TY  - JOUR
AB  - When assessing the association between air pollution and cardiovascular mortality, it remains unclear whether females or males are more susceptible and whether and to what extent the pre-existing studies have accounted for different sex/gender dimensions. We searched three databases to identify short-term and long-term studies on the association between air pollution and cardiovascular mortality published 2000-2023 to assess their integration of sex/gender. We further evaluated whether sex/gender was a source of heterogeneity within these through a moderator analysis using random effects models. We examined sex/gender differences through random effects pooling of the female-to-male-ratio (FMR) of each study. We identified 106 studies, all of which operationalised sex/gender in binary terms and lacked a sex/gender-theoretical concept. However, the biological and social dimensions of sex/gender were indirectly included in the discussions. Meta-analyses did not identify sex/gender as a source of heterogeneity (e.g. short-term particulate matter with a diameter <10μm (PM10): p-value of moderator test= 0.85; long-term: 0.34). The pooled FMR showed no sex/gender differences for short-term associations (1.0[CI: 0.0;0.0] for each air pollutant) and a trend towards higher effect estimates for males than females in long-term studies with a pooled FMR ranging from 0.93 to 0.99. Binary categorisation without conceptualisation does not appear to be sufficient to identify vulnerable sex/gender groups, if any, in the association between air pollution and cardiovascular mortality. Considering the multiple biological and sociocultural dimensions of sex/gender from the very beginning of study planning will help to move beyond speculative discussions and derive meaningful action for prevention and health care.
AU  - Kraus, U.
AU  - Horstmann, S.*
AU  - Dandolo, L.*
AU  - Bolte, G.*
AU  - Peters, A.
AU  - Schneider, A.E.
C1  - 74867
C2  - 57644
CY  - 525 B St, Ste 1900, San Diego, Ca 92101-4495 Usa
TI  - Sex/gender in the association between ambient air pollution and cardiovascular mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 300
PB  - Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science
PY  - 2025
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - BACKGROUND: Few studies have examined how air pollutants affect various stroke subtypes and how these effects differ with stroke severity, especially among European populations living in less polluted areas. METHODS: We conducted a time-stratified case-crossover study using 15 years of hospital-based stroke data from the University Hospital Augsburg in Southern Germany. Daily average air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter < 10μm (PM10), coarse particles (PMcoarse), fine particles (PM2.5), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NO2, NO), and meteorological data were obtained from local fixed urban background monitoring sites from 2006 to 2020. Conditional logistic regression was utilized to estimate the relationship between pollutants and daily stroke events, with modification effects being examined through stratified and interaction analyses. RESULTS: Based on 19,518 included stroke cases, each interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM2.5, PM10, PMcoarse, and NO2 was associated with a 2.11 %, 2.55 %, 2.50 %, and 3.48 % rise in overall stroke events 5-6 days later. Positive associations were seen mostly for transient ischemic attacks and hemorrhagic strokes. Notably, people with severe stroke-induced disabilities were disproportionately affected by PM and NO2, while those with mild disabilities were more affected by O3 and NO. Moreover, damaging effects were amplified during warm seasons and the 2016-2020 five-year period. CONCLUSION: Short-term air pollution exposure may trigger stroke events, with differential impacts depending on stroke subtype and severity of pre-existing disability. A coordinated effort is needed for stroke prevention in response to specific air pollutants, especially in the context of global warming.
AU  - Liao, M.
AU  - Zhang, S.
AU  - He, C.
AU  - Breitner-Busch, S.
AU  - Cyrys, J.
AU  - Naumann, M.*
AU  - Braadt, L.*
AU  - Traidl-Hoffmann, C.
AU  - Hammel, G.*
AU  - Peters, A.
AU  - Ertl, M.*
AU  - Schneider, A.E.
C1  - 74583
C2  - 57551
CY  - 525 B St, Ste 1900, San Diego, Ca 92101-4495 Usa
TI  - Air pollution and stroke: Short-term exposure's varying effects on stroke subtypes.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 298
PB  - Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science
PY  - 2025
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Enriching human microbiota has been proposed as a mechanism by which greenspace exposure improves human health. The existing evidence is scarce with few studies able to evaluate causality. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of 30 healthy undergraduate students to explore the intervention effects of greenspace on human gut and oral microbiota alpha-diversity, composition, differential genera and functional pathways. The study participants were divided into three groups, including outdoor greenspace (GS) group, outdoor non-greenspace (NGS) group, and indoor group, who visited a park, an open space without vegetation, and a classroom, respectively, for two hours per day over seven days. Differences in microbial alpha-diversity and composition across various groups were tested using Wilcoxon test and permutational multivariate analysis of variance, respectively. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis was performed to test differences in genera and functional pathways. Greenspace intervention significantly increased gut microbiota alpha-diversity, especially the observed Amplicon Sequence variant indexes and the Faith indexes (both p < 0.05). In addition, the intervention substantially changed the composition of gut microbiota, of which the relative abundances of potentially beneficial bacteria increased. Further, the greenspace intervention affected several functional pathways of gut microbiota, including "substance dependence", "specific types of cancer", and "viral infectious diseases". However, we did not find any significant effect of greenspace intervention on oral microbiota. Our results suggest that greenspace intervention diversifies the gut microbiota and alters its composition. These findings could help to reinforce the potential of increasing people's access to greenspace as a public health intervention.
AU  - Wang, L.*
AU  - Li, J.Y.*
AU  - Zhu, X.Q.*
AU  - Jiang, J.C.*
AU  - Li, C.*
AU  - Zheng, Z.H.*
AU  - Wang, Z.*
AU  - Zhao, T.
AU  - Markevych, I.*
AU  - Heinrich, J.*
AU  - Dadvand, P.*
AU  - Browing, M.H.E.M.*
AU  - Chen, C.*
AU  - Huang, J.L.*
AU  - Dong, G.H.*
AU  - Yang, B.Y.*
C1  - 74159
C2  - 57352
CY  - 525 B St, Ste 1900, San Diego, Ca 92101-4495 Usa
TI  - Intervention effects of greenspace exposure on human microbiota: A randomized controlled trial in Chinese young adults.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 296
PB  - Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science
PY  - 2025
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - BACKGROUND: Exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) may mediate cardiovascular effects of exposure to air pollution. This study aims to investigate whether circulating miRNAs mediate the associations between short-term human exposure to ambient air pollution and cardiovascular biomarkers. METHODS: Twenty-four healthy adults residing in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, USA were enrolled between December 2016 and July 2019. Circulating miRNAs, protein, and lipid biomarkers were assessed repeatedly for 3 sessions separated by at least 7 days. Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess the associations between air pollutant concentrations obtained from nearby air quality monitoring stations and miRNAs controlling for covariates including omega-3 index, relative humidity, and temperature. miRNAs that were significantly altered were then matched with protein or blood lipid biomarkers using either Ingenuity Pathway Analysis or a literature search. A mediation analysis was performed to test the statistical significance of miRNA's mediating effects between exposure to air pollution and cardiovascular biomarkers. RESULTS: Short-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was associated with changes in 11, 9, and 24 circulating miRNAs, respectively. Pathway analysis showed that several miRNAs including miR-125b-5p, miR-144-5p, miR-26a-5p, and miR-34a-5p may mediate the effects of air pollutant exposure on the changes of downstream protein / lipid biomarkers including serum amyloid A (SAA), C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble vascular adhesive molecules 1 (sICAM1), total cholesterol, and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Mediation analysis showed that only miR-26a-5p significantly mediated air pollutant (PM2.5 and NO2)-induced effects on blood CRP and total cholesterol levels. For example, 34.1% of PM2.5-associated changes in CRP were significantly mediated by miR-26a-5p at lag4 [indirect effects, 0.06 (0.02, 0.10), P = 0.005]. Similarly, the proportions of indirect effects of miR-26a-5p on the association between NO2 exposure and CRP were 46.8% at lag2 [0.06 (0.02, 0.11), P = 0.003], 61.2% at lag3 [0.05 (0.00, 0.09), P = 0.04], and 30.8% at 5-day moving average [0.06 (0.02, 0.10), P = 0.01]. In addition, omega-3 index may be a significant modifying factor of the mediated effects of miRNAs. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5, O3, and NO2 was associated with specific circulating miRNAs, and some of which may mediate their effects on the downstream inflammation and blood lipid markers.
