TY  - JOUR
AB  - Ambient air pollution still represents a major health burden. While the link between short-term air pollution exposures and mortality has been well-documented globally, few studies have applied causal modeling approaches. Therefore, we aimed to quantify the relationship between day-to-day changes in ambient particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels and changes in daily natural, cardiovascular (including all-cardiovascular, cardiac, and stroke), as well as respiratory mortality rates using a causal modeling framework. Daily air pollution data and cause-specific death counts at the county, district, or municipality level from California (US), Jiangsu (China), Germany, and Lazio (Italy) were obtained for the years 2015 to 2019, including urban and rural populations. We used interactive fixed effects models to analyze the effects of air pollutants across different lag periods (0-2, 3-7, and 0-7 days after exposure) while accounting for both measured and unmeasured time-varying spatial unit-specific confounding factors. We observed increases in daily cardiovascular deaths (per 1 million people) per a 10 μg/m3 increase in daily NO2 at lag 0-7: 0.18 (95% confidence interval: -0.02, 0.38) in California, 0.23 (0.14, 0.32) in Jiangsu, 0.48 (0.27, 0.70) in Germany, and -0.35 (-2.63, 1.92) in Lazio. For PM2.5, the related increases in cardiovascular mortality rates were 0.00 (-0.18, 0.18) in California, 0.04 (0.00, 0.09) in Jiangsu, 0.22 (0.06, 0.37) in Germany, and 1.96 (0.76, 3.16) in Lazio. Additionally, associations were seen for natural, cardiac, stroke, and respiratory mortality, particularly pronounced among individuals aged 75 and older. These associations were strongest with prolonged exposures and remained consistent even in two-pollutant models. This study, using a causal modeling approach and including urban and rural populations, contributes to the growing body of evidence linking increases in short-term exposure to NO2 and PM2.5 with increased cause-specific mortality rates.
AU  - Marb, A.
AU  - Ma, Y.*
AU  - Nobile, F.*
AU  - Dubrow, R.*
AU  - Kinney, P.L.*
AU  - Stafoggia, M.*
AU  - Chen, K.*
AU  - Peters, A.
AU  - Breitner-Busch, S.
C1  - 73682
C2  - 57171
CY  - 125 London Wall, London, England
TI  - Short-term exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter and cause-specific mortality: A causal modeling approach in four regions.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 372
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2025
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Viruses are frequently a microbial biocontaminant of healthy plants. The occurrence of the infection can be also due to environmental stress, like urbanisation, air pollution and increased air temperature, especially under the ongoing climate change. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that worsened air quality and fewer green areas may favour the higher frequency of common viral infections, particularly in a common tree in temperate and continental climates, Betula pendula ROTH. We examined 18 trees, during the years 2015-2017, the same always for each year, in the region of Augsburg, Germany. By specific PCR, the frequency of two viruses, Cherry leaf roll virus (CLRV, genus Nepovirus, family Secoviridae), which is frequent in birch trees, and a novel virus tentatively named birch idaeovirus (BIV), which has been only recently described, were determined in pollen samples. The occurrence of the viruses was examined against the variables of urban index, air pollution (O3 and NO2), air temperature, and tree morphometrics (trunk perimeter, tree height, crown height and diameter). Generalized Non-linear models (binomial logit with backward stepwise removal of independent variables) were employed. During the study period, both CLRV and BIV were distributed widely throughout the investigated birch individuals. CLRV seemed to be rather cosmopolitan and was present independent of any abiotic factor. BIV's occurrence was mostly determined by higher values of the urban index and of NO2. Urban birch trees, located next to high-traffic roads with higher NO2 levels, are more likely to be infected by BIV. Increased environmental stress may lead to more plant viral infections. Here we suggest that this is particularly true for urban spaces, near high-traffic roads, where plants may be more stressed, and we recommend taking mitigation measures for controlling negative human interventions.
AU  - Gilles, S.
AU  - Meinzer, M.*
AU  - Landgraf, M.*
AU  - Kolek, F.*
AU  - von Bargen, S.*
AU  - Pack, K.*
AU  - Charalampopoulos, A.*
AU  - Ranpal, S.*
AU  - Luschkova, D.
AU  - Traidl-Hoffmann, C.
