TY - JOUR AB - Despite increasing recognition that sex is a critical variable in appetite research, many studies fail to include participants of both sexes, fail to consider reproductive physiology in participant selection, or include both sexes but fail to test for sex differences in outcomes. To help remedy this situation, this article seeks to engender enthusiasm for including sex as a variable in appetite research. We first illustrate some sex differences in healthy and disordered eating, including both male-female differences and differences across the menstrual cycle. We next provide methodological guidance for studies involving male and female participants around puberty, during reproductive adulthood, and during reproductive senescence. Studies in children ≥5 y of age should consider adrenarche and gonadarche. Appetite studies in girls and women following menarche and similarly aged males should consider the influences of sex-specific aspects the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function. The cyclicity of HPG function (i.e., the menstrual cycle) in girls and women presents the challenge of identifying of menstrual-cycle subphases, which are highly variable within and between individuals. Reproductive senescence refers to changes in HPG axis function that occur in both men and women beginning in mid-life. Current best practices involve consideration of hormone-assay methodology, experimental design, and statistical analyses. On the horizon are options based on wearable-sensors and nanotechnology. Well informed consideration of sex as a variable will accelerate progress in appetite research by increasing rigor, replicability, and relevance. AU - Geary, N.* AU - Asarian, L. AU - Leeners, B.* C1 - 73178 C2 - 56948 CY - 24-28 Oval Rd, London Nw1 7dx, England TI - Best practices for including sex as a variable in appetite research. JO - Appetite VL - 207 PB - Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2025 SN - 0195-6663 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Perinatal maternal metabolism influences metabolic control in the offspring, but its impact on food intake in neonates is not known. We investigated whether ingestive behaviour in the first days of life is modulated by maternal BMI, maternal weight gain during pregnancy and by gestational diabetes (GD). Two weeks after birth, mothers of 21 neonates measured neonate food intake by weighing breast-fed babies before and after feeding, or directly in bottle-fed babies. They also filled in the Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (BEBQ). We compared results between groups defined by preconceptual BMI, by pregnancy-related body weight gain according to Institute of Medicine guidelines and by GD diagnosis, and performed supplementary stepwise regression analyses. Birth weight was generally comparable between maternal groups and averaged 3450 g. BEBQ 'food responsiveness' was rated higher in neonates born to females with increased vs. reduced weight gain during pregnancy; weight gain in the second trimester of pregnancy was of particular relevance for this pattern. Neonates born to mothers with recommended weight gain displayed increased 'satiety responsiveness' compared to neonates of mothers with increased or reduced weight gain. BEBQ 'slowness in eating' was rated higher by mothers with increased vs. those with recommended weight gain in the second trimester and tended to be increased in neonates born to mothers with GD. Eating protocols supported the latter finding but in general did not yield significant group differences. We conclude that dysregulation of maternal metabolism during pregnancy may predispose neonates to dysfunctional eating behaviour at a very early age, with potential ramifications for subsequent body weight trajectories. AU - Goll, N.* AU - Wiechers, C.* AU - Zinke, K.* AU - Preissl, H. AU - Fritsche, A. AU - Hallschmid, M. C1 - 74997 C2 - 57687 CY - 24-28 Oval Rd, London Nw1 7dx, England TI - Influence of maternal metabolism on neonate eating behaviour. JO - Appetite VL - 214 PB - Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2025 SN - 0195-6663 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: A growing body of evidence suggests that children of mothers with eating disorders (EDs) have a greater risk of early feeding problems. Recognizing and reacting adequately to the infant's signals during feeding is crucial for the child's development of internal and external regulatory mechanisms of food intake. Parental EDs might affect this ability. Therefore, we investigated the quality of mother-infant interactions during feeding using video recording and a structured