AU  - Chen, H.*
AU  - Zhang, S.
AU  - Yu, B.*
AU  - Xu, Y.*
AU  - Rappold, A.G.*
AU  - Diaz-Sanchez, D.*
AU  - Samet, J.M.*
AU  - Tong, H.*
C1  - 64988
C2  - 52603
TI  - Circulating microRNAs as putative mediators in the association between short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and cardiovascular biomarkers.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 239
PY  - 2022
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is one of the areas with higher environmental concentration of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), being DDT one of the most abundant. In this work, 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone (4,4'-DCBP), a common metabolite of dicofol (DDT related) and DDT, was quantified in surface waters of Hong Kong and Macao, together with the analysis of physicochemical and nutrients parameters. Hong Kong presented higher 4,4'-DCBP mean levels (12.50 ng/L) than Macao (4.05 ng/L), which may be due to the use of dicofol as a pesticide and DDT as antifouling-paint for ships. The region presented a possible eutrophication state due to the high nutrients' concentration. For the first time, toxicity evaluation of this metabolite in Artemia sauna and Daphnia magna was done, in order to compute valid EC(50)s and theoretically evaluate the risk in the PRO. The toxicity results (EC50 = 0.27 mg/L for A. salina; and EC50 = 0.17 mg/L and LC50 = 0.26 mg/L for D. magna), together with the 4,4'-DCBP levels quantified, indicated a low environmental risk.
AU  - Ivorra, L.*
AU  - Cardoso, P.G.*
AU  - Chan, S.K.*
AU  - Tagulao, K.*
AU  - Cruzeiro, C.
C1  - 55048
C2  - 46070
CY  - 525 B St, Ste 1900, San Diego, Ca 92101-4495 Usa
SP  - 1-11
TI  - Environmental characterization of 4,4 '-dichlorobenzophenone in surface waters from Macao and Hong Kong coastal areas (Pearl River Delta) and its toxicity on two biological models: Artemia salina and Daphnia magna.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 171
PB  - Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science
PY  - 2019
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - As nanoremediation strategies for in-situ groundwater treatment extend beyond nanoiron-based applications to adsorption and oxidation, ecotoxicological evaluations of newly developed materials are required. The biological effects of four new materials with different iron (Fe) speciations ([i] FerMEG12 - pristine Flake-like milled Fe(0) nanoparticles (nZVI), [ii] Carbo-Iron(center dot) - Fe(0)-nanoclusters containing activated carbon (AC) composite, [iii] Trap-Ox(center dot) Fe-BEA35 (Fe-zeolite) - Fe-doped zeolite, and [iv] Nano-Goethite - 'pure' FeOOH) were studied using the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas sp. as a model test system. Algal growth rate, chlorophyll fluorescence, efficiency of photosystem II, membrane integrity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were assessed following exposure to 10, 50 and 500 mg L-1 of the particles for 2 h and 24 h. The particles had a concentration-, material- and time-dependent effect on Chlamydomonas sp., with increased algal growth rate after 24 h. Conversely, significant intracellular ROS levels were detected after 2 h, with much lower levels after 24 h. All Fe-nanomaterials displayed similar Z-average sizes and zeta-potentials at 2 h and 24 h. Effects on Chlamydomonas sp. decreased in the order FerMEG12 > Carbo-Iron(center dot) > Fe-zeolite > Nano-Goethite. Ecotoxicological studies were challenged due to some particle properties, i.e. dark colour, effect of constituents and a tendency to agglomerate, especially at high concentrations. All particles exhibited potential to induce significant toxicity at high concentrations (500 mg L-1), though such concentrations would rapidly decrease to mg or mu g L-1 in aquatic environments, levels harmless to Chlamydomonas sp. The presented findings contribute to the practical usage of particle-based nanoremediation in environmental restoration.
AU  - Nguyen, N.H.A.*
AU  - Von Moos, N.R.*
AU  - Slaveykova, V.I.*
AU  - MacKenzie, K.*
AU  - Meckenstock, R.U.*
AU  - Thűmmler, S.*
AU  - Bosch, J.
AU  - Ševců, A.*
C1  - 52986
C2  - 44485
CY  - San Diego
SP  - 36-44
TI  - Biological effects of four iron-containing nanoremediation materials on the green alga Chlamydomonas sp.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 154
PB  - Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science
PY  - 2018
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - During pesticides degradation, biogenic non-extractable residues ("apparent NER") may not share the same environmental fate and risks with the "real NER" that are bound to soil matrix. It is not clear how microbial community (MC) inoculation for pesticides degradation would influence the NER composition. To investigate degradation efficiency of pesticides Isoproturon (IPU) and NER composition following MC inoculation, clay particles harboring MC that contains the IPU degrading strain, Sphingomonas sp., were inoculated into soil receiving C-14-labeled IPU addition. Mineralization of IPU was greatly enhanced with MC inoculation that averagely 55.9% of the applied C-14-IPU was consumed up into (CO2)-C-14 during 46 days soil incubation. Isoproturon degradation was more thorough with MC than that in the control: much less amount of metabolic products (4.6% of applied IPU) and NER (35.4%) formed in MC treatment, while the percentages were respectively 30.3% for metabolites and 49.8% for NER in the control. Composition of NER shifted with MC inoculation, that relatively larger amount of IPU was incorporated into the biogenic "apparent NER" in comparison with "real NER". Besides its well-recognized role on enhancing mineralization, MC inoculation with clay particles benefits soil pesticides remediation in term of reducing "real NER" formation, which has been previously underestimated.
AU  - Zhu, X.
AU  - Schroll, R.
AU  - Dörfler, U.
AU  - Chen, B.*
C1  - 52414
C2  - 44136
CY  - San Diego
SP  - 182-189
TI  - Inoculation of soil with an Isoproturon degrading microbial community reduced the pool of "real non-extractable" Isoproturon residues.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 149
PB  - Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science
PY  - 2018
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Human health and the health of the environment have entwined. In this paper we underpin this position by presenting a modeling approach named CombiSimilarity, which has been developed by the first author in the software tool PyHasse comprising a wide variety of partial ordering tools. A case study of 18 Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) detected in soil as well as in human breast milk samples in the Taurus Mountains in Turkey is carried out. Seven soil samples and 44 breast milk samples were measured. We seek to answer the question whether the contamination pattern in breast milk is associated with the contamination pattern in soil by studying the mutual quantitative relationships of the chemicals involved. We could demonstrate that there is a similarity with respect to the concentration profiles between the soil and breast milk pollution. Therefore the hypothesis may be formulated that the concentrations of chemicals in the milk samples are strongly related to the soil contamination. This supports the concept that soil could be a surrogate for human exposure at background locations.
AU  - Brüggemann, R.*
AU  - Scherb, H.
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
AU  - Cok, I.*
AU  - Voigt, K.
