TY - JOUR AB - Black carbon (BC) emitted from ship exhaust has negative impacts on both human health and the climate. Monitoring BC emissions and, potentially, introducing a regulatory framework, will depend on the availability of reliable techniques for the measurement of its emission. Current sensors enabling continuous monitoring are too expensive and require frequent maintenance. We have recently developed a low-cost optoacoustic (OptA) BC sensor, which spatially separates OptA detection from OptA excitation, and demonstrated its performance in the laboratory. The unique chamber-based design of the sensor allows for the spatial separation of its delicate quartz tuning fork (QTF) detector from BC particles, while reaching high sensitivity without the need for filters. In this work, we examine for the first time the sensor operation in a real environment, by implementing it on-board a roll-on-roll-off (RoRo) ferry transporting cargo and passengers (RoPax). We present longitudinal measurements of BC concentrations within the ship’s exhaust. We observe a strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.9) between our OptA sensor to an aerosol absorption photometer, used for comparison. BC concentrations of the ships exhaust were measured directly from the funnel and BC emission factors were estimated based on simultaneously measured CO2 content of the exhaust and the carbon content of the fuel. BC concentrations were found to vary depending on the fuel used, namely, marine gas oil (MGO) and methanol. For the latter significantly reduced BC concentrations were observed. We finally discuss the implications of the technology for low-cost and low-maintenance sensors for on-board BC monitoring and beyond. AU - Haedrich, L. AU - Kousias, N.* AU - Raptis, I.* AU - Li, D. AU - Stahl, U. AU - Ntziachristos, L.* AU - Ntziachristos, V. C1 - 74246 C2 - 57257 CY - 530 Walnut Street, Ste 850, Philadelphia, Pa 19106 Usa SP - 1095-1107 TI - An optoacoustic black carbon sensor for ship emission monitoring. JO - Aerosol Sci. Technol. VL - 59 IS - 9 PB - Taylor & Francis Inc PY - 2025 SN - 0278-6826 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The deposition of inhaled particles is typically highly localized in both the bronchial and alveolar region of the lung displaying spot-like, line-like and other deposition patterns. However, knowledge is very limited on how different deposition patterns may influence downstream cellular responses. In this study, the Dosimetric Aerosol in Vitro Inhalation Device (DAVID) was used for dose-controlled deposition of cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) in four different patterns (i.e., spot, ring, line and circle) on human alveolar A549 cells cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI). After CuONPs deposition (<15 min) and a 24 h incubation phase, cell viability, apoptotic/necrotic cell count, and gene expressions were measured. At the lowest dose of ∼5 µg/cm2, the line pattern resulted in the lowest viability of cells (57%), followed by the spot pattern (85%) while the ring and circle patterns exhibited >90% viability, compared to the particle free air control. At the highest dose of ∼20 µg/cm2, the viability reduced to 44%-60% for all patterns. Also, the gene profile was found to depend on deposition pattern. The results demonstrate that deposition pattern is a critical parameter influencing cellular response, thus an important parameter to consider in toxicity and drug delivery studies. Furthermore, the ability of DAVID to control the delivery of aerosolized particles in various deposition patterns was demonstrated, which enables implementation of nonhomogeneous particle deposition patterns that mimic real-life human inhalation exposures in future in vitro toxicology studies. Copyright © 2025 American Association for Aerosol Research. AU - Nannu Shankar, S.* AU - O’Connor, A.* AU - Mital, K.* AU - Zhang, Y.* AU - Theodore, A.* AU - Shirkhani, A.* AU - Amanatidis, S.* AU - Lewis, G.S.* AU - Eiguren Fernandez, A.* AU - Tilly, T.B.* AU - Schmid, O. AU - Sabo-Attwood, T.* AU - Wu, C.Y.