coding system. METHODS: The data of this pilot study was collected in a prospective cohort study investigating the influence of maternal EDs on child outcomes. Twenty women with ED history and 31 control women were videotaped while feeding their infant during a main meal at ten months postpartum. The mother-infant interactions were evaluated by two raters using the Chatoor Feeding Scale. We assessed birth outcomes, the mother's ED and depression status, breastfeeding practices, infant feeding problems and infant temperament by maternal self-report. RESULTS: Mothers with and without ED history scored very similar on the Feeding Scale, however mothers from the control group experienced more struggle for control with their infants during feeding (p = .046) and made more negative comments about the infant's food intake (p = .010). Mothers with ED history were more concerned about infant feeding at three months postpartum and reported significantly more problems with solid foods in their children. Birth outcomes were comparable between groups, except for lower weight-for-length birth percentiles in children of women with ED history. CONCLUSION: Whilst examined mothers with ED history are more concerned about feeding their children, ED psychopathology does not affect the quality of mother-infant interaction during feeding at the transition to autonomous eating at ten months of age. AU - Doersam, A.F.* AU - Throm, J.K.* AU - Sörensen, F.* AU - Martus, P.* AU - Kraegeloh-Mann, I.* AU - Preissl, H. AU - Micali, N.* AU - Giel, K.E.* C1 - 70823 C2 - 55943 CY - 24-28 Oval Rd, London Nw1 7dx, England TI - Mother-infant feeding interactions in mothers with and without eating disorder history: Results of a structured observational study. JO - Appetite VL - 200 PB - Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2024 SN - 0195-6663 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Food choices are influenced by one's current mindset, suggesting that supporting health (vs. a palatability) mindsets could improve daily food choices. The question rises, however, to what extent internal mindsets still guide choices when people are exposed to external food-context stimuli in an obesogenic environment. To examine these two competing effects we induced health vs. palatability mindsets, and investigated the robustness of the mindset effect by presenting food-context stimuli during a Pavlovian-to-Instrumental-Transfer (PIT) task in two separate cohorts of 102 (76 females) Dutch and 120 (60 females) German participants. For the mindset induction, participants rated food items on visual analogue scales (VAS), based on healthiness and palatability, respectively. In each cohort, half of the participants received a health, the other half a palatability mindset induction. Additionally, we explored whether ‘mindset triggers’ could be used to further shape behavior. Triggers were established by placing unfamiliar logos at the extreme ends of the VASs used for the mindset inductions. Independent of the mindset, food-associated stimuli influenced food choices in accordance with the previously learned association in each test phase. Health mindset induction biased food choices towards healthier, palatability mindset towards unhealthier choices in the first cohort, but not in the second. The mindset triggers had a more robust effect. These induced healthier (triggers for healthy and not-palatable) and unhealthier (triggers for unhealthy and palatable) food choices in both cohorts alike. Interestingly, these effects did not tamper with the overall effect of Pavlovian cues and were thus true in the presence and absence of food-context stimuli. Therefore, we show that, in our experimental setting, food-associated mindset triggers can be used to bias food choices towards a healthy snack even in an obesogenic environment. AU - Frank-Podlech, S. AU - Watson, P.* AU - Verhoeven, A.A.C.* AU - Stegmaier, S.* AU - Preissl, H. AU - de Wit, S.* C1 - 62376 C2 - 50850 CY - 24-28 Oval Rd, London Nw1 7dx, England TI - Competing influences on healthy food choices: Mindsetting versus contextual food cues. JO - Appetite VL - 166 PB - Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2021 SN - 0195-6663 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Effective policies to address poor food choices and dietary patterns need to consider the complex set of motives affecting eating behavior. This study examined how different eating motives are associated with anthropometry, body composition, and dietary intake. Our analysis is based on a cross-sectional sample with 429 healthy adults in three different age groups collected in Germany from 2016 