C1  - 31185
C2  - 34281
CY  - San Diego
SP  - 29-35
TI  - CombiSimilarity, an innovative method to compare environmental and health data sets with different attribute sizes example: Eighteen organochlorine pesticides in soil and human breast milk samples.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 105
IS  - 1
PB  - Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Effects of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE) on phytoplankton were investigated in a lentic freshwater microcosm study. Treatment with EE caused a shift in the species composition as shown by a principle response curve. Whereas densities of Cyanophyceae, Dinophyceae, and Chrysophyceae increased, those of Conjugatophyceae and Cryptophyceae decreased. Furthermore, relative density of Chlorophyceae declined after EE treatment. The changes showed taxa-specific time dependencies. Some species, especially the cyanobacterium Cyanobium parvum, bloomed after the treatment. EE treatment promoted total abundance and biomass of phytoplankton. Although the number of species per microcosm increased, the diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener, Simpson) tended to lower values. The ecosystem only partly recovered during the investigated post-treatment period of 6 weeks. Probably at least the main effects were caused indirectly, i.e. via decrease of grazing zooplankton (crustaceans). The relation of EE to variation of phytoplankton composition was closer than those of other abiotic factors, indicating the relevance of its impact. EE also probably affected nutrients of the phytoplankton.
AU  - Hense, B.A.
AU  - Jaser, W.
AU  - Welzl, G.
AU  - Pfister, G.
AU  - Wöhler-Moorhoff, G.F.
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
C1  - 2708
C2  - 25153
SP  - 453-465
TI  - Impact of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol on the plankton in freshwater microcosms-II: Responses of phytoplankton and the interrelation within the ecosystem.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 69
IS  - 3
PB  - Academic Press
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - We investigated effects of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE) in vertebrate free 230L still water microcosms. Zooplankton composition and physico-chemical variables were observed during 4 weeks of pre-application, 6 weeks of dosing via controlled release, and a 12 weeks post-treatment period. In the treated microcosms, time-weighted averages of EE concentration ranged between 7 and 220ng/L during the dosing period, with concentration maxima up to 724ng/L. EE exposure resulted in a decrease of species numbers and diversity (Shannon-Wiener, Simpson). Abundances of cladocerans, copepods, and, less unambiguously, rotifers declined. Strongest affected groups were the offspring of cladocerans and copepods and, on species level, the cladoceran species Daphnia longispina and Chydorus sphaericus as well as the rotifer species Keratella quadrata and Polyarthra sp. EE apparently affected the phosphate cycle as indicated by increased phosphate concentrations in the water. During post-treatment period, the treated microcosms recovered, but especially the highest treated microcosms did not fully re-approximate to the controls. Whereas EE affected cladocerans and copepods directly, shifts of rotifers may (partly) be caused indirectly, e.g. by competition with crustaceae. Although not providing an absolute proof, the traits of direct and indirect effects on different taxonomic groups and larval stages as well as the time course of the effects indicate that effects primarily resulted from endocrine activity of EE.
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
AU  - Jaser, W.
AU  - Welzl, G.
AU  - Pfister, G.
AU  - Wöhler-Moorhoff, G.F.
AU  - Hense, B.A.
C1  - 2705
C2  - 25143
SP  - 437-452
TI  - Impact of 17alpha-ethinylestradiol on the plankton in freshwater microcosms-I: Response of zooplankton and abiotic variables.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 69
IS  - 3
PB  - Academic Press
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Kirchner, M.
AU  - Henkelmann, B.
AU  - Jakobi, G.
AU  - Kotalik, J.
AU  - Fischer, N.
AU  - Oxynos, K.
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
C1  - 4343
C2  - 23288
SP  - 68-74
TI  - Concentration measurements of PCDD/F in air and spruce needles in the Bavarian forest and Bohemian forest (Sumava: First results.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 63
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Caruso, J.A.*
AU  - Klaue, B.*
AU  - Michalke, B.
AU  - Rocke, D.M.*
C1  - 10239
C2  - 21488
SP  - 32-44
TI  - Group assessment : elemental speciation.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 56
IS  - 1
PY  - 2003
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - This paper gives definitions related to element speciation and the reasons for the need for speciation. The problems focused on, involve sampling, sample preparation and storage, as well as changes in species information that occur during the use of various separation technologies. However, the potential and advantages of the separation methods in element speciation are also discussed. In addition, problems arising during element detection that are attributable to analytes or mobile-phase composition are outlined, as well as the pronounced advantages of detection by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The combination of the various separation systems with element- or molecule-specific detectors creates problems especially in element speciation. These difficulties are described along with recent developments for overcoming them or for improving their coupling efficiency. Finally, several elements for which the issue of speciation is important are discussed, with examples from some recent publications on arsenic, selenium and iodine speciation.
AU  - Michalke, B.
C1  - 10237
C2  - 21126
SP  - 122-139
TI  - Element speciation definitions, analytical methodology and some examples.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 56
IS  - 1
PY  - 2003
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The triolein-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) were deployed for 4 weeks in a sewage treatment plant in Beijing, China, to sample and concentrate priority hydrophobic organic pollutants in a sewage treatment process. The chemical analyses and ecotoxicities of the residuals of SPMDs dialysate were examined. The data from the chemical analyses by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring mode indicated the lower removal for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) congeners and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) coincided with the persistence of them in the environment. The acute toxicity examined by bioluminescence test with Vibrio fischeri revealed approximately only 20% decrease in the overall toxicity of the influent after the activate sludge treatment process. The ethoxy resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) induction with a micro-EROD assay in vitro using H4-IIE rat hepatoma cell cultures demonstrated the presence of persistent organics in influent and sequency effluents. Results obtained suggested that integration of the SPMD technique and chemical analyses and bioassay might be a valuable approach for the risk assessment of hydrophobic organic pollutants in water ecosystem. It revealed the necessity for organic pollutants monitoring and ecotoxicities examining of sewage treatment plants.
AU  - Wang, C.*
AU  - Wang, Y.*
AU  - Kiefer, F.
AU  - Yediler, A.
AU  - Wang, Z.*
AU  - Kettrup, A.
C1  - 10238
C2  - 21296
SP  - 211-217
TI  - Ecotoxicological and chemical characterization of selected treatment process effluents of municipal sewage treatment plant.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 56
IS  - 2
PY  - 2003
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Using ring-C-14-labeled isoproturon (1 mug/L), the uptake into spawn and tadpoles of Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata was investigated. Two percent of the applied radioactivity was found per gram fresh weight in the embryo after 24 h. Results indicate that the jelly mass of the spawn does not act as a sufficient physical barrier for protection against the uptake and influence of isoproturon (IPU) on the embryo. In vivo metabolism of ring-C-14-labeled IPU by the cytochrome P-450 system was analyzed in tadpoles. Different metabolites of IPU, such as N-demethylated and C-hydroxylated derivatives, and the olefinic metabolite were detected. In tadpoles of B. variegata, the activity of microsomal and soluble glutathione-S-transferase (sGSTs) toward different model substrates was measured after treatment with IPU. Activities of sGST increased corresponding to elevated stress by IPU dependent on exposure time and dose. Compared to the pure active ingredient IPU, the commercial phenyl-urea herbicide Tolkan Flo, consisting of IPU and an emulsifier, also caused significantly elevated enzymatic response.
AU  - Greulich, K.*
AU  - Hoque, E.
AU  - Pflugmacher, S.*
C1  - 10236
C2  - 20359
SP  - 256-266
TI  - Uptake, Metabolism, and Effects on Detoxication Enzymes of Isoproturon in Spawn and Tadpoles of Amphibians.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 52
IS  - 3
PB  - ELSEVIER
PY  - 2002
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The present study monitored 10-year-old fish and piscivorous birds from sites contaminated for many years. The data reflected the results of actual, long-term environmental exposures. The results demonstrate that different tissues of fish have quite different concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F). The concentration order of PCDD/F within fish is liver≅egg≅intestine>kidney≅heart>gill≅bladder>muscle>brain. The concentration order of PCDD/F within piscivorous birds was liver>egg≅heart>muscle≅stomach>brain. The results obtained also demonstrate that the accumulation patterns of piscivorous birds and fish are quite different. The tissues of fish and piscivorous birds have different capacities for bioaccumulation and biotransformation of PCDD/F; variable proportions of TEQs were also found throughout their bodies. In fish, toxic equivalency quotient (TEQ): PCDD/F ratios in various tissues ranged from 0.01 to 0.07, whereas in birds the ratios ranged from 0.07 to 0.43. If the concentrations are normalized with lipid content, the results vary less. The effect of different lipid properties is obvious in the case of brain tissue, which is richer in phospholipids.