* C1 - 73112 C2 - 56918 SP - 1198-1209 TI - Cellular responses of lung cells cultured at an air-liquid interface are influenced by spatial nanoparticle deposition patterns in an in vitro aerosol exposure system. JO - Aerosol Sci. Technol. VL - 59 IS - 10 PY - 2025 SN - 0278-6826 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Exposure to biomass-burning particulate matter (PM) is associated with various adverse health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, cancer, and systemic effects. Multiple mechanisms underlying PM toxicity components derived from biomass burning elicit harmful effects, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, inflammation, genotoxicity, and tissue-specific damage. Specific compounds or families of compounds present in biomass-burning PM, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives, have been identified as key contributors to the observed health effects. Their roles in oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cell death have been elucidated in various organs, such as the lungs, liver, kidneys, and brain, providing valuable insights into the systemic biological influence of biomass-burning-related diseases. Current knowledge of the impact of biomass burning highlights the imperative need for further research to understand the health implications of this environmental challenge and the importance of mitigating the adverse effects of increased exposure to biomass-burning pollution to protect the well-being of exposed populations worldwide. This review focuses on the crucial roles of oxidative stress and inflammation in mediating health effects, triggered by exposure to biomass-burning aerosols. It examines various aspects of the health-related impacts of biomass-burning emissions, particularly those from PM components. The review highlights the health consequences on exposed populations, emphasizing specific biochemical responses, contributions to toxicity mechanisms, tissue-specific effects, and the families of compounds responsible for these effects. AU - Pardo, M.* AU - Li, C.* AU - Zimmermann, R. AU - Rudich, Y.* C1 - 71380 C2 - 56064 CY - 530 Walnut Street, Ste 850, Philadelphia, Pa 19106 Usa SP - 1093-1113 TI - Health impacts of biomass burning aerosols: Relation to oxidative stress and inflammation. JO - Aerosol Sci. Technol. VL - 58 IS - 10 PB - Taylor & Francis Inc PY - 2024 SN - 0278-6826 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Soot particles (SP) are ubiquitous components of atmospheric particulate matter and have been shown to cause various adverse health effects. In the atmosphere, freshly emitted SP can be coated by condensed low-volatility secondary organic and inorganic species. In addition, gas-phase oxidants may react with the surface of SP. Due to the chemical and physical resemblance of SP carbon backbone with polyaromatic hydrocarbon species and their potent oxidation products, we investigated the biological responses of BEAS-2B lung epithelial cells following exposure to fresh- and photochemically aged-SP at the air–liquid interface. A comprehensive physical and chemical aerosol characterization was performed to depict the atmospheric transformations of SP, showing that photochemical aging increased the organic carbon fraction and the oxidation state of the SP. RNA-sequencing and qPCR analysis showed varying gene expression profiles for fresh- and aged-SP. Exposure to aged-SP increased DNA damage, oxidative damage, and upregulation of NRF2-mediated oxidative stress response genes compared to fresh-SP. Furthermore, aged-SP augmented inflammatory cytokine secretion and activated AhR-response, as evidenced by increased expression of AhR-responsive genes. These results indicate that oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage play a key role in the cytotoxicity of SP in BEAS-2B cells, where aging leads to higher toxic responses. Collectively, our results suggest that photochemical aging may increase SP toxicity through surface modifications that lead to an increased toxic response by activating different molecular pathways. AU - Pardo, M.* AU - Czech, H. AU - Offer, S. AU - Sklorz, M. AU - Di Bucchianico, S. AU - Hartner, E. AU - Pantzke, J. AU - Kuhn, E. AU - Paul, A.* AU - Ziehm, T.* AU - Zhang, Z.H.* AU - Jakobi, G. AU - Bauer, S. AU - Huber, A. AU - Zimmermann, E. AU - Rastak, N. AU - Binder, S. AU - Brejcha, R. AU - Schneider, E.* AU - Orasche, J. AU - Rüger, C.P.* AU - Gröger, T.M. AU - Oeder, S. AU - Schnelle-Kreis, J. AU - Hohaus, T.* AU - Kalberer, M.* AU - Sippula, O.* AU - Kiendler-Scharr, A.* AU - Zimmermann, R. AU - Rudich, Y.