TY  - JOUR
AB  - Objective: This study aims to review the role of the oral cavity in SARS-CoV-2- and other viral upper respiratory tract infections. Material and methods: Data reviewed in the text have been researched online and also reflect personal expertise. Results: Numerous respiratory and other viruses replicate in the oral cavity and are transmitted via aerosols (< 5 µm) and droplets (> 5 µm). SARS-CoV-2 replication has been documented in the upper airways as well as in oral mucosa and salivary glands. These sites are also virus reservoirs that can infect other organs, e.g., the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, as well as other individuals. Laboratory diagnosis of viruses in the oral cavity and upper airways focuses on real-time PCR; antigen tests are less sensitive. For screening and monitoring infections, nasopharyngeal and oral swabs are tested; saliva is a good and more comfortable alternative. Physical means like social distancing or masks have been proven successful to reduce the risk of infection. Both wet-lab and clinical studies confirm that mouth rinses are effective against SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. Antiviral mouth rinses can inactivate all viruses that replicate in the oral cavity. Conclusions: The oral cavity plays an important role in viral infections of the upper respiratory tract: it serves as a portal of entry, a site of replication, and a source of infection by droplets and aerosols. Physical means but also antiviral mouth rinses can help reduce the spread of viruses and contribute to infection control.
AU  - Hoffmann, D.
C1  - 68526
C2  - 54700
CY  - Tiergartenstrasse 17, D-69121 Heidelberg, Germany
SP  - 15-22
TI  - The role of the oral cavity in SARS-CoV-2- and other viral infections.
JO  - Clin. Oral Investig.
VL  - 27
IS  - Suppl 1
PB  - Springer Heidelberg
PY  - 2023
SN  - 1432-6981
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Objective: Passive alveolar molding (PAM) and nasoalveolar molding (NAM) are established presurgical infant orthodontic (PSIO) therapies for cleft lip palate (CLP) patients. PAM guides maxillary growth with a modified Hotz appliance, while NAM also uses extraoral taping and includes nasal stents. The effects of these techniques on alveolar arch growth have rarely been compared. Material and methods: We retrospectively compared 3D-scanned maxillary models obtained before and after PSIO from infants with unilateral, non-syndromic CLP treated with PAM (n = 16) versus NAM (n = 13). Nine anatomical points were set digitally by four raters and transversal/sagittal distances and rotations of the maxilla were measured. Results: Both appliances reduced the anterior cleft, but NAM percentage wise more. NAM decreased the anterior and medial transversal width compared to PAM, which led to no change. With both appliances, the posterior width increased. The alveolar arch length of the great and small segments and the sagittal length of the maxilla increased with PAM but only partially with NAM. However, NAM induced a significant greater medial rotation of the larger and smaller segment compared to PAM with respect to the lateral angle. Conclusions: NAM and PAM presented some significant differences regarding maxillary growth. While NAM reduced the anterior cleft and effectively rotated the segments medially, PAM allowed more transversal and sagittal growth. Clinical relevance: The results of this study should be taken into consideration when to decide whether to use PAM or NAM, since they show a different outcome within the first few months. Further studies are necessary regarding long-term differences.
AU  - Parhofer, R.*
AU  - Rau, A.*
AU  - Strobel, K.*
AU  - Gölz, L.*
AU  - Stark, R.G.
AU  - Ritschl, L.M.*
AU  - Wolff, K.D.*
AU  - Kesting, M.R.*
AU  - Grill, F.D.*
AU  - Seidel, C.L.*
C1  - 68487
C2  - 54661
CY  - Tiergartenstrasse 17, D-69121 Heidelberg, Germany
SP  - 5001-5009
TI  - The impact of passive alveolar molding vs. nasoalveolar molding on cleft width and other parameters of maxillary growth in unilateral cleft lip palate.
JO  - Clin. Oral Investig.