AU  - Wu, W.Z.*
AU  - Zhang, Q.H.*
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
AU  - Xu, Y.*
AU  - Kettrup, A.
C1  - 21424
C2  - 19541
SP  - 252-257
TI  - Distribution, transformation and long-term accumulation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in different tissues of fish and piscivorous birds.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 46
IS  - 3
PY  - 2000
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The levels and the cellular distribution of heavy metals, and the extent by which the metals binds to metallothionein (MT) in brown trout (Salmo trutta) and European eel (Anguilla anguilla), were analyzed in order to assess the natural conditions of MT and heavy metals in these two fish species. There were no differences in heavy metals and MT concentrations between males and females of brown trout in a nonreproductive status and between adult brown trout individuals. Brown trout presented higher Cu content than European eel. The cellular distribution of Cu was also different between the two fish species; while in brown trout most of the Cu was in the noncytosolic fraction, Cu was mainly located in the cytosol in European eel. However, the cellular distribution of Zn, Cd, and Pb was similar in the two fish species. There was also an important difference in the metal content of MT between both species. Whereas, in brown trout, Cu-binding MT represented 75% of total metal-binding MT, this value was 25% in European eel. The between-species differences found in this study are intrinsic characteristics not associated with environmental factors. These results establish the basis to use MT as a bioindicator.
AU  - Linde, A.R.*
AU  - Sánchez-Galán, S.*
AU  - Klein, D.*
AU  - García-Vázquez, E.*
AU  - Summer, K.H.
C1  - 23982
C2  - 31426
SP  - 168-173
TI  - Metallothionein and heavy metals in brown trout (Salmo trutta) and European eel (Anguilla anguilla): A comparative study.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 44
IS  - 2
PB  - Academic Press Inc.
PY  - 1999
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Conifers are known to possess relative ozone tolerance in short-term experiments. A scenario for ozone damage of conifers is now derived from the first exposure experiments in which both the initial biochemical response phase and delayed visible symptom development were studied. A number of early biochemical ozone responses could be detected in Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The stress metabolite catechin persisted over several months. In the year following ozone treatment of spruce, decreases in pigment content and photosynthetic capacity, as well as development of visible symptoms (chlorosis, banding), were determined in the needle age classes previously exposed to an accumulated hourly ozone dose above 40 ppb (AOT40) of >/=60-80 ppm small middle doth. The visible symptoms developed during spring emergence of the new flush. In the case of Scots pine, an ozone dose (AOT40) of >/=30 ppm small middle doth caused the premature shedding of needles 9 months after treatment. The delayed symptoms of both spruce and pine occurred during known phases of endogenous stress. The symptoms appeared to reflect an ozone "memory" imprinted by the induced early stress reactions. Ambient AOT40 ozone doses in Central Europe are in the range 4 and 50 ppm small middle doth per growing season. Ozone is proposed to potentially damage conifers through memory effects ("abiotic" pathway) or through predisposition for pathogen attack ("biotic" pathway).
AU  - Langebartels, C.
AU  - Heller, W.
AU  - Führer, G.
AU  - Lippert, M.
AU  - Simons, S.
AU  - Sandermann, H.
C1  - 23448
C2  - 31163
SP  - 62-72
TI  - Memory effects in the action of ozone on conifers.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 41
IS  - 1
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 1998
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The study was aimed at establishing a bioassay for the determination of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxicity equivalents (TEQs) in environmental samples. Specifically, development of a rapid cleanup procedure adapted to the needs of the bioassay and simplification of the measurement of its endpoint, the induction of 7-ethoxyresorufinO-deethylase (EROD) in rat H4IIEC3/T hepatoma cells, were desired. The results indicate that a single “sandwich” column suffices to remove substances that may interfere with the bioassay from extracts of various environmental matrices such as sewage sludge, compost, soil, sediment, fly ash, tissue filter dust, and fire residue. The cumbersome conventionalin vitroassay for EROD activity on cells exposed to the test material in culture plates could readily be replaced by a simple assay on intact cells grown and treated in 96-well microtiter plates. TEQ values obtained from the bioassays were consistently higher than those derived from chemical analysis of dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans and biphenyls by a factor of 1.5–3.0 depending on the matrix used. The results indicate that this bioassay, which combines a simple cleanup and a rapid procedure for measuring biological effects, offers a cost- and time-effective alternative to chemical analysis when screening large numbers of samples from complex environmental matrices.
AU  - Schwirzer, S.M.G.
AU  - Hofmaier, A.M.*
AU  - Kettrup, A.
AU  - Nerdinger, P.E.
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
AU  - Thoma, H.*
AU  - Wegenke, M.*
AU  - Wiebel, F.J.
C1  - 20791
C2  - 18841
SP  - 77-82
TI  - Establishment of a simple cleanup procedure and bioassay for determining 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxicity equivalents of environmental samples.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 41
IS  - 1
PY  - 1998
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Lipophilic chemicals such as chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides and other persistent chemicals such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) are fat soluble chemicals and are readily bioconcentrated in animal fat depots. The modifying role of the body fat content in the toxicity of chlorinated cyclodiene insecticides to insects and in the toxicity of TCDD to different mammals was investigated. The single oral acute 30-day LD50 data of TCDD in different mammals are presented and correlated with their total body fat content. A two linear regression equation with log/log values was obtained. It is concluded that the storage of TCDD and other related lipophilic and persistent chemicals in lipids of organisms is, in a sense, a detoxication mechanism by which the compounds are removed from sites of action and/or receptors. Therefore, terrestrial organisms such as insects and mammals with higher total body fat content can accumulate and tolerate higher chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide and TCDD doses than organisms with lower fat content. The different sensitivity of mammals of various species, strains, body weight, sex, age, etc. to acute toxicity of TCDD and related lipophilic persistent chemicals can mainly be explained by differences in total body fat content.
AU  - Geyer, H.J.
AU  - Scheunert, I.
AU  - Rapp, K.
AU  - Gebefügi, I.
AU  - Kettrup, A.
C1  - 19970
C2  - 13138
SP  - 45-60
TI  - The Relevance of Organisms Fat Content in Toxicity of Lipophilic Chemicals to Organisms with Special Referance to Dieldrin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 26
IS  - 1
PY  - 1993
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The different sensitivity of mammals of various species, strains, body weight, sex, age, etc. to acute toxicity of TCDD and related lipophilic persistent chemicals can mainly be explained by differences in total body fat content.
AU  - Geyer, H.J.
AU  - Scheunert, I.
AU  - Rapp, K.G.
AU  - Gebefügi, I.L.
AU  - Steinberg, C.E.W.
AU  - Kettrup, A.A.W.
C1  - 33563
C2  - 38740
SP  - 45-60
TI  - The relevance of fat content in toxicity of lipophilic chemicals to terrestrial animals with special reference to dieldrin and 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 26
IS  - 1
PY  - 1993
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to vapors of 1-nitropropane (1-NP) and 2-nitropropane (2-NP) at air concentrations of 100 ppm for 7 hours per day on four consecutive days. Livers were analyzed for enzymatic activities after 1-, 2-, and 4-day inhalation periods. Liver microsomal cytochrome P450 was depressed by 2-NP and elevated following exposure to 1-NP. Levels of cytochrome b5 were slightly increased in rats exposed to 1-NP and remained unchanged after inhalation of 2-NP. Total glutathione (GSH), GSH S- transferase, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activities were enhanced by 2- NP. 1-NP induced GSH peroxidase while 2-NP did not. Glutathione reductase was not altered after exposure to either isomer. No changes in the microsomal malondialdehyde content as a measure of lipid peroxidation and in the levels of serum aspartate transferase and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase were observed during a 4-day exposure period in either of the exposed groups compared to control animals.