to 2018. Dietary intake, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured by standardized methods. Eating motives were measured using The Eating Motivation Scale (TEMS). Regressing dietary intakes and anthropometric indicators on TEMS motives, we identify the main sources of variation in diet and nutritional status separately for men and women. Results indicated the Health motive to be positively associated with FFM (B±SE=1.72±0.44) and negatively with WC (B±SE=-3.23±0.81) for men. For women, the Need & Hunger motive was positively associated with FFM (B±SE=1.63±0.44) and negatively with WC (B±SE=-2.46±0.81). While Liking and Habits were the most frequently stated eating motives, we did not find them to be significantly related to the nutritional status. Other motives were associated with dietary intake but not anthropometry or body composition. The Price motive was positively and the Convenience motive was negatively associated with energy (B±SE=63.77±19.98;B±SE=-46.96±17.12) and carbohydrate intake (B±SE=7.15±2.65;B±SE=-5.98±2.27) for men. The results highlight the need for more differentiated analyses of eating motives, beyond comparing the relative importance of motives based on mean values, towards the association of motives with dietary intake and nutritional status. AU - Staudigel, M.* AU - Brandl, B.* AU - Roosen, J.* AU - Kiesswetter, E.* AU - Siebentritt, H.M.* AU - Wawro, N. AU - Linseisen, J. AU - Skurk, T.* AU - Volkert, D.* AU - Hauner, H.* C1 - 63902 C2 - 51786 TI - Association of eating motives with anthropometry, body composition, and dietary intake in healthy German adults. JO - Appetite VL - 170 PY - 2021 SN - 0195-6663 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Gastric distention contributes to meal termination. There is little research on the neural correlates of gastric distention by food. To date, neural measures have not been obtained concurrently with measurements of gastric distention.Objectives: 1) To study how offering a small versus a large water load following a standardized nutrient load affects gastric distention over time. 2) To assess associations between satiety experiences and brain activity and the degree of gastric distention.Method: 19 healthy males (age 22.2 +/- 2.5 y, BMI 21.8 +/- 1.5 kg/m(2)) participated in a randomized crossover study with two treatments: ingestion of a 500-kcal 150-mL liquid meal shake followed by a low (LV, 50 mL) or a high volume (HV, 350 mL) water load. At baseline and three times after ingestion satiety was scored, MRI scans were made to determine total gastric content volume (TGV) and functional MRI scans were made to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF).Results: TGV was significantly higher for HV compared to LV at all time points (p < 0.001) with relative differences between HV and LV of 292 +/- 37 mL after ingestion, 182 +/- 83 mL at t = 15 min and 62 +/- 57 mL at t = 35 min. Hunger decreased (p = 0.023) and fullness increased (p = 0.030) significantly more for HV compared to LV. Ingestion increased CBF in the inferior frontal gyrus and the anterior insula, but there were no differences between treatments. There were no significant correlations between appetite ratings and CBF values.Conclusion: Performing concurrent gastric MRI and CBF measurements can be used to investigate neural correlates of gastric distention. Increased distention did not induce significantly greater brain activation. Future research should further examine the role of the inferior frontal gyrus in satiety. AU - Camps, G.* AU - Veit, R. AU - Mars, M.* AU - de Graaf, C.* AU - Smeets, P.A.* C1 - 53484 C2 - 44876 CY - 24-28 Oval Rd, London Nw1 7dx, England SP - 195-202 TI - Just add water: Effects of added gastric distention by water on gastric emptying and satiety related brain activity. JO - Appetite VL - 127 PB - Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2018 SN - 0195-6663 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Obesity develops due to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Besides the decision about what to eat, daily energy intake might be even more dependent on the decision about the portion size to be consumed. For decisions between different foods, attentional focus is considered to play a key role in the choice selection. In the current study, we investigated the attentional modulation of portion size selection during pre-meal planning. We designed a functional magnetic resonance task in which healthy participants were directed to adopt different mindsets while selecting their portion size for lunch. Compared with a free choice condition, participants reduced their portion sizes when considering eating for health or pleasure, which was accompanied by increased activity in left prefrontal cortex and left orbitofrontal cortex, respectively. When planning to be full until dinner, participants selected larger portion sizes and showed a trend for increased activity in left insula. These results provide first evidence that also the cognitive process of pre-meal planning is influenced by the attentional focus at the time of choice, which could provide an opportunity for influencing the control of meal size selection by mindset manipulation. AU - Hege, M.A. AU - Veit, R. AU - Krumsiek, J. AU - Kullmann, S. AU - Heni, M. AU - Rogers, P.J.