VL  - 27
IS  - 9
PB  - Springer Heidelberg
PY  - 2023
SN  - 1432-6981
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Objectives Although dental trauma and its unfavorable sequelae are considered major public health problems worldwide, the published data on the prevalence of traumatic crown injuries (TCIs) in Germany are lacking. Therefore, the present study assessed the prevalence of TCIs among adolescents in Bavaria, Germany. Material and methods Ethical approval and parental consents were obtained, and population-based information from 10- (N = 1158), 12- (N = 416), and 15-year-olds (N = 1302) from two different cohort studies performed in Bavaria (GINIplus/LISA and LAGZ) were examined for the presence of TCIs, dental caries, and restorations. Statistical comparisons were made using Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results The prevalence of TCIs was 6.3% in the 10- and 12-year-old children and 14.0% in 15-year-old children, and a higher prevalence was observed in boys than in girls. Most (87.5%) of the traumatized teeth were maxillary incisors. The caries prevalence was low in all three populations. Conclusion The prevalence of TCIs in Bavarian adolescents at a low risk for caries was found to be low.
AU  - Eltair, M.*
AU  - Pitchika, V.*
AU  - Standl, M.
AU  - Lang, T.*
AU  - Krämer, N.*
AU  - Hickel, R.*
AU  - Kühnisch, J.*
C1  - 56372
C2  - 47049
CY  - Tiergartenstrasse 17, D-69121 Heidelberg, Germany
SP  - 867-874
TI  - Prevalence of traumatic crown injuries in German adolescents.
JO  - Clin. Oral Investig.
VL  - 24
IS  - 2
PB  - Springer Heidelberg
PY  - 2020
SN  - 1432-6981
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study compared the caries experience in 15-year-olds with and without demarcated hypomineralised lesions (DHL) in permanent teeth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One thousand three hundred and two 15-year-old adolescents from two ongoing birth cohorts (GINIplus15 and LISAplus15) were examined to determine non-cavitated carious lesions (NCCL) and the DMF index. Furthermore, DHL was scored on all permanent teeth/surfaces according to the molar-incisor hypomineralisation criteria of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (MIH/EAPD). Adolescents with DHL were categorised into those with a minimum of one DHL in the permanent dentition (DHL ≥ 1), with DHL on at least one first permanent molar (MIH/EAPD) and with DHL on at least one first permanent molar and permanent incisor (MIH/Severe). The study was conducted in the metropolitan area of Munich. RESULTS: The proportion of children without caries amounted to 63.7% (DMF > 0) and 26.0% (D1-4MF > 0); the caries experience was mean = 4.0(SD = 5.2) NCCL/T and 0.9(1.7) DMF/T. Existence of DHL ≥ 1, MIH/EAPD and MIH/Severe was detected in 40.2, 17.2 and 9.8% of all adolescents, respectively. The corresponding DMF/T values were: no DHL 0.9(1.7); DHL ≥ 1 1.0(1.7); MIH/EAPD 1.1(1.6); MIH/Severe 1.1(1.7). The group of adolescents with MIH/EAPD and MIH/Severe were found to have statistically higher caries rates in comparison to those with no DHL. CONCLUSIONS: Caries and DHL are prevalent and influenced the dental health of 15-year-old adolescents. A significant positive association existed between the presence of caries and DHL. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Children with MIH/EAPD or MIH/Severe had a higher probability to develop carious lesions in the permanent dentition.
AU  - Kühnisch, J.*
AU  - Kabary, L.*
AU  - Malyk, Y.*
AU  - Rothmaier, K.*
AU  - Metz, I.*
AU  - Hickel, R.*
AU  - Heinrich, J.
AU  - Manton, D.*
AU  - Standl, M.
C1  - 52520
C2  - 44045
SP  - 2013-2019
TI  - Relationship between caries experience and demarcated hypomineralised lesions (including MIH) in the permanent dentition of 15-year-olds.
JO  - Clin. Oral Investig.
VL  - 22
IS  - 5
PY  - 2018
SN  - 1432-6981
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Objective: We examined whether fluoride/vitamin D supplementation in the first year of life is associated with caries or molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) at 10 years of age. Methods: The study population consisted of 406 children for whom information on fluoride/vitamin D supplementation during the first year of life was available. Dental examination at the age of 10 included caries and MIH registration. The results of logistic regression models were adjusted for gender, age, BMI, parental education, and equivalent income. Results: Children receiving supplementation during the entire first year of life had a significantly lower probability of having caries-related restorations in primary teeth in comparison to those who received supplementation for less than 6 months (fluoride supplementation: odds ratio (OR) for d3–4mfs 2.47 (1.32–4.63), for fs 2.70 (1.43–5.10); vitamin D supplementation: OR for d3–4mfs 2.08 (1.00–4.32), fs 2.50 (1.19–5.25)). The majority of logistic regression analyses indicated no association between supplementation and MIH. Conclusions: It was found a consistent significant caries-preventive effect in the primary dentition of children who received fluoride (256/372)/vitamin D supplementation (274/376) in all 12 months over the first year of life; no effects were observed for permanent dentition. The high parental interest in supplementation is linked to an imbalance of the study groups. Furthermore, tooth brushing frequency, use of fluoride toothpastes and/or other oral hygiene products were not recorded during the observation period which may also confound the results. Clinical relevance: Fluoride/vitamin D supplementation can be used in children for preventing caries in the primary dentition.