AU  - Haas-Jobelius, M.
AU  - Coulston, F.
AU  - Korte, F.
C1  - 40515
C2  - 38795
SP  - 253-259
TI  - Effects of short-term inhalation exposure to 1-nitropropane and 2- nitropropane on rat liver enzymes.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 23
IS  - 3
PY  - 1992
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The acute and chronic toxicities of lindane to larvae of the freshwater insects Chironomus riparius Meigen, Chaoborus flavicans (Meigen), and Sigara striata (L.) were investigated in mesocosm compartments of an experimental pond. The following median lethal concentrations (LC50s) were determined: 240-hr LC50 of 2.0 μg lindane liter−1 for second instar C. riparius, 72-hr LC50 of 6.5 μg lindane liter−1 for fourth instar C. riparius, and 96-hr LC50s of 4.0 and 3.9 μg lindane liter−1 for fourth instar C. flavicans and fourth or fifth instar S. striata, respectively. Lindane significantly reduced the growth over 10 days of second instar C. riparius compared to that of the control at the treatment concentrations where larvae survived (1.0, 2.5, and 7.0 μg lindane liter−1). A significant increase in the median emergence time in comparison to that of the control was observed for C. riparius exposed to 0.8 and 2.0 μg lindane liter−1, with higher concentrations causing 100% mortality. The findings compare well with previously reported laboratory data on the toxicity of lindane to insects and support the methodology and results of a laboratory growth test for C. riparius.
AU  - Maund, S.J.
AU  - Peither, A.
AU  - Taylor, E.J.
AU  - Jüttner, I.
AU  - Beyerle-Pfnür, R.
AU  - Lay, J.-P.
AU  - Pascoe, D.
C1  - 19102
C2  - 12158
SP  - 76-88
TI  - Toxicity of Lindane to Freshwater Insect Larvae in Compartments of an Experimental Pond.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 23
IS  - 1
PY  - 1992
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - [phenyl-14C]Monolinuron was applied (2.5 and 1.9 kg/ha) to the soil surface of an outdoor lysimeter in two successive years; then, potatoes were grown. Total recovery of 14C in soil, plants, and leached water was about 55% (of 14C applied) after the first growing period and about 43% after the second growing period. Radioactivity in soil contained 77.1% (based on total 14C recovered in soil) bound residues, 15% monolinuron, and the following conversion products: N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N′-methoxy-N′-methylurea, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N′-methylurea, N-(4-chlorophenyl)methylcarbamate, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-methylcarbamate, and 4-chloroformanilide. The leachate contained 0.8% (based on total 14C recovered in leachate) N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N′-methoxy-N′-methylurea. Potato plants contained 0.106 mg/kg radioactive residues in peeled tubers after one growing period and 15.94 mg/kg in the tops; after two growing periods, peeled tubers contained 0.091 mg/kg and tops contained 18.87 mg/kg radioactive residues. These residues consisted of bound 14C (57.9% of total 14C recovered in plants), N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N′-methoxy-N′-methylurea, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N′-methylurea, N-(4-chlorophenyl)methylcarbamate, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-methylcarbamate, and 4,4′-dichloroazobenzene.
AU  - Freitag, D.
AU  - Scheunert, I.
C1  - 17482
C2  - 10388
SP  - 256-268
TI  - Fate of (14C)Monolinuron in Potatoes and Soil under Outdoor Conditions.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 20
IS  - 3
PY  - 1990
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - [phenyl-14C]Monolinuron was applied (2.5 and 1.9 kg/ha) to the soil surface of an outdoor lysimeter in two successive years; then, potatoes were grown. Total recovery of 14C in soil, plants, and leached water was about 55% (of 14C applied) after the first growing period and about 43% after the second growing period. Radioactivity in soil contained 77.1% (based on total 14C recovered in soil) bound residues, 15% monolinuron, and the following conversion products: N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N′-methoxy-N′-methylurea, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N′-methylurea, N-(4-chlorophenyl)methylcarbamate, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-methylcarbamate, and 4-chloroformanilide. The leachate contained 0.8% (based on total 14C recovered in leachate) N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N′-methoxy-N′-methylurea. Potato plants contained 0.106 mg/kg radioactive residues in peeled tubers after one growing period and 15.94 mg/kg in the tops; after two growing periods, peeled tubers contained 0.091 mg/kg and tops contained 18.87 mg/kg radioactive residues. These residues consisted of bound 14C (57.9% of total 14C recovered in plants), N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N′-methoxy-N′-methylurea, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N′-methylurea, N-(4-chlorophenyl)methylcarbamate, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-methyl-methylcarbamate, and 4,4′-dichloroazobenzene.
AU  - Freitag, D.
AU  - Scheunert, I.
C1  - 42041
C2  - 40139
SP  - 256-268
TI  - Fate of [14C]monolinuron in potatoes and soil under outdoor conditions.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 20
IS  - 3
PY  - 1990
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The surface water model EXWAT is applied to monitoring studies of hazardous substances to estimate site-specific emissions from measured concentrations. The model includes the main processes which govern the fate of chemicals in rivers, namely, advection, volatility, degradation processes, sedimentation, resuspension, and protonic equilibria. The steady-state solution of the linear mass balance equations leads to proportionality between input and concentration of a chemical, which is used to assess input rates from measured concentrations. Subsequently, the model can be used for pollution control and identification of unknown releases. With measured concentrations in the Rhine near Koblenz (95 km downstream from the mouth of the river Main) the load of dichloromethane from the tributary Main was estimated. The comparison with measured concentrations in the tributary mouth has a good agreement in this case.
AU  - Trapp, S.
AU  - Brüggemann, R.
AU  - Münzer, B.
C1  - 17532
C2  - 10458
SP  - 72-80
TI  - Estimation of Releases into Rivers with the Steady-State Surface Water Model EXWAT Using Dichloromethane.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 19
IS  - 1
PY  - 1990
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - [14C]Benzene, [14C]1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, [14C]pentachlorobenzene, and [14C]hexachlorobenzene were applied to soils in outdoor lysimeters to a 10-cm depth (2 mg/kg dry soil); barley and cress plants were grown for one vegetation period and analyzed after varying time intervals. The bioaccumulation factors (concentration of radioactive substances in plants divided by that in soils) of barley were higher than those of cress, except for hexachlorobenzene. In barley, bioaccumulation factors increased with decreasing chlorine content of the molecules, except for benzene, whereas in cress hexachlorobenzene exhibited the highest bioaccumulation factor. The conversion ratios of chlorinated benzenes (percentage of conversion products based on total radioactivity in plants) were negatively correlated to the chlorine content of the molecules and, in barley, positively correlated with time; in general, they were higher in barley than in cress. The concentration of radioactive substances in the plants, as well as bioaccumulation factors, decreased with time, except for a slight increase in benzene-derived residues in barley after 125 days. This effect is due to growth dilution. The percentage of radioactivity in barley seeds, based on that in the whole plant, was negatively correlated to the chlorine content of the molecule.
AU  - Topp, E.M.
AU  - Scheunert, I.
AU  - Korte, F.
C1  - 17392
C2  - 10140
SP  - 157-166
TI  - Kinetics of the Uptake of 14C-Labeled Chlorinated Benzenes from Soil by Plants.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 17
IS  - 2
PY  - 1989
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The comparative fates and effects of salicylic acid (SA) and Na salicylate in algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus, Monoraphidium minutum), in Lemna minor, and in Daphnia magna were examined. Test methods were principally based on the OECD testing guidelines with modifications in the procedures. The influence of fulvic acid (FA) on bioconcentration and on toxic effects was studied. FA addition significantly reduced the bioavailability of SA in L. minor and the algae species. SA was more toxic to Lemnaceae, algae, and daphnids than to its Na salt. Bioconcentration factors in S. subspicatus, M. minutum, and L. minor were about 103 in 72-96 hr. The reproducibility of D. magna was reduced by 38% at a concentration of 20 mg SA/liter.