* AU - Brunstrom, J.M.* AU - Fritsche, A. AU - Preissl, H. C1 - 53224 C2 - 44648 SP - 492-501 TI - Eating less or more - Mindset induced changes in neural correlates of pre-meal planning. JO - Appetite VL - 125 PY - 2018 SN - 0195-6663 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BMI-specific differences in food choice and energy intake have been suggested to modulate taste perception. However, associations between body composition and fat taste sensitivity are controversial. The objective of this study was to examine the association between body composition, dietary intake and detection thresholds of four fatty stimuli (oleic acid, paraffin oil, canola oil, and canola oil spiked with oleic acid) that could be perceived via gustatory and/or textural cues. In 30 participants, fat detection thresholds were determined in a repeated measurements design over twelve days. Weight status was examined by measuring the participants' BMI, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio. The habitual food intake was assessed via several questionnaires and twelve, non-consecutive 24-hour food diaries. In this study, a negative correlation was found between fat detection thresholds and the intake of food rich in vitamins and fibre. Moreover, a positive correlation was identified between the intake of high-fat food and fat detection thresholds. No differences in fat detection thresholds were observed due to variations in BMI or waist-to-hip ratio. These findings indicate that a regular intake of fatty foods might decrease an individuals' perceptual response to fats which might lead to excess fat intake on the long term. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. AU - Heinze, J.M. AU - Costanzo, A.* AU - Baselier, I.* AU - Fritsche, A. AU - Frank-Podlech, S.* AU - Keast, R.* C1 - 52498 C2 - 44138 CY - London SP - 7-13 TI - Detection thresholds for four different fatty stimuli are associated with increased dietary intake of processed high-caloric food. JO - Appetite VL - 123 PB - Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2018 SN - 0195-6663 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The abundance of highly palatable food items in our environment represents a possible cause of overconsumption. Neuroimaging studies in humans have demonstrated that watching pictures of food increases activation in brain areas involved in homeostatic and hedonic food cue processing. Nevertheless, the impact of food cues on actual food intake and metabolic parameters has not been systematically investigated. We tested the hypothesis that watching high-calorie food cues increases food intake and modifies anticipatory blood parameters in lean and especially in obese men. In 20 normal-weight and 20 obese healthy fasted men, we assessed the effects of watching pictures of high-calorie food items versus neutral contents on food intake measured during a standardized test buffet and subsequent snacking as well as on glucose homeostasis and endocrine parameters. Compared to neutral pictures, viewing food pictures reduced postprandial blood glucose concentrations in lean (p = 0.016) and obese (p = 0.044) subjects, without any differences in insulin or C-peptide concentrations (all p > 0.4). Viewing food pictures did not affect total calorie intake during the buffet (all p > 0.5) and snack consumption (all p > 0.4). Concentrations of ghrelin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and glucagon also remained unaffected (all p > 0.08). These data indicate that preprandial processing of food cues curbs postprandial blood glucose excursions, without immediately affecting eating behavior in normal-weight and obese men. Findings indicate that exposure to food cues does not acutely trigger calorie overconsumption but rather improves the glucoregulatory response to food intake. AU - Brede, S.* AU - Sputh, A.* AU - Hartmann, A.C.* AU - Hallschmid, M. AU - Lehnert, H.* AU - Klement, J.