AU  - Jochner-Oette, S.*
AU  - Damialis, A.*
AU  - Büttner, C.*
C1  - 67641
C2  - 53948
CY  - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England
TI  - Betula pendula trees infected by birch idaeovirus and cherry leaf roll virus: Impacts of urbanisation and NO2 levels.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 327
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2023
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - This study aimed to evaluate the levels and phenomenology of equivalent black carbon (eBC) at the city center of Augsburg, Germany (01/2018 to 12/2020). Furthermore, the potential health risk of eBC based on equivalent numbers of passively smoked cigarettes (PSC) was also evaluated, with special emphasis on the impact caused by the COVID19 lockdown restriction measures. As it could be expected, peak concentrations of eBC were commonly recorded in morning (06:00–8:00 LT) and night (19:00–22:00 LT) in all seasons, coinciding with traffic rush hours and atmospheric stagnation. The variability of eBC was highly influenced by diurnal variations in traffic and meteorology (air temperature (T), mixing-layer height (MLH), wind speed (WS)) across days and seasons. Furthermore, a marked “weekend effect” was evidenced, with an average eBC decrease of ∼35% due to lower traffic flow. During the COVID19 lockdown period, an average ∼60% reduction of the traffic flow resulted in ∼30% eBC decrease, as the health risks of eBC exposure was markedly reduced during this period. The implementation of a multilinear regression analysis allowed to explain for 53% of the variability in measured eBC, indicating that the several factors (e.g., traffic and meteorology) may contribute simultaneously to this proportion. Overall, this study will provide valuable input to the policy makers to mitigate eBC pollutant and its adverse effect on environment and human health.
AU  - Liu, X.*
AU  - Hadiatullah, H.*
AU  - Schnelle-Kreis, J.
AU  - Xu, Y.*
AU  - Yue, M.*
AU  - Zhang, X.*
AU  - Querol, X.*
AU  - Cao, X.*
AU  - Bendl, J.*
AU  - Cyrys, J.
AU  - Jakobi, G.*
AU  - Philipp, A.*
AU  - Münkel, C.*
AU  - Zimmermann, R.
AU  - Adam, T.
C1  - 66588
C2  - 53049
TI  - Levels and drivers of urban black carbon and health risk assessment during pre- and COVID19 lockdown in Augsburg, Germany.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 316
IS  - Pt 1
PY  - 2023
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Leukemia and lymphoma are the two most common forms of hematologic malignancy, and their etiology is largely unknown. Pathophysiological mechanisms suggest a possible association with air pollution, but little empirical evidence is available. We aimed to investigate the association between long-term residential exposure to outdoor air pollution and risk of leukemia and lymphoma. We pooled data from four cohorts from three European countries as part of the "Effects of Low-level Air Pollution: a Study in Europe" (ELAPSE) collaboration. We used Europe-wide land use regression models to assess annual mean concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC) and ozone (O3) at residences. We also estimated concentrations of PM2.5 elemental components: copper (Cu), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn); sulfur (S); nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), silicon (Si) and potassium (K). We applied Cox proportional hazards models to investigate the associations. Among the study population of 247,436 individuals, 760 leukemia and 1122 lymphoma cases were diagnosed during 4,656,140 person-years of follow-up. The results showed a leukemia hazard ratio (HR) of 1.13 (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.01-1.26) per 10 μg/m3 NO2, which was robust in two-pollutant models and consistent across the four cohorts and according to smoking status. Sex-specific analyses suggested that this association was confined to the male population. Further, the results showed increased lymphoma HRs for PM2.5 (HR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.02-1.34) and potassium content of PM2.5, which were consistent in two-pollutant models and according to sex. Our results suggest that air pollution at the residence may be associated with adult leukemia and lymphoma.
AU  - Taj, T.*
AU  - Chen, J.*
AU  - Rodopoulou, S.*
AU  - Strak, M.*
AU  - de Hoogh, K.*
AU  - Poulsen, A.H.*
AU  - Andersen, Z.J.*
AU  - Bellander, T.*
AU  - Brandt, J.*
AU  - Zitt, E.*
AU  - Fecht, D.*
AU  - Forastiere, F.*
AU  - Gulliver, J.*
AU  - Hertel, O.*
AU  - Hoffmann, B.*
AU  - Hvidtfeldt, U.A.*
AU  - Jørgensen, J.T.*
AU  - Katsouyanni, K.*
AU  - Ketzel, M.*
AU  - Lager, A.*
AU  - Leander, K.*
AU  - Liu, S.*
AU  - Ljungman, P.*
AU  - Severi, G.*
AU  - Besson, C.*
AU  - Magnusson, P.K.E.*
AU  - Nagel, G.*
AU  - Pershagen, G.*
AU  - Peters, A.