AU  - Wang, W.*
AU  - Lay, J.P.
C1  - 34001
C2  - 36528
SP  - 308-316
TI  - Fate and effects of salicylic acid compounds in freshwater systems.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 17
IS  - 3
PY  - 1989
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The comparative fates and effects of salicylic acid (SA) and Na salicylate in algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus, Monoraphidium minutum), in Lemna minor, and in Daphnia magna were examined. Test methods were principally based on the OECD testing guidelines with modifications in the procedures. The influence of fulvic acid (FA) on bioconcentration and on toxic effects was studied. FA addition significantly reduced the bioavailability of SA in L. minor and the algae species. SA was more toxic to Lemnaceae, algae, and daphnids than to its Na salt. Bioconcentration factors in S. subspicatus, M. minutum, and L. minor were about 103 in 72–96 hr. The reproducibility of D. magna was reduced by 38% at a concentration of 20 mg SA/liter.
AU  - Wang, W.H.
AU  - Lay, J.-P.
C1  - 17389
C2  - 9975
SP  - 308-316
TI  - Fate and Effects of Salicylic Acid Compounds in Freshwater Systems.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 17
IS  - 3
PY  - 1989
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The uptake of 14C from various 14C-labeled organic chemicals from different chemical classes by barley and cress seedlings from soil was studied for 7 days in a closed aerated laboratory apparatus. Uptake by roots and by leaves via the air was determined separately. Although comparative long-term outdoor studies showed that an equilibrium is not reached within a short time period, plant concentration factors after 7 days could be correlated to some physicochemical and structural substance properties. Barley root concentration factors due to root uptake, expressed as concentration in roots divided by concentration in soil, gave a fairly good negative correlation to adsorption coefficients based on soil organic carbon. Barley root concentration factors, expressed as concentration in roots divided by concentration in soil liquid, gave a positive correlation to the n-octanol/water partition coefficients. Uptake of chemicals by barley leaves via air was strongly positively correlated to volatilization of chemicals from soil. Both root and foliar uptake by barley could be correlated well to the molecular weight of 14 chemicals. Uptake of chemicals by cress differed from that by barley, and correlations to physicochemical substance properties mostly were poor.
AU  - Topp, E.M.
AU  - Scheunert, I.
AU  - Attar, A.
AU  - Korte, F.
C1  - 41021
C2  - 36115
SP  - 219-228
TI  - Factors affecting the uptake of 14C-labeled organic chemicals by plants from soil.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 11
IS  - 2
PY  - 1986
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The effects of the test chemicals pentachlorophenol (PCP) and HgCl2 on the bioactivity of microorganisms in three different soils were studied in low and high concentrations (2 and 20 ppm). Bioactivity was measured in long-term experiments (18 weeks) by a threefold application of chemicals to soils of varying moisture content. The selected tests were measurements of ATP, of heat output under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and after amendment with glucose, of soil respiration after the addition of glucose, and of Fe(III) reduction. The suitability of each test depends on soil microorganisms, on environmental conditions, and on soil properties. The effects caused by the chemicals were as follows. For the low concentration, stimulation or inhibition were mostly repaired within the observation period. The high concentration mostly induced inhibitions which increased or decreased as a consequence of the repeated application of the chemicals. The effects of chemicals were strongly modified by the soil types: in a soil with high organic matter content, differences to the control were lower than in soils with lower organic matter content. These experiments also indicate that measurement of only one physiological parameter is not sufficient to characterize chemicals ecotoxicologically.
AU  - Zelles, L.
AU  - Scheunert, I.
AU  - Korte, F.
C1  - 41946
C2  - 38266
SP  - 53-69
TI  - Comparison of methods to test chemicals for side effects on soil microorganisms.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 12
IS  - 1
PY  - 1986
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Benzene, with initial concentrations of 100 and 50 mg per liter, was dosed in duplicates into four compartments of a small pond. The decrease of chemical concentration in the water was exponential with a mean half-life of 4.7 ± 0.9 days. Following benzene application, the phytoplankton density and diversity slightly increased relative to the controls. Both concentrations were lethal for the daphnids present. During 24-hr in vitro tests with Daphnia pulex (initial benzene concentrations <50 mg per liter), a direct correlation between mobility and decreasing chemical concentration was observed.
AU  - Lay, J.P.
AU  - Schauerte, W.
AU  - Peichl, L.
AU  - Klein, W.
AU  - Korte, F.
C1  - 41263
C2  - 38509
SP  - 218-227
TI  - Influence of benzene on the phytoplankton and on Daphnia pulex in compartments of an experimental pond.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 10
IS  - 2
PY  - 1985
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Reactions with water and 2 + 2-cycloadditions of individual bases are the primary steps held responsible for the deformation of DNA at short wavelengts. From the observed data however the influence of atmospheric oxygen on the light-induced reaction of DNA is evident. A plausible explanation for these effects is the formation of reactive oxygen species during the UV irradiation of DNA. In the present work the deformation of DNA by different oxygen species like singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxideanion (O2), hydroxyradical (OH), and ozone (O3) is excluded with the help of chemical-trapping experiments. The photoinduced transformation proceeds via excited states of DNA, which react with oxygen to afford peroxide.
AU  - Parlar, H.A.
C1  - 42570
C2  - 36594
SP  - 120-127
TI  - Excited-state controlled peroxide formation of DNA.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 10
IS  - 1
PY  - 1985
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Outdoor experiments with [14C]hexachlorobenzene, [14C]pentachlorobenzene, [14C]1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and [14C]benzene in soil-crop systems indicate that the formation rate of bound residues in soil and plants, expressed as bound residues in percentage of total residue in the sample, decreases with increasing number of chlorine in the molecule and, thus, with increasing chemical stability. The time course of formation and fate of bound residues in soil and plants is characterized by a very slow decrease of residue levels in soil, indicating that biodegradation of bound residues hardly exceeds their reformation from the parent compound during one vegetation period, and by a decrease of residue levels in plants. The portion of bound residues as compared to the total residue increases with time, indicating that bound residues are more persistent than the parent compounds and their soluble metabolites; benzene is an exception. Cress plants, in general, contain less bound residues than do barley plants. Again, benzene is an exception. In deeper soil layers, soil-bound residues occur also. The ratio between bound and extractable residues does not differ to a larger extent between the soil layers.
AU  - Scheunert, I.
AU  - Topp, E.M.
AU  - Schmitzer, J.L.
AU  - Klein, W.
AU  - Korte, F.
C1  - 42280
C2  - 38387
SP  - 159-170
TI  - Formation and fate of bound residues of [14C]benzene and [14C]chlorobenzenes in soil and plants.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 9
IS  - 2
PY  - 1985
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) possess a low water solubility, a high n-octanol/water partition coefficient, and a high persistence, particularly those which are highly chlorinated. Because of these properties they are bioaccumulated in many organisms in the environment. PCBs are still manufactured industrially and used in the Mediterranean countries (e.g., Italy, Spain, and France). Production figures for these countries and for the FRG, the United Kingdom, and the United States between 1973 and 1979 are given. The concentrations of PCBs in marine air, water, sediments, microplankton, algae, mussels, fish, and other marine organisms including seabirds from the Mediterranean area are reviewed and compared with PCB concentrations in marine samples from non-Mediterranean regions. Levels of PCBs in seawater are highest in the western and central Mediterranean. The data for mussels and fish give a clear indication that the PCB levels are higher in the Northwest and the Tyrrhenian Sea than in the eastern Mediterranean. The FDA in June 1979 set 2 mg/kg as the temporary maximum concentration for PCBs in fish and shellfish. The PCB residues in some fish from the northwestern Mediterranean and Tyrrhenian Sea and in some mussels from the Adriatic Sea are higher than this limit. The amount of PCBs ingested via food by the Mediterranean population is unknown.