AU  - Kühnisch, J.*
AU  - Thiering, E.
AU  - Heinrich-Weltzien, R.*
AU  - Hellwig, E.*
AU  - Hickel, R.*
AU  - Heinrich, J.
C1  - 50155
C2  - 42216
CY  - Heidelberg
SP  - 2283-2290
TI  - Fluoride/vitamin D tablet supplementation in infants-effects on dental health after 10 years.
JO  - Clin. Oral Investig.
VL  - 21
IS  - 7
PB  - Springer Heidelberg
PY  - 2017
SN  - 1432-6981
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - OBJECTIVES: This genome-wide association study (GWAS) investigated the relationship between molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) and possible genetic loci. Clinical and genetic data from the 10-year follow-up of 668 children from the Munich GINI-plus and LISA-plus birth cohort studies were analyzed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The dental examinations included the diagnosis of MIH according to the criteria of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD). Children with MIH were categorized as those with a minimum of one hypomineralized first permanent molar. A GWAS was implemented following a quality-control step and an additive genetic effect was assumed. RESULTS: A total of 2,013,491 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were available for analysis. Rs13058467, which is located near the SCUBE1 gene on chromosome 22 (p < 3.72E-7), was identified as a possible locus linked to MIH when using a threshold of p value <1E-6. CONCLUSIONS: After considering the limitations of the present study (e.g., limited sample size and lack of an independent replication sample), it can be concluded that (1) replication analyses in an independent cohort study are strongly recommended and (2) large-scale and well-powered studies are needed to investigate a possible genetic link to MIH.
AU  - Kühnisch, J.*
AU  - Thiering, E.
AU  - Heitmüller, D.*
AU  - Tiesler, C.M.
AU  - Grallert, H.
AU  - Heinrich-Weltzien, R.*
AU  - Hickel, R.*
AU  - Heinrich, J.
AU  - GINI-10 plus Study Group (Wichmann, H.-E.
AU  - Heinrich, J.
AU  - Sausenthaler, S.
AU  - Zutavern, A.
AU  - Chen, C.-M.
AU  - Schnappinger, M.
AU  - Rzehak, P.)
AU  - LISA-10 plus Study Group (Wichmann, H.-E.
AU  - Heinrich, J.
AU  - Sausenthaler, S.
AU  - Chen, C.-M.
AU  - Schnappinger, M.)
C1  - 26601
C2  - 32296
CY  - Heidelberg
SP  - 677-682
TI  - Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) for Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH).
JO  - Clin. Oral Investig.
VL  - 18
IS  - 2
PB  - Springer
PY  - 2014
SN  - 1432-6981
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the current guidelines of the International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) for emergency care of traumatised teeth result in lower complication rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Therapeutic strategies of 361 dental injuries in 291 patients treated at a university dental hospital over a 5-year period were investigated by evaluating the patients' records. Adherence to the guidelines of the IADT (Flores et al. Dent Traumatol 17:1-4, 2001; 49-52, 2001; 97-102, 2001; 145-148, 2001; and 193-196, 2001; Flores et al. Dent Traumatol 23:66-71, 2007; 130-136, 2007; and 196-202, 2007) was evaluated. Complications were also recorded according to the patients' records and analysed relative to the treatment and injury pattern. During follow-up visits, the teeth were inspected regarding pulp vitality and overall function of the injured tooth. The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of pulps and teeth was performed for different injury categories. RESULTS: The majority of injuries (322/361; 89.2 %) were treated according to the guidelines. When IADT guidelines were followed, complication rates were significantly lower than for cases treated without adherence to the guidelines. The most frequent complication was the loss of restoration, followed by pulp necrosis, abnormal mobility, and tooth loss. The overall survival analysis showed that in the permanent dentition, the loss of pulp vitality and tooth occurs within the first 6 months but may also occur later. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that traumatised teeth that were treated according to the recommendations had a lower complication rate. In addition, the majority of pulp necrosis and tooth losses in the permanent dentition occurred within the first 6 months after trauma. These results indicate that early follow-up visits are essential to promptly treat complications. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Adherence to the IADT guidelines for treatment of dental trauma may lead to more favourable outcomes when compared to cases treated without compliance to the guidelines.