AU  - Rizzuto, D.*
AU  - Samoli, E.*
AU  - Sørensen, M.*
AU  - Stafoggia, M.*
AU  - Tjønneland, A.*
AU  - Weinmayr, G.*
AU  - Wolf, K.
AU  - Brunekreef, B.*
AU  - Hoek, G.*
AU  - Raaschou-Nielsen, O.*
C1  - 68932
C2  - 53774
CY  - 125 London Wall, London, England
TI  - Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and risk of leukemia and lymphoma in a pooled European cohort.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 343
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2023
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - There is increasing awareness for beneficial health effects of green space surrounding the home, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood and challenging to study given the correlation with other exposures. Here, the association of residential greenness and vitamin D including a gene-environment interaction is investigated. 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was measured by electrochemiluminescence at ages 10 and 15 years in participants of two German birth cohorts GINIplus and LISA. Greenness was measured using the Landsat-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in a 500 m buffer surrounding the home. Linear and logistic regression models were applied at both time points adjusted for several covariates (N10Y = 2,504, N15Y = 2,613). In additional analyses vitamin D-related genes, physical activity, time spent outdoors, supplements, and measurement season were investigated as potential confounders or effect modifiers. A 1.5-SD increase in NDVI was significantly associated with increased 25(OH)D values at ages 10 and 15 years (β10y = 2.41 nmol/l, p=<0.01; β15y = 2.03 nmol/l, p = 0.02). In stratified analyses, the associations were not seen in participants spending more than 5 h/day outside in summer, having a high physical activity level, taking supplements, or being examined during the winter season. In a subset (n = 1,732) with genetic data, a significant gene-environment interaction of NDVI with CYP2R1, an upstream gene in 25(OH)D synthesis, was observed at age 10 years. When investigating 25(OH)D sufficiency, defined as values above 50 nmol/l, a 1.5-SD increase in NDVI was associated with significantly higher odds of having sufficient 25 (OH)D levels at age 10 years (OR = 1.48, 1.19-1.83). In conclusion, robust associations between residential greenness and 25 (OH)D levels were observed in children and adolescents independent of other confounders and additionally supported by the presence of a gene-environment interaction. Effects of NDVI were stronger in those having lower vitamin D levels at age 10 years due to their covariate profile or genetically lower 25(OH)D synthesis.
AU  - Thiering, E.
AU  - Markevych, I.*
AU  - Kress, S.*
AU  - Astell-Burt, T.*
AU  - Feng, X.*
AU  - Altug, H.*
AU  - Koletzko, S.*
AU  - Bauer, C.P.*
AU  - von Berg, A.*
AU  - Berdel, D.*
AU  - Herberth, G.*
AU  - Schikowski, T.*
AU  - Heinrich, J.*
AU  - Standl, M.
C1  - 67647
C2  - 53954
CY  - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England
TI  - Gene-environment interaction in the association of residential greenness and 25(OH) vitamin D.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 327
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2023
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Most studies investigating the health effects of long-term exposure to air pollution used traditional regression models, although causal inference approaches have been proposed as alternative. However, few studies have applied causal models and comparisons with traditional methods are sparse. We therefore compared the associations between natural-cause mortality and exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) using traditional Cox and causal models in a large multicenter cohort setting. We analysed data from eight well-characterized cohorts (pooled cohort) and seven administrative cohorts from eleven European countries. Annual mean PM2.5 and NO2 from Europe-wide models were assigned to baseline residential addresses and dichotomized at selected cut-off values (PM2.5: 10, 12, 15 μg/m³; NO2: 20, 40 μg/m³). For each pollutant, we estimated the propensity score as the conditional likelihood of exposure given available covariates, and derived corresponding inverse-probability weights (IPW). We applied Cox proportional hazards models i) adjusting for all covariates ("traditional Cox") and ii) weighting by IPW ("causal model"). Of 325,367 and 28,063,809 participants in the pooled and administrative cohorts, 47,131 and 3,580,264 died from natural causes, respectively. For PM2.5 above vs. below 12 μg/m³, the hazard ratios (HRs) of natural-cause mortality were 1.17 (95% CI 1.13-1.21) and 1.15 (1.11-1.19) for the traditional and causal models in the pooled cohort, and 1.03 (1.01-1.06) and 1.02 (0.97-1.09) in the administrative cohorts. For NO2 above vs below 20 μg/m³, the HRs were 1.12 (1.09-1.14) and 1.07 (1.05-1.09) for the pooled and 1.06 (95% CI 1.03-1.08) and 1.05 (1.02-1.07) for the administrative cohorts. In conclusion, we observed mostly consistent associations between long-term air pollution exposure and natural-cause mortality with both approaches, though estimates partly differed in individual cohorts with no systematic pattern. The application of multiple modelling methods might help to improve causal inference. 299 of 300 words.