AU  - Geyer, H.J.
AU  - Freitag, D.
AU  - Korte, F.
C1  - 42309
C2  - 38342
SP  - 129-151
TI  - Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the marine environment, particularly in the mediterranean.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 8
IS  - 2
PY  - 1984
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Korte, F.
C1  - 41281
C2  - 38321
SP  - 3-8
TI  - Ecotoxicology of cadmium: General overview.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
PY  - 1983
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Monthly depositions of cadmium were collected by a modified Bergerhoff method and measured by AAS during a 3-year period in rural areas of the Pfalz and in an industrial area of the Ruhr district. Another one year period included measurements in rural areas of southern Bavaria and on a Dutch island. The log-normally distributed deposition rates of cadmium at the rural areas in southern Germany amounted to only 20% of those of the industrial district. The depositions on the Dutch island were twice as high as the depositions on the rural areas of southern Germany. The monthly cadmium deposition rates show only little periodical fluctuation during the year and scatter around more or less constant median values of 25 and 120 μg x m-2 x month -1 at the rural and industrial areas, respectively. When open air mass cultures of algae were taken as an agricultural model, the organisms, depending on their growth rate, accumulated 0.4-4.0 ppm of cadmium (dry matter based). The course of the cadmium accumulation reflects the deposition rate of the area where the algae were grown. No growth depression of the algae due to cadmium can be observed under the given deposition rates.
AU  - Runkel, K.H.
AU  - Payer, H.D.
C1  - 42413
C2  - 38302
SP  - 58-70
TI  - Monthly deposition of cadmium in rural and industrial areas of Germany (Bayern, Pfalz, Ruhr District) and its influences upon an agricultural model system.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
PY  - 1983
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - A standardized, feasible test system for assessing the environmental behavior of chemicals in ecotoxicological terms and for setting up priority lists was described earlier. 14C chemicals were used in environmentally relevant concentrations. The bioaccumulation potential of chemicals was determined from tests with algae and fish; mammalian retention and elimination were investigated in a test with rats. Information about biodegradability, metabolism, accumulation, and bound residues was provided by the activated sludge test, while the possibility of photomineralization of the organic compounds was studied by irradiation with uv light of wavelength above 290 nm. The presentation of the data is by ranking in tables: they are either ranked in order of decreasing accumulation in the algae, fish, rat, and activated sludge tests (lipophilic substances such as hexachlorobenzene, chlorinated biphenyls, aldrin, etc., displaying the highest accumulation, are on top of the lists); or they are ranked in order of increasing degradability in the activated sludge and photomineralization tests (the most persistent chemicals thus again are on the top of the list). The data obtained from the accumulation tests are correlated with respective physicochemical properties of the chemicals and the results of the tests are compared with one another for ecotoxicological profile assessment.
AU  - Freitag, D.
AU  - Geyer, H.J.
AU  - Kraus, A.G.
AU  - Viswanathan, R.
AU  - Kotzias, D.
AU  - Attar, A.
AU  - Klein, W.
AU  - Korte, F.
C1  - 42171
C2  - 38383
SP  - 60-81
TI  - Ecotoxicological profile analysis. VII. Screening Chemicals for Their Environmental Behavior by Comparative Evaluation.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
PY  - 1982
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Korte, F.
AU  - Klein, W.
C1  - 41304
C2  - 38663
SP  - 311-327
TI  - Degradation of benzene in the environment.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
PY  - 1982
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB), and 4-chloroaniline (4-CA) were dosed into the water of small experimental ponds in Southern Germany. The average concentration of the chemicals in the pond water during the application period (4-6 weeks) was about 50 μg/liter. Chemical residue concentrations were determined in water, sediment, and flora and fauna species up to 166 weeks after application. The decrease of all chemicals in the water phase follows exponential functions and can be correlated to some extent with the physicochemical properties such as volatility from water and vapor pressure. Although chemically quite different, the residual behavior of the model compounds followed a similar pattern resulting in relatively high initial concentrations in biota and a slow buildup and subsequent decline of concentrations in the sediment. As to some fauna species (backswimmers and libellula larvae) and to sediment (0- to 20-cm layer), even 3 years after application, 14C residues of about 0.1 mg/kg could be found. In all analyzed flora species, however, no more residues could be measured in the new vegetation period after application. The amounts of the chemicals used did not cause detectable symptoms of poisoning over the investigation period. Anisols and azo compounds were found to be conversion products of pentachloronitrobenzene and 4-chloroaniline.
AU  - Schauerte, W.
AU  - Lay, J.P.
AU  - Klein, W.
AU  - Korte, F.
C1  - 41342
C2  - 38664
SP  - 560-569
TI  - Long-term fate of organochlorine xenobiotics in aquatic ecosystems. Distribution, residual behavior, and metabolism of hexachlorobenzene, pentachloronitrobenzene, and 4-chloroaniline in small experimental ponds.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 6
IS  - 6
PY  - 1982
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Following the administration of 1.5 ppm β-hexachloro[14C]cyclohexane (β-HCH) for 1 week in the diet, excretion of radioactivity with urine and feces was measured for 8 weeks in 20 male rats. Eight percent light liquid paraffin added to the diet for the whole 8 weeks significantly enhanced the elimination of radioactivity with feces as well as with urine. Whole-body elimination half-lives of the second compartment of a two-compartment model were reduced from 71 to 37 days in paraffin-fed rats. Addition of paraffin to the diet only in the second 4 weeks of the elimination phase also stimulated the excretion of β-HCH. Eight percent Lutrol E 400 added to the diet was as effective as paraffin; 8% squalane added to the diet did not enhance the excretion of β-HCH during the second 4 weeks of the elimination phase. Paraffin and squalane did not affect body weight gain; Lutrol significantly reduced body weight gain in rats.
AU  - Richter, E.*
AU  - Luger, W.*
AU  - Klein, W.
AU  - Korte, F.
AU  - Weger, N.*
C1  - 41579
C2  - 38568
SP  - 270-280
TI  - Excretion of β-hexachlorocyclohexane by the rat as influenced by oral paraffin, squalane, and lutrol E 400.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 5
IS  - 3
PY  - 1981
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Jacobi, W.
C1  - 42339
C2  - 38853
SP  - 434-443
TI  - Basic concepts of radiation protection.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 4
IS  - 4
PY  - 1980
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The present study was conducted to determine the influence of two organochlorines, i.e., polychlorinated biphenyl (Aroclor 1242) and dieldrin, or RNA synthesis in elicited peritoneal macrophages. Tritiated uridine ([3H]uridine) incorporation into RNA was used as an index of RNA synthesis. RNA synthesis was depressed in macrophages incubated in the presence of dieldrin in both a time- and dose-related manner. The dieldrin-induced inhibition of RNA synthesis was further exacerbated when the macrophages were actively phagocytosing latex particles. Aroclor 1242 similarly inhibited RNA synthesis in resting macrophages; however, inhibition was not seen until a concentration exceeding 7 ppm of Aroclor 1242 was used in the incubation medium. Dieldrin-induced inhibition of RNA synthesis was observed at levels of 1 ppm. The inhibition of RNA synthesis provides a corroborative index to support the hypothesis previously advanced that the observed in vivo organochlorine-induced immune suppression may be macrophage mediated. Since the observed in vivo immune suppression was manifested in the absence of any morphological changes in the target lymphoid-macrophage tissues, a biochemical lesion, perhaps at the level of RNA synthesis, may be a site for the organochlorine-induced immunosuppression.