* C1 - 51497 C2 - 43276 CY - London SP - 255-262 TI - Visual food cues decrease postprandial glucose concentrations in lean and obese men without affecting food intake and related endocrine parameters. JO - Appetite VL - 117 PB - Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2017 SN - 0195-6663 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Obese subjects who achieve weight loss show increased functional connectivity between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), key areas of executive control and reward processing. We investigated the potential of real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rt-fMRI) neurofeedback training to achieve healthier food choices by enhancing self-control of the interplay between these brain areas. We trained eight male individuals with overweight or obesity (age: 31.8 ± 4.4 years, BMI: 29.4 ± 1.4 kg/m2) to up-regulate functional connectivity between the dlPFC and the vmPFC by means of a four-day rt-fMRI neurofeedback protocol including, on each day, three training runs comprised of six up-regulation and six passive viewing trials. During the up-regulation runs of the four training days, participants successfully learned to increase functional connectivity between dlPFC and vmPFC. In addition, a trend towards less high-calorie food choices emerged from before to after training, which however was associated with a trend towards increased covertly assessed snack intake. Findings of this proof-of-concept study indicate that overweight and obese participants can increase functional connectivity between brain areas that orchestrate the top-down control of appetite for high-calorie foods. Neurofeedback training might therefore be a useful tool in achieving and maintaining weight loss. AU - Spetter, M.S.* AU - Malekshahi, R.* AU - Birbaumer, N.* AU - Lührs, M.* AU - van der Veer, A.H.* AU - Scheffler, K.* AU - Spuckti, S.* AU - Preissl, H. AU - Veit, R. AU - Hallschmid, M. C1 - 50526 C2 - 42509 CY - London SP - 188-195 TI - Volitional regulation of brain responses to food stimuli in overweight and obese subjects: A real-time fMRI feedback study. JO - Appetite VL - 112 PB - Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2017 SN - 0195-6663 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We aimed at studying whether genetic variants of the TAS2R38 gene are associated with energy intake from sweet tasting foods, total energy and macronutrient intake and body weight in children. Children (n = 691) from five European countries were genotyped for the first variant site rs713598 of the TAS2R38 bitter receptor gene. Three-day dietary records were obtained yearly from one to six years of age. Foods were categorized in sweet and non-sweet-tasting. Mixed models were used to describe group differences in food and nutrient intake and BMI z-score over time. TAS2R38 genotype was related to energy intake from sweet tasting foods: Children with PP and PA genotype consumed an average 83 kJ/d (95% CI 21 to 146; p = 0.009) more sweet tasting foods than children with AA genotype and a mean 56 kJ/d (95% CI 15 to 98; p = 0.007) more energy from energy dense sweet products. Intake of sweet tasting foods was lower in girls than boys and differed between countries. TAS2R38 genotype was not associated with the intake of energy, macronutrients, sugar, single food groups and BMI z-score. Despite many other factors influencing food preference and intake in children, actual intake of sweet food items is associated with TAS2R38 genotype. Children with PP or PA genotype consume more (energy dense) sweet tasting foods. AU - Pawellek, I.* AU - Grote, V.* AU - Rzehak, P.* AU - Xhonneux, A.* AU - Verduci, E.* AU - Stolarczyk, A.* AU - Closa-Monasterolo, R.* AU - Reischl, E. AU - Koletzko, B.* C1 - 49205 C2 - 41713 CY - London SP - 126-134 TI - Association of TAS2R38 variants with sweet food intake in children aged 1-6 years. JO - Appetite VL - 107 PB - Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2016 SN - 0195-6663 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Meal-dependent fluctuations of blood glucose and corresponding endocrine signals such as insulin are thought to provide important regulatory input for central nervous processing of hunger and satiety. Since food intake also triggers the release of numerous gastrointestinal signals, the specific contribution of changes in blood glucose to appetite regulation in humans has remained unclear. Here we tested the hypothesis that inducing glycemic fluctuations by intravenous glucose infusion is associated with concurrent changes in hunger, appetite, and satiety. In a single blind, counter-balanced crossover study 15 healthy young men participated in two experimental