AU  - Wolf, K.
AU  - Rodopoulou, S.*
AU  - Chen, J.*
AU  - Andersen, Z.J.*
AU  - Atkinson, R.W.*
AU  - Bauwelinck, M.*
AU  - Janssen, N.A.H.*
AU  - Kristoffersen, D.T.*
AU  - Lim, Y.H.*
AU  - Oftedal, B.*
AU  - Strak, M.*
AU  - Vienneau, D.*
AU  - Zhang, J.*
AU  - Brunekreef, B.*
AU  - Hoek, G.*
AU  - Stafoggia, M.*
AU  - Samoli, E.*
C1  - 67662
C2  - 53969
CY  - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England
TI  - Comparison of traditional Cox regression and causal modeling to investigate the association between long-term air pollution exposure and natural-cause mortality within European cohorts.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 327
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2023
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Genotoxic effects of dicofol on the edible clam Meretrix meretrix were investigated through a mesocosm experiment. Individuals of M. meretrix, were exposed to environmental concentration (D1 = 50 ng/L) and supra-environmental concentration (D2 = 500 ng/L) of dicofol for 15 days, followed by the same depuration period. DNA damage (i.e., strand breaks and alkali-labile sites) was evaluated at day 1, 7 and 15, during uptake and depuration, using Comet assay (alkaline version) and nuclear abnormalities (NAs) as genotoxicity biomarkers. The protective effects of dicofol against DNA damage induced by ex vivo hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure were also assessed. Comet assay results revealed no significant DNA damages under dicofol exposure, indicating 1) apparent lack of genotoxicity of dicofol to the tested conditions and/or 2) resistance of the animals due to optimal adaptation to stress conditions. Moreover, ex vivo H2O2 exposure showed an increase in the DNA damage in all the treatments without significant differences between them. However, considering only the DNA damage induced by H2O2 during uptake phase, D1 animals had significantly lower DNA damage than those from other treatments, revealing higher protection against a second stressor. NAs data showed a decrease in the % of cells with polymorphic, kidney shape, notched or lobbed nucleus, along the experiment. The combination of these results supports the idea that the clams used in the experiment were probably collected from a stressful environment (in this case Pearl River Delta region) which could have triggered some degree of adaptation to those environmental conditions, explaining the lack of DNA damages and highlighting the importance of organisms' origin and the conditions that they were exposed during their lives.
AU  - Ivorra, L.*
AU  - Cruzeiro, C.
AU  - Ramos, A.*
AU  - Tagulao, K.*
AU  - Cardoso, P.G.*
C1  - 63505
C2  - 51570
CY  - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England
TI  - How can environmental conditions influence dicofol genotoxicity on the edible Asiatic clam, Meretrix meretrix?