AU  - Conradt, P.
AU  - Müller, W.F.
AU  - Loose, L.D.
AU  - Klein, W.
AU  - Coulston, F.
AU  - Korte, F.
C1  - 42351
C2  - 38162
SP  - 10-17
TI  - Incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA under the influence of dieldrin and polychlorinated biphenyls.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 3
IS  - 1
PY  - 1979
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Freitag, D.
AU  - Geyer, H.J.
AU  - Klein, W.
AU  - Kraus, A.G.
AU  - Lahaniatis, E.S.
AU  - Korte, F.
C1  - 33347
C2  - 38603
SP  - 144-151
TI  - An approach for comparative screening of the environmental behavior of chemicals.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 3
IS  - 2
PY  - 1979
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The pentochlorophenol (PCP) and tetrachlorophenol (TCP) obtained in untreated samples indicate that the contamination of all objects in closed rooms after use of pentachlorophenol-containing-woodprotecting compounds cannot be avoided. The measured values in plaster, wood, and other objects vary between 0.2 and 26.0 mg/kg for PCP and between 0.4 and 5.5 mg/kg for TCP, and thereby present further sources of contamination themselves. Furthermore, it is certain that PCP, TCP, and other chlorinated impurities of the wood-protecting compound are transported through the room air. In the first model experimental series, the correlation between PCP concentration and humidity in the air was satisfying. One can consider the humidity as a solvent for pentachlorophenol and can explain the fluctuation of PCP values as a result of different extraction yields. In contrast, in the second model experiment the PCP concentrations cannot be presented satisfactorily. However, it can be seen as certain that the vapor released and absorbed by the system is partly responsible for these fluctuations. Besides, a temperature increase causes an increase in the diffusion rate of pentachlorophenol. The model study, in which the concentrations of 1-160 μg PCP/M3 air were measured, indicates that under unfavourable conditions the daily uptake of PCP can comprise 4.8 mg. This value corresponds approximately to the PCP concentration which was calculated on the basis of the MAK value. How these concentrations are to be considered in the toxicological judgement of PCPs is still open and demands a thorough toxicological long-term study of this compound under partical conditions.
AU  - Gebefügi, I.L.
AU  - Parlar, H.A.
AU  - Korte, F.
C1  - 33170
C2  - 35598
SP  - 269-300
TI  - Occurrence of pentachlorophenol in enclosed environments.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 3
IS  - 3
PY  - 1979
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Metabolism, excretion, and body distribution of [14C]photodieldrin were studied in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) after single intravenous and repeated oral administration. After iv administration about 45 and 34% of the dose were excreted by the male and the female, respectively, during 21 days following dosing. Approximately two-thirds of the excreted radioactivity was detected in the urine. The body distribution showed high concentrations of photodieldrin and/or metabolites in adipose tissue, liver, bile, bone marrow, mesenteric lymph nodes, and adrenal cortex. Analysis of feces and urine showed the presence of several metabolites. The major metabolite was identified by mass spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, and gas chromatographical comparison as trans-photoaldrindiol which appears in the urine as glucuronic acid conjugate and as free metabolite. A second metabolite, occurring in feces and urine, appears to be a monohydroxy substituted derivative of photodieldrin.
AU  - Nohynek, G.J.
AU  - Müller, W.F.
AU  - Coulston, F.*
AU  - Korte, F.
C1  - 41093
C2  - 38173
SP  - 1-9
TI  - Metabolism, excretion, and tissue distribution of [14C]photodieldrin in nonhuman primates following oral administration and intravenous injection.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 3
IS  - 1
PY  - 1979
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - After the rhesus monkey was demonstrated to be a suitable model for man in both metabolic and endocrinological studies, effects of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) on the pattern of sexual hormones in cycling female rhesus monkeys were investigated. After confirmed ovulation, four adult female rhesus monkeys were treated during the following cycle with 4 mg/kg/day of HCB, and four other monkeys were treated with the same dose of Clophen A 30. Ovulation was blocked in three PCB-treated and one HCB-treated monkeys. Whereas the levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone did not seem to be changed directly by the treatment, low estrogen levels were found during the anovulatory cycles. Studies with PCB- and HCB-treated superovulated rats indicated interaction of the chemicals with ovarian steroidogenesis. Altered hepatic steroid metabolism may also cause low estrogen levels in treated animals.
AU  - Müller, W.F.
AU  - Hobson, W.C.*
AU  - Fuller, G.B.*
AU  - Knauf, W.*
AU  - Coulston, F.*
AU  - Korte, F.
C1  - 42000
C2  - 35796
SP  - 161-172
TI  - Endocrine effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons in rhesus monkeys.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
PY  - 1978
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - To estimate the influence of the chlorinated hydrocarbons on the quality of the environment, primarily chemico-ecological and toxico-ecological data are required. In addition to their level of production, range of application, and distribution tendency, a knowledge of their transformation under environmental conditions is desirable. On one hand, the change of a substance under biotic and abiotic environmental conditions provides an indication of whether an enrichment of the environment with the relevant chemical may be anticipated in the long term; on the other hand, these investigations allow possible persistent transformation products to be characterized. In contrast to the biological degradation pathways and transformation processes of environmental chemicals, whose course is accompanied by only very small amounts of energy, energy sources with an inexhaustible capacity and constant intensity are available for abiotic conversions. Temperature and uv radiation become the most important manifestations of the largest energy source of our environment, the sun, whose direct or indirect effect is especially important during an ecological assessment of chlorinated hydrocarbons. It is also important to know in which ecological systems these chemicals occur, because both dynamic and catalytic effects can be traced back primarily to the respective state of the molecule and the interaction with the surroundings. In this connection the task posed is an investigation of the reactions of chlorinated hydrocarbons under simulated atmospheric conditions. Such simulations are made more difficult by virtue of the complexity of these reactions. The atmosphere may be portrayed as a large chemical reactor in which complicated reactions take place under the action of the sun's uv radiation and are catalyzed by trace substances and whereby large amounts of substances are reacted. Numerous equilibria are established under the influence of chemical, photochemical, and physical factors. To study individual reaction mechanisms, it is necessary to create conditions which correspond to those in the atmosphere, or a partial simulation to enable the experimental results to be interpreted with some degree of probability.
AU  - Parlar, H.A.
C1  - 33714
C2  - 38613
SP  - 219-232
TI  - Organochlorine compounds and their reactions in the atmosphere.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 2
IS  - 2
PY  - 1978
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - [14C]Aldrin was applied to soils (about 3 kg/ha) in outdoor boxes at various locations (Germany, England, and United States), and crops were cultivated (maize, wheat, sugar beets, and potatoes). In the following year, crop rotation experiments were carried out in the same soils without retreatment; in addition, wheat was grown in soils retreated with [14C]aldrin (3.5 kg/ha). After the harvest of both years, the distribution of aldrin and major metabolites (dieldrin; photodieldrin; hydrophilic metabolites including dihydrochlordene dicarboxylic acid; an unidentified nonpolar compound X; and unextractable metabolites) was determined in plants, soils, and leaching water. Two further conversion products, photoaldrin and aldrin-trans-diol, occurred in trace amounts only in a few samples. Metabolic pathways for aldrin under outdoor conditions are presented. The distribution of radioactive residues in soils and plants as well as their quantitative chemical composition are discussed, and comparisons are made between the different experimental sites, the crops, the first and second year, and retreated and nonretreated samples. The quantitative results are compared to those of field trials.
AU  - Scheunert, I.
AU  - Kohli, J.
AU  - Kaul, R.
AU  - Klein, W.
C1  - 41983
C2  - 38119
SP  - 365-385
TI  - Fate of [14C]aldrin in crop rotation under outdoor conditions.
JO  - Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
VL  - 1
IS  - 3
PY  - 1977
SN  - 0147-6513
ER  -