* C1 - 67508 C2 - 53589 CY - 530 Walnut Street, Ste 850, Philadelphia, Pa 19106 Usa SP - 367-383 TI - Atmospheric aging increases the cytotoxicity of bare soot particles in BEAS-2B lung cells. JO - Aerosol Sci. Technol. VL - 57 IS - 5 PB - Taylor & Francis Inc PY - 2023 SN - 0278-6826 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Black carbon (BC) mass concentration from internal combustion engines can be quantified using a variety of different BC measurement techniques. We compare the relative response of several commercial instruments with different measurement principles to different types of marine exhaust emissions. Exhaust samples were generated using a high-speed 4-stroke marine diesel engine at various engine operating conditions from low to high engine loads. Three different fuel types—diesel, distillate marine oil grade A (DMA) and intermediate fuel oil (IFO)—were used to generate soot particles with a wide range of physical, chemical and optical properties. Based on the standard deviation of the results at all engine conditions evaluated in the present study, the overall spread between the instruments was 24% for diesel, 30% for DMA and 37% for IFO samples. For samples with extremely high organic content (at 10% engine power), the agreement was poor and the standard deviation of the mass concentrations estimated from different instruments was 50% for diesel with OC/EC ≈ 45 and 72% for DMA with OC/EC ≈280. For IFO particles, more scattered mass concentrations were reported by different instruments at all engine loads, possibly due to very complex chemical composition and different optical properties in comparison with well-characterized soot particles. We explain the differences in reported values by combining information on exhaust composition with the measurement principles used in each instrument. AU - Momenimovahed, A.* AU - Gagné, S.* AU - Martens, P.* AU - Jakobi, G. AU - Czech, H. AU - Wichmann, V.* AU - Buchholz, B.* AU - Zimmermann, R. AU - Behrends, B.* AU - Thomson, K.A.* C1 - 62991 C2 - 51188 CY - 530 Walnut Street, Ste 850, Philadelphia, Pa 19106 Usa SP - 46-62 TI - Comparison of black carbon measurement techniques for marine engine emissions using three marine fuel types. JO - Aerosol Sci. Technol. VL - 56 IS - 1 PB - Taylor & Francis Inc PY - 2022 SN - 0278-6826 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The most commonly used construction material nowadays is steel-reinforced concrete which underlies corrosion and thus buildings are susceptible for structural collapses. Recently, a new construction material resistant to oxidation and with a higher tensile strength called carbon concrete composite (C ) was developed. The new material allows resource-saving constructions using carbon fiber instead of steel reinforcement materials embedded in a concrete matrix. C reinforcements consist of carbon fibers coated with an organic polymer matrix. In this study, abrasive dust from a dry cutting process of two C reinforcement materials, as well as a C material were investigated with respect to the occurrence of toxic fibers or harmful organic compounds in the inhalable particulate matter (PM) fractions PM and PM . It could be shown that the ratio between elemental and organic carbon in PM is dependent on the shape of the C reinforcement material due to different mechanisms of PM formation. This could have an impact on the toxicity of different C reinforcement materials. Harmful fibers according to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition like they are found in asbestos concrete were not found. However, bisphenol A (BPA) as well as the PAHs phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene and pyrene were found due to pyrolysis of the organic matrix material at the edge of the sawblade differentiating the Carcinogenic Equivalency (TEQ) of investigated materials and their PM fractions. Furthermore, derivatives of BPA occurred in abrasive dust from C reinforcement materials potentially leading to genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity. 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2.5 10 10 AU - Koch, A.* AU - Bergelt, P.* AU - Fiala, P.* AU - Käfer, U.* AU - Orasche, J. AU - Bauer, S. AU - Di Bucchianico, S. AU - Stintz, M.* AU - Gröger, T.M. AU - Streibel, T. AU - Zimmermann, R. C1 - 62116 C2 - 50449 SP - 292–306 TI - Investigation of chemical composition and fiber-occurrence in inhalable particulate matter obtained from dry cutting processes of carbon fiber reinforced concrete composite, concrete and the carbon fiber reinforcement materials. JO - Aerosol Sci. Technol. VL - 5 PY - 2021 SN - 0278-6826 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Cell exposure experiments at the air-liquid interface (ALI) are used increasingly as indicators for health effects and for the impact of aerosols on the lung. Thereby the aerosol particles are kept airborne and can deposit on a cell surface area similar to the human respiratory tract (RT). However, geometry and air flow rates of an ALI system deviate considerably from the RT. As the tissue-delivered particle dose to the lungs (TD) can hardly be measured, computer models of particle deposition are used here to mimic both the particle deposition at ALI and in the RT. An ALI exposure setup (VitroCell GmbH) for