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 293
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2022
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The emissions of marine diesel engines have gained both global and regional attentions because of their impact on human health and climate change. To reduce ship emissions, the International Maritime Organization capped the fuel sulfur content of marine fuels. Consequently, either low-sulfur fuels or additional exhaust gas cleaning devices for the reduction in sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions became mandatory. Although a wet scrubber reduces the amount of SO2 significantly, there is still a need to consider the reduction in particle emissions directly. We present data on the particle removal efficiency of a scrubber regarding particle number and mass concentration with different marine fuel types, marine gas oil, and two heavy fuel oils (HFOs). An open-loop sulfur scrubber was installed in the exhaust line of a marine diesel test engine. Fine particulate matter was comprehensively characterized in terms of its physical and chemical properties. The wet scrubber led up to a 40% reduction in particle number, whereas a reduction in particle mass emissions was not generally determined. We observed a shift in the size distribution by the scrubber to larger particle diameters when the engine was operated on conventional HFOs. The reduction in particle number concentrations and shift in particle size were caused by the coagulation of soot particles and formation/growing of sulfur-containing particles. Combining the scrubber with a wet electrostatic precipitator as an additional abatement system showed a reduction in particle number and mass emission factors by >98%. Therefore, the application of a wet scrubber for the after-treatment of marine fuel oil combustion will reduce SO2 emissions, but it does not substantially affect the number and mass concentration of respirable particulate matters. To reduce particle emission, the scrubber should be combined with additional abatement systems.
AU  - Jeong, S.
AU  - Bendl, J.*
AU  - Saraji-Bozorgzad, M.R.*
AU  - Käfer, U.
AU  - Etzien, U.*
AU  - Schade, J.*
AU  - Bauer, M.*
AU  - Jakobi, G.
AU  - Orasche, J.
AU  - Fisch, K.*
AU  - Cwierz, P.P.*
AU  - Rüger, C.P.*
AU  - Czech, H.
AU  - Karg, E.W.
AU  - Heyen, G.*
AU  - Krausnick, M.*
AU  - Geissler, A.*
AU  - Geipel, C.*
AU  - Streibel, T.
AU  - Schnelle-Kreis, J.
AU  - Sklorz, M.
AU  - Schulz-Bull, D.E.*
AU  - Buchholz, B.*
AU  - Adam, T.
AU  - Zimmermann, R.
C1  - 66598
C2  - 53234
TI  - Aerosol emissions from a marine diesel engine running on different fuels and effects of exhaust gas cleaning measures.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 316
IS  - Pt 1
PY  - 2022
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - As the underlying mechanisms of the adverse effects of cold spells on cardiac events are not well understood, we explored the effects of cold spells on plasma viscosity, a blood parameter linked to cardiovascular disease. This cross-sectional study involved 3622 participants from the KORA S1 Study (1984-1985), performed in Augsburg, Germany. Exposure data was obtained from the Bavarian State Office for the Environment. Cold spells were defined as two or more consecutive days with daily mean temperatures below the 3rd, 5th, or 10th percentile of the distribution. The effects of cold spells on plasma viscosity were explored by generalized additive models with distributed lag nonlinear models (DLNM). We estimated cumulative effects at lags 0-1, 0-6, 0-13, 0-20, and 0-27 days separately. Cold spells (mean temperature <3rd, <5th or <10th percentile) were significantly associated with an increase in plasma viscosity with a lag of 0-1 days [%change of geometric mean (95% confidence interval): 1.35 (0.06-2.68), 1.35 (0.06-2.68), and 2.49 (0.34-4.69), respectively], and a lag of 0-27 days [18.81 (8.97-29.54), 17.85 (8.29-28.25), and 7.41 (3.35-11.0), respectively]. For the analysis with mean temperature <3rd or 10th percentile, we also observed significant associations at lag 0-20 days [8.34 (0.43-16.88), and 4.96 (1.68, 8.35), respectively]. We found that cold spells had significant immediate and longer lagged effects on plasma viscosity. This finding supports the complex interplay of multiple mechanisms of cold on adverse cardiac events and enriches the knowledge about how cold exposure acts on the human body.
AU  - Ni, W.
AU  - Schneider, A.E.
AU  - Wolf, K.
AU  - Zhang, S.
AU  - Chen, K.*
AU  - Koenig, W.*
AU  - Peters, A.
AU  - Breitner-Busch, S.
C1  - 64530
C2  - 52256
TI  - Short-term effects of cold spells on plasma viscosity: Results from the KORA cohort study in Augsburg, Germany.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 302
PY  - 2022
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The authors would like to inform you that some authors (Gülcin Abbaszade, Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis, Jean-Luc Jaffrezo, André Prévôt, Mohammad Astaneh) were missed from the authorship which has been corrected above.
AU  - Shahne, M.Z.*
AU  - Arhami, M.*
AU  - El Haddad, I.*
AU  - Abbaszade, G.
AU  - Schnelle-Kreis, J.