conditions on two separate days. 500 ml of a solution containing 50 g glucose or 0.9% saline, respectively, was intravenously infused over a 1-h period followed by a 1-h observation period. One hour before start of the respective infusion subject had a light breakfast (284 kcal). Blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations as well as self-rated feelings of hunger, appetite, satiety, and fullness were assessed during the entire experiment. Glucose as compared to saline infusion markedly increased glucose and insulin concentrations (peak glucose level: 9.7 ± 0.8 vs. 5.3 ± 0.3 mmol/l; t(14) = -5.159, p < 0.001; peak insulin level: 370.4 ± 66.5 vs. 109.6 ± 21.5 pmol/l; t(14) = 4.563, p < 0.001) followed by a sharp decline in glycaemia to a nadir of 3.0 ± 0.2 mmol/l (vs. 3.9 ± 0.1 mmol/l at the corresponding time in the control condition; t(14) = -3.972, p = 0.001) after stopping the infusion. Despite this wide glycemic fluctuation in the glucose infusion condition subjective feelings of hunger, appetite satiety, and fullness did not differ from the control conditions throughout the experiment. These findings clearly speak against the notion that fluctuations in glycemia and also insulinemia represent major signals in the short-term regulation of hunger and satiety. AU - Schultes, B.* AU - Panknin, A.K.* AU - Hallschmid, M. AU - Jauch-Chara, K.* AU - Wilms, B.* AU - de Courbière, F.* AU - Lehnert, H.* AU - Schmid, S.M.* C1 - 48963 C2 - 41510 CY - London SP - 562-566 TI - Glycemic increase induced by intravenous glucose infusion fails to affect hunger, appetite, or satiety following breakfast in healthy men. JO - Appetite VL - 105 PB - Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2016 SN - 0195-6663 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The study analyses 10-year trends (1984/1985–1994/1995) in southern Germany in the food sources of nutrients. In two phases of the MONICA project in Augsburg, dietary surveys were conducted in subsamples of 45 to 64 year-old men. Responses in 1984/1985 and 1994/1995 were 69·8% and 70.8% with eligible samples of 603 and 607, respectively. Seven-day records were collected and coded with the German food composition database. Percentage contribution of food groups to selected nutrient intakes were calculated. Meat and meat products and eggs decreased in importance as contributors to the intake of energy and several nutrients, whereas fish and fish products, milk and milk products and various food groups of plant origin became more important. In 1984/1985, for instance, meat and meat products delivered 23·4% of energy, 47·5% of protein and 38·1% of fat, whereas in 1994/1995 the respective contributions declined to 21·4%, 44·0% and 34·5%. The new product group of supplements has already become an important contributor to the intake of vitamin C. Both static intakes and changes in intake of certain nutrients can be explained by corresponding fluctuations in patterns of intake of the underlying food sources. Therefore it is recommended that dietary assessments use food source lists derived from the most recent dietary surveys. AU - Winkler, G.* AU - Döring, A. AU - Keil, U.* C1 - 21374 C2 - 19490 SP - 37-45 TI - Trends in dietary sources of nutrients among middle-aged men in southern Germany: Results of the MONICA Project Augsburg: dietary surveys 1984/1985 and 1994/1995. JO - Appetite VL - 34 IS - 1 PY - 2000 SN - 0195-6663 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Seven-day food records of the MONICA project Augsburg dietary survey, which were collected in 1984/85 from 899 men aged 45-64 years (random sample), were used to analyse meal patterns. The combination of the three traditional meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) with one eating event between was most frequent, followed by two meals with two eating events between and three main meals without any other eating event (31.4 vs. 31.0 vs. 15.6% of all reported days). Breakfast delivered 17, lunch 29 and dinner 33% of the total daily energy intake; all other eating events delivered 21%. The mean contribution of the three meals, breakfast, lunch and dinner to daily protein intake was 14, 36 and 36%, to fat intake 17, 33 and 35% and to carbohydrate intake 23, 25 and 29%, respectively. Data on meal patterns are important in a comprehensive description of dietary habits of a population for a variety of reasons. AU - Winkler, G. AU - Döring, A. AU - Keil, U.* C1 - 20921 C2 - 18966 SP - 33-37 TI - Meal Patterns in Middle-aged men in Southern Germany : Results from the MONICA Augsburg dietary survey 1984/85. JO - Appetite VL - 32 IS - 1 PY - 1998 SN - 0195-6663 ER -