an airflow rate of 100 cm(3) min(-1) is selected, where the particle deposition model has been verified experimentally. For the RT we use the hygroscopic lung deposition model of Ferron et al. (2013). Model runs are performed for the particle deposition and for the deposited particles per surface area in both the ALI and the RT. The results show that the ALI-deposited mass is 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than in the alveolar region, because the surface area of the lung region is substantially larger. A particle size range from 40 to 450 nm is identified, where the ratio of both the deposition in a lung region and the deposition at the ALI varies by a factor less than two. Mean values for this ratio are 31 and 101 for the tracheo-bronchial and the alveolar region, respectively. The same size range is found for the ratio of the deposited particles per surface area in a lung region and at the ALI. For this range the mean surface deposition at the ALI is 23- and 1575-times larger than in the tracheo-bronchial and the alveolar lung region, respectively. The effect is partly compensated by different flow rate and cell size. AU - Karg, E.W. AU - Ferron, G.A. AU - Bauer, S. AU - Di Bucchianico, S. AU - Zimmermann, R.* C1 - 58605 C2 - 48214 CY - 530 Walnut Street, Ste 850, Philadelphia, Pa 19106 Usa SP - 668-684 TI - Is the particle deposition in a cell exposure facility comparable to the lungs? A computer model approach. JO - Aerosol Sci. Technol. VL - 54 IS - 6 PB - Taylor & Francis Inc PY - 2020 SN - 0278-6826 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Aerosols emitted from various anthropogenic and natural sources undergo constant physicochemical transformations in the atmosphere, altering their impacts on health and climate. This article presents the design and characteristics of a novel Photochemical Emission Aging flow tube Reactor (PEAR). The PEAR was designed to provide sufficient aerosol mass and flow for simultaneous measurement of the physicochemical properties of aged aerosols and emission exposure studies (in vivo and in vitro). The performance of the PEAR was evaluated by using common precursors of secondary aerosols as well as combustion emissions from a wood stove and a gasoline engine. The PEAR was found to provide a near laminar flow profile, negligible particle losses for particle sizes above 40 nm, and a narrow residence time distribution. These characteristics enable resolution of temporal emission patterns from dynamic emission sources such as small-scale wood combustion. The formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the PEAR was found to be similar to SOA formation in a smog chamber when toluene and logwood combustion emissions were used as aerosol sources. The aerosol mass spectra obtained from the PEAR and smog-chamber were highly similar when wood combustion was used as the emission source. In conclusion, the PEAR was found to plausibly simulate the photochemical aging of organic aerosols with high flow rates, needed for studies to investigate the effects of aged aerosols on human health. The method also enables to study the aging of different emission phases in high time resolution, and with different OH-radical exposures up to conditions representing long-range transported aerosols. Copyright (c) 2019 American Association for Aerosol Research AU - Ihalainen, M.* AU - Tiitta, P.* AU - Czech, H.* AU - Yli-Pirilä, P.* AU - Hartikainen, A.* AU - Kortelainen, M.* AU - Tissari, J.* AU - Stengel, B.* AU - Sklorz, M. AU - Suhonen, H.* AU - Lamberg, H.* AU - Leskinen, A.* AU - Kiendler-Scharr, A.* AU - Harndorf, H.* AU - Zimmermann, R. AU - Jokiniemi, J.* AU - Sippula, O.* C1 - 55325 C2 - 46311 CY - 530 Walnut Street, Ste 850, Philadelphia, Pa 19106 Usa SP - 276-294 TI - A novel high-volume Photochemical Emission Aging flow tube Reactor (PEAR). JO - Aerosol Sci. Technol. VL - 53 IS - 3 PB - Taylor & Francis Inc PY - 2019 SN - 0278-6826 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP) such as pollen and fungal spores can induce allergenic responses and affect health in general. Conditions such as allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and asthma have been related to pollen concentrations. Likewise some pollen have been shown to induce ice nucleation and cloud condensation at higher temperatures than those associated with some chemical species thereby affecting planet Earth's albedo and overall radiative balance. Hence the near real-time (on-line) monitoring of airborne pollen and other PBAP using a variety of spectroscopic and light scattering techniques represents an area of growing development and consequence. In this study, two