AU  - Jaffrezo, J.L.*
AU  - Prévôt, A.S.H.*
AU  - Astaneh, M.*
AU  - Hosseini, V.*
C1  - 64228
C2  - 51831
CY  - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England
TI  - Corrigendum: “Particulate emissions of real-world light-duty gasoline vehicle fleet in Iran” (Environmental Pollution (2022) 292(PA), (118303), (S0269749121018856), (10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118303)).
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 300
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2022
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The composition of root exudates is modulated by several environmental factors, and it remains unclear how that affects beneficial rhizosphere or inoculated microorganisms under heavy metal (HM) contamination. Therefore, we evaluated the transcriptional response of Pseudomonas putida E36 (a Miscanthus x giganteus isolate with plant growth promotion-related properties) to Cd, Pb and Zn in an in vitro study implementing root exudates from M. x giganteus. To collect root exudates and analyse their composition plants were grown in a pot experiment under HM and control conditions. Our results indicated higher exudation rate for plants challenged with HM. Further, out of 29 organic acids identified and quantified in the root exudates, 8 of them were significantly influenced by HM (e.g., salicylic and terephthalic acid). The transcriptional response of P. putida E36 was significantly affected by the HM addition to the growth medium, increasing the expression of several efflux pumps and stress response-related functional units. The additional supplementation of the growth medium with root exudates from HM-challenged plants resulted in a downregulation of 29% of the functional units upregulated in P. putida E36 as a result of HM addition to the growth medium. Surprisingly, root exudates + HM downregulated the expression of P. putida E36 functional units related to plant colonization (e.g., chemotaxis, motility, biofilm formation) but upregulated its antibiotic and biocide resistance compared to the control treatment without HM. Our findings suggest that HM-induced changes in root exudation pattern may attract beneficial bacteria that are in turn awarded with organic nutrients, helping them cope with HM stress. However, it might affect the ability of these bacteria to colonize plants growing in HM polluted areas. Those findings may offer an insight for future in vivo studies contributing to improvements in phytoremediation measures.
AU  - Zadel, U.
AU  - Cruzeiro, C.
AU  - Raj Durai, A.C.
AU  - Nesme, J.*
AU  - May, R.*
AU  - Balazs, H.-E.
AU  - Michalke, B.
AU  - Płaza, G.A.*
AU  - Schröder, P.
AU  - Schloter, M.
AU  - Radl, V.
C1  - 65973
C2  - 53018
TI  - Exudates from Miscanthus x giganteus change the response of a root-associated Pseudomonas putida strain towards heavy metals.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 313
PY  - 2022
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - An increasing number of epidemiological studies have examined the association between ultrafine particles (UFP) and imbalanced autonomic control of the heart, a potential mechanism linking particulate matter air pollution to cardiovascular disease. This study systematically reviews and meta-analyzes studies on short-term effects of UFP on autonomic function, as assessed by heart rate variability (HRV). We searched PubMed and Web of Science for articles published until June 30, 2022. We extracted quantitative measures of UFP effects on HRV with a maximum lag of 15 days from single-pollutant models. We assessed the risk of bias in the included studies regarding confounding, selection bias, exposure assessment, outcome measurement, missing data, and selective reporting. Random-effects models were applied to synthesize effect estimates on HRV of various time courses. Twelve studies with altogether 1,337 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. For an increase of 10,000 particles/cm3 in UFP assessed by central outdoor measurements, our meta-analysis showed immediate decreases in the standard deviation of the normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN) by 4.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): 7.1%, −0.9%] and root mean square of successive R-R interval differences (RMSSD) by 4.7% (95% CI: 9.1%, 0.0%) within 6 h after exposure. The immediate decreases in SDNN and RMSSD associated with UFP assessed by personal measurements were smaller and borderline significant. Elevated UFP were also associated with decreases in SDNN, low-frequency power, and the ratio of low-frequency to high-frequency power when pooling estimates of lags across hours to days. We did not find associations between HRV and concurrent-day UFP exposure (daily average of at least 18 h) or exposure at lags ≥ one day. Our study indicates that short-term exposure to ambient UFP is associated with decreased HRV, predominantly as an immediate response within hours. This finding highlights that UFP may contribute to the onset of cardiovascular events through autonomic dysregulation.
AU  - Zhang, S.
AU  - Breitner-Busch, S.
