3 PY - 1972 SN - 0045-6535 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Vollner, L. AU - Schramel, P. AU - Samsahl, K. AU - Korte, F. C1 - 42698 C2 - 37911 SP - 147-152 TI - Beiträge zur ökologischen Chemie XLIX. Bestimmung einiger spurenelemente in Pflanzen und Lebensmitteln. JO - Chemosphere VL - 1 IS - 4 PY - 1972 SN - 0045-6535 ER -