separate field campaigns (one at a rural site in Ireland and the other at an urbanized location in Germany) were performed to detect and quantify pollen releases using a novel on-line fluorescence spectrometer (WIBS-4). The results were compared with results obtained using more traditional Hirst-type impactors. Size, “shape” and fluorescence characteristics of ambient particles were used to determine the concentrations and identity of the PBAP likely to be pollen grains. The concentration results obtained for both methodologies at both the Irish and German sites correlated very well, with R2 values >0.9 determined for both campaigns. Furthermore the sizing data available from the WIBS-4 approach employed in Ireland indicated that pollen grains can be identified in appropriate conditions. WIBS-4 measurements of Yew pollen both in the laboratory and at the rural site indicated almost identical size ranges of 25–27 μm. Yew pollen is generally reported to be in this range, but the measurements reported here are the first of their type providing data on the size of in-flight Yew pollen. AU - O'Connor, D.* AU - Healy, D.A.* AU - Buters, J.T.M. AU - Sodeau, J.R.* C1 - 28950 C2 - 33588 CY - Philadelphia SP - 341-349 TI - Using the WIBS-4 (Waveband Integrated Bioaerosol Sensor) technique for the on-line detection of pollen grains. JO - Aerosol Sci. Technol. VL - 48 IS - 4 PB - Taylor & Francis Inc PY - 2014 SN - 0278-6826 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A measurement system was developed to sample and analyze the particle and gas phase of high temperature combustion aerosols up to a particle aerodynamic diameter of approximately 3 mm. The rapid changes of aerosol composition and concentration caused by the inhomogeneous fuel and changing burning conditions were accommodated by a combined measurement of both gas and particle phase and a synchronous measurement of two identical systems at two different positions at the boiler. Based on works reported earlier, an air-cooled dilution probe was designed and adapted to the corrosive composition of the combustion aerosol by use of a silica glass inlet and a ceramic porous tube diluter (PTD). Directly behind the probe, the raw gas is passing a cyclone which precipitates the coarse particles > 25 mu m, and is then split into a gas analysis and a particle analysis branch. The particle branch, after further dilution and cooling to ambient temperature, is split for a simultaneous analysis by an APS and a low pressure impactor (ELPI or BLPI). The whole sampling line is conditioned to 300 degrees C until final dilution and cooling to ambient temperature. The measurement system was employed at different incineration plants between 220 degrees C and 950 degrees C for various experiments, e. g., time resolved concentration analysis during soot blowing cleaning routine. The mass concentration balance, including the content of the inlet, achieved a 92% match of the total slag mass balance of the investigated plant. AU - Deuerling, C.F. AU - Maguhn, J. AU - Nordsieck, H.O.* AU - Warnecke, R.* AU - Zimmermann, R. C1 - 22 C2 - 27150 SP - 1-9 TI - Measurement system for characterization of gas and particle phase of high temperature combustion aerosols. JO - Aerosol Sci. Technol. VL - 44 IS - 1 PB - Taylor&Francis Ltd. PY - 2010 SN - 0278-6826 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Ultrafine carbon, metal, and metal oxide particles were generated with a commercially available spark generator designed for the production of carbon particles. Aerosols with number concentrations up to 107 cm−3 were produced at flow rates up to 150 lpm. Lognormal size distributions with modal diameters in the range of 18–150 nm and geometric standard deviations of about 1.5 were obtained. The chemical composition, size, number concentration, morphology, and surface area of the particles were varied, and the generation of particles with fixed characteristics could be maintained over many hours. The particle characteristics, however, could not be varied independently. For a certain chemical composition only size and number concentration were variable; morphology and surface area were fixed regardless of particle size. The particles grow by coagulation of primary particles formed by nucleation. The coagulated particles can either stick together and maintain their identity or fuse together and lose their identity. Each material used for the generation of ultrafine particles is thus associated with a certain morphology and surface area: silver with a low mass-related BET surface area (20 m2 g−1), metal oxides and iridium with a low-to-intermediate BET surface area (50 m2 g−1 for cadmium