AU  - Bücher, K.*
AU  - Neumann, C.*
AU  - Thiering, E.
AU  - Hickel, R.*
AU  - Kühnisch, J.*
C1  - 24843
C2  - 31703
SP  - 1311-1318
TI  - Complications and survival rates of teeth after dental trauma over a 5-year period.
JO  - Clin. Oral Investig.
VL  - 17
IS  - 5
PB  - Springer
PY  - 2013
SN  - 1432-6981
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were (1) to assess in 6- to 7-year-old Filipino children caries prevalence and experience and the weight status and (2) to investigate the association between dental caries and weight status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dental and anthropometric examinations were conducted on 1,962 6- to 7-year-old children during the National Oral Health Survey in 2005-2006. Dental caries assessments were carried out using World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria (1997). Weight status was assessed with body mass index according to WHO growth reference. A multivariable logistic regression model was applied to investigate the effect of dental caries and sociodemographic variables on the children's weight status. RESULTS: Caries prevalence was 96.8 % in primary and 39.7 % in permanent teeth, and caries experience was 8.4 dmft and 0.6 DMFT. Of the children, 17.8 % were underweight, 73.0 % had normalweight, 6.0 % were overweight and 3.2 % were obese. Girls had a lower risk of being underweight than boys odds ratios (OR) 0.70, confidence interval (CI) 0.55-0.88. Children living in rural areas and with no television at home were more likely to be underweight (OR 1.36, CI 1.07-1.72; OR 1.37, CI 1.07-1.76, respectively). Fewer primary and permanent teeth were risk factors for being underweight (OR 0.93, CI 0.92-0.95; OR 0.90, CI 0.89-0.94, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Underweight was associated stronger with demographic and socioeconomic conditions than with dental variables. However, underweight and dental caries are public health issues of high priority affecting children at an important phase of their development. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Definite conclusions upon an association between dental caries and weight status in high caries risk schoolchildren cannot be drawn.
AU  - Heinrich-Weltzien, R.*
AU  - Monse, B.*
AU  - Benzian, H.*
AU  - Heinrich, J.
AU  - Kromeyer-Hauschild, K.*
C1  - 22393
C2  - 30857
SP  - 1515-1523
TI  - Association of dental caries and weight status in 6- to 7-year-old Filipino children.
JO  - Clin. Oral Investig.
VL  - 17
IS  - 6
PB  - Springer
PY  - 2013
SN  - 1432-6981
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - OBJECTIVES: A few clinical observations reported that children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have poor oral health compared to children without ADHD. However, evidence is not conclusive. We assess the association between hyperactivity/inattention and oral health in a population-based study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: As part of the ongoing birth cohort studies German Infant Nutritional Intervention-plus (GINIplus) and Influences of lifestyle-related factors on the immune system and the development of allergies in childhood-plus (LISAplus), 1,126 children at age 10 years (±10.2) from Munich (Germany) were included in the present analysis. During the dental examination, oral hygiene, non-cavitated and cavitated caries lesions, dental trauma, and enamel hypomineralization (EH) in the permanent dentition (MIH/1) were recorded. Children with a Molar-Incisor-Hypomineralization were subcategorized into those with EH on at least one first permanent molar (MIH/1A), and on at least one first permanent molar and permanent incisor (MIH/1B). Data on children's hyperactivity/inattention symptoms were collected by parent-reported Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. Logistic regressions and zero-inflated Poisson regression models were applied adjusted for gender, parental education, parental income, and methylphenidate or atomoxetine medication. RESULTS: Logistic regressions showed that non-cavitated caries lesions were positively related with the presence of hyperactivity/inattention (OR(adj) = 1.51,CI(95%) = 1.08-2.11). When adjusted for parental background, an association showed between hyperactivity/inattention symptoms and MIH/1A but did not reach statistical significance (OR(adj) = 1.59,CI(95%) = 1.00-2.53). CONCLUSIONS: Children with borderline and abnormal values of hyperactivity/inattention symptoms showed more non-cavitated caries lesions. Severe levels of hyperactivity/inattention may contribute to a higher risk for MIH/1A in school age. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Adequate dental preventive care for children with hyperactivity/inattention, especially from a low social background, is of importance for optimal caries prevention.