oxide, 120 m2 g−1 for iridium, and 300 m2 g− 1 for ferric oxide), and carbon with a large BET surface area (750 m2 g−1). Iridium, on the other hand, has a huge volume-related BET surface area (2800 m2 cm−3). It was not possible to generate ultrafine carbon particles without contaminations with the generator. However, these contaminations could be decreased in this study from 25% to 6% by replacing organic components of the generator by pure inorganic components. AU - Roth, C. AU - Ferron, G.A. AU - Karg, E.W. AU - Lentner, B. AU - Schumann, G. AU - Takenaka, S. AU - Heyder, J. C1 - 2109 C2 - 21942 SP - 228-235 TI - Generation of ultrafine particles by spark discharging. JO - Aerosol Sci. Technol. VL - 38 IS - 3 PY - 2004 SN - 0278-6826 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Three aerosol spectrometers measuring the number concentration distribution of particles in the diameter range 0.01 to 2.5 mum were compared by running them side-by-side for 385 h under ambient air conditions in Erfurt, Germany in October 1997. From the spectral data the measured hourly number concentrations in 3 size fractions, the ultrafine fraction (0.01-0.1 mum), the accumulation fraction (0.1-0.5 mum), and the coarse fraction (0.5-2.5 mum), were analyzed. The systematic component of the difference between the instruments was assessed as the geometric mean of the ratio of the measured concentrations (GMR) and the random component as the geometric standard deviation of this ratio (GSR). Previous statistical methods to compare instruments were developed further. A nonlinear multivariate regression method was used to compare the aerosol distribution consisting of several size fractions. Also, the imprecision of the individual instruments (GSI) was estimated. Comparing the instruments within the ultrafine and accumulation fractions, both the GMRs and GSRs ranged between 1.06 and 1.23 and correlations were above 0.98. In the coarse fraction, the GMR of the number concentrations ranged between 0.25 and 4.19, the GSRs between 1.81 and 2.61, and the correlations between 0.72 and 0.85. The GSIs of the instruments were below 1.2 for all fractions but the coarse fraction. To explore possible differences in the classification of particles into the accumulation and coarse fractions, coarse fractions were regressed with the coarse and the accumulation fractions of the other instruments. Using a conversion based on this regression, the GSRs between instruments were minimized to 1.35 and the GSI to below 1.3. In conclusion, the aerosol spectrometers were in good agreement in the ultrafine and accumulation size fractions. The differences in the measured number concentrations in the coarse fraction were effectively corrected by using a regression method taking into account also the concentration in accumulation fraction, which suggests possible differences in particle sizing at 0.5 mum. AU - Mirme, A.* AU - Kreyling, W.G. AU - Khlystov, A.* AU - ten Brink, H.* AU - Ruuskanen, J.* AU - Tuch, T. AU - Pekkanen, J.* C1 - 10393 C2 - 20360 SP - 866-876 TI - Intercomparison of Aerosol Spectrometers for Ambient Air Monitoring. JO - Aerosol Sci. Technol. VL - 36 IS - 8 PB - Taylor & Francis PY - 2002 SN - 0278-6826 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Diffusional losses of monodisperse polysterene spheres and doublets from laminar aerosol flows and stagnant aerosols in cylindrical tubes were measured. The losses of spheres were used to determine their diameter (range 69-120 mm) and the volume equivalent diameter of their doublets. The losses of the doublets were used to determine their dynamic shape factor which for randomly oriented doublets was established to be 1.127 ± 0.085 for Knudsen numbers between 1.1 and 2.0. | Diffusional losses of monodisperse polystyrene spheres and doublets from laminar aerosol flows and stagnant aerosols in cylindrical tubes were measured. The losses of spheres were used to determine their diameter (range 69-120 nm) and the volume equivalent diameter of their doublets. The losses of the doublets were used to determine their dynamic shape factor which for randomly oriented doublets was established to be 1.127 ± 0.085 for Knudsen numbers between 1.1 and 2.0. AU - Scheuch, G. AU - Heyder, J. C1 - 33991 C2 - 36401 SP - 270-277 TI - Dynamic shape factor of nonspherical aerosol particles in the diffusion regime. JO - Aerosol Sci. Technol. VL - 12 IS - 2 PY - 1990 SN - 0278-6826 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Scheuch, G. AU - Heyder, J. C1 - 17316 C2 - 9932 TI - Dynamic Shape Factor of Nonsperical Aerosol Particles in the Diffusion Regime. JO - Aerosol Sci. Technol. PY - 1988 SN - 0278-6826 ER -