AU  - Kohlboeck, G.
AU  - Heitmueller, D.*
AU  - Neumann, C.*
AU  - Tiesler, C.M.
AU  - Heinrich, J.
AU  - Heinrich-Weltzien, R.*
AU  - Hickel, R.*
AU  - Koletzko, S.*
AU  - Herbarth, O.*
AU  - Kühnisch, J.*
C1  - 22395
C2  - 30858
SP  - 1329-1338
TI  - Is there a relationship between hyperactivity/inattention symptoms and poor oral health? Results from the GINIplus and LISAplus study.
JO  - Clin. Oral Investig.
VL  - 17
IS  - 5
PB  - Springer
PY  - 2013
SN  - 1432-6981
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The aim of this cross-sectional study was to analyse the preventive need of pit and fissure sealants (PFS) in a German population with a relatively high caries risk. The study involved 311 8- to 12-year-old children from the Ennepe-Ruhr District in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Caries experience was scored according to WHO (1997) and ICDAS II criteria. PFS were assessed as intact or partially lost. The mean DFS values amounted to 0.5 for occlusal fissures, 0.2 for palatal/buccal pits and 0.3 for the remaining teeth. Non-cavitated caries lesions were recorded in average on 1.8 occlusal fissures and 1.5 palatal/buccal pits. Sealants were registered on 1.4 occlusal fissures and 0.4 palatal/buccal pits. The descriptive data and the adjusted Poisson regression models revealed that children with at least one fissure sealant are less likely to have decayed fissures or fissures with non-cavitated lesions on their permanent molars. Therefore, PFS are needed and indicated in caries-risk children.
AU  - Berger, S.*
AU  - Goddon, I.*
AU  - Chen, C.M.
AU  - Senkel, H.*
AU  - Hickel, R.*
AU  - Stosser, L.*
AU  - Heinrich-Weltzien, R.*
AU  - Kühnisch, J.*
C1  - 4488
C2  - 27919
CY  - Heidelberg
SP  - 613-620
TI  - Are pit and fissure sealants needed in children with a higher caries risk?
JO  - Clin. Oral Investig.
VL  - 14
IS  - 5
PB  - Springer
PY  - 2010
SN  - 1432-6981
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of tooth related and patient related factors on the success of non-surgical and surgical periodontal therapy. In 41 patients (22 female) with untreated and/or recurrent periodontitis, no therapy, scaling and root planing (SRP), or access flap (AF) were assigned according to probing pocket depth (PPD). PPD and vertical relative attachment level (RAL-V) were obtained initially, 3 and 6 months after therapy. Baseline data were compared according to therapy, jaw, tooth type, and site. Factors influencing clinical parameters were identified using multilevel analyses. Baseline PPDs were deeper interproximally, in the maxilla and at premolars compared to buccal/oral sites, mandibular, and anterior teeth. At 6 months, PPD reduction and RAL-V gain were significantly greater at sites receiving SRP and AF as compared to untreated sites (p < 0.001). PPD reduction and RAL-V gain were significantly less (p < 0.005) in smokers as compared to nosmokers and at interproximal sites (p < 0.0001) as compared to buccal/oral sites. RAL-V gain was less in aggressive periodontitis, and PPD reduction was less in the maxilla (p < 0.001). In sites with greater bone loss and infrabony defects, a poorer response was observed regarding RAL-V gain or PPD reduction, respectively. The conclusions of the study are the following: (1) Nonsurgical and surgical periodontal therapies are effective in single-rooted teeth; (2) severe interproximal bone loss and infrabony defects deteriorate clinical results; and (3) there seem to be more defect-associated (tooth, site) factors influencing treatment outcome than patient-associated factors.
AU  - Kim,T.S.*
AU  - Schenk, A.*
AU  - Lungeanu, D.*
AU  - Reitmeir, P.
AU  - Eickholz, P.*
C1  - 4173
C2  - 24885
SP  - 391-399
TI  - Nonsurgical and surgical periodontal therapy in single-rooted teeth.
JO  - Clin. Oral Investig.
VL  - 11
IS  - 4
PB  - Springer
PY  - 2007
SN  - 1432-6981
ER  -