AU  - Pickford, R.
AU  - Lanki, T.*
AU  - Okokon, E.*
AU  - Morawska, L.*
AU  - Samoli, E.*
AU  - Rodopoulou, S.*
AU  - Stafoggia, M.*
AU  - Renzi, M.*
AU  - Schikowski, T.*
AU  - Zhao, Q.*
AU  - Schneider, A.E.
AU  - Peters, A.
C1  - 66304
C2  - 52775
TI  - Short-term effects of ultrafine particles on heart rate variability: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 314
PY  - 2022
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - This study analyzed long-term observational data of particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) variability, gaseous pollutants (CO, NO2, NOX, SO2, and O3), and meteorological factors in 412 fixed monitoring stations from January 2008 to December 2018 in Germany. Based on Hurst index analysis, the trend of atmospheric pollutants in Germany was stable during the research period. The relative correlations of gaseous pollutants and meteorological factors on PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were analyzed by Back Propagation Neural Network model, showing that CO and temperature had the greater correlations with PM2.5 and PM10. Following that, PM2.5 and PM10 show a strong positive correlation (R2 = 0.96, p < 0.01), suggesting that the reduction of PM2.5 is essential for reducing PM pollution and enhancing air quality in Germany. Based on typical PM10/CO ratios obtained under ideal weather conditions, it is conducive to roughly estimate the contribution of natural sources. In winter, the earth's crust contributed about 20.1% to PM10. Taken together, exploring the prediction methods and analyzing the characteristic variation of pollutants will contribute an essential implication for air quality control in Germany.
AU  - Liu, X.
AU  - Hadiatullah, H.*
AU  - Tai, P.*
AU  - Xu, Y.*
AU  - Zhang, X.*
AU  - Schnelle-Kreis, J.
AU  - Schloter-Hai, B.
AU  - Zimmermann, R.
C1  - 61415
C2  - 50238
CY  - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England
TI  - Air pollution in Germany: Spatio-temporal variations and their driving factors based on continuous data from 2008 to 2018.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 276
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2021
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been associated with a higher risk for coronary events. Elevated circulating cardiac troponins (cTn) are suggestive of myocardial injury in both ischemic and non-ischemic conditions. However, little is known about the association between PM2.5 and cTn. In this study, we investigated short-term PM2.5 effects on cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as well as N-terminal-pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT-pro BNP) and inflammatory biomarkers among cardiac catheterized participants. We analyzed 7444 plasma cTnT measurements in 2732 participants who presented to Duke University Hospital with myocardial infarction symptoms between 2001 and 2012, partly along with measurements of NT-pro BNP and inflammatory biomarkers. Daily PM2.5 concentrations were predicted by a neural network-based hybrid model and were assigned to participants' residential addresses. We applied generalized estimating equations to assess associations of PM2.5 with biomarker levels and the risk of a positive cTnT test (cTnT > 0.1 ng/mL). The median plasma cTnT concentration at presentation was 0.05 ng/mL and the prevalence of a positive cTnT test was 35.4%. For an interquartile range (7.6 μg/m3) increase in PM2.5 on the previous day, cTnT concentrations increased by 7.7% (95% CI: 3.4-12.3) and the odds ratio of a positive cTnT test was 1.08 (1.01-1.16). Participants under 60 years (effect estimate: 15.2%; 95% CI: 7.4-23.5) or living in rural areas (12.3%; 95% CI: 4.8-20.3) were more susceptible. There was evidence for increases in fibrinogen and NT-pro BNP associated with elevated PM2.5 on the concurrent and previous two days. Our study suggests that acute PM2.5 exposure may elevate indicators of myocardial tissue damage. This finding substantiates the association of air pollution exposure with adverse cardiovascular events.
AU  - Zhang, S.
AU  - Breitner-Busch, S.
AU  - Cascio, W.E.*
AU  - Devlin, R.B.*
AU  - Neas, L.M.*
AU  - Ward-Caviness, C.*
AU  - Diaz-Sanchez, D.*
AU  - Kraus, W.E.*
AU  - Hauser, E.R.*
AU  - Schwartz, J.*
AU  - Peters, A.
AU  - Schneider, A.E.
C1  - 61301
C2  - 49835
CY  - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England
TI  - Association between short-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and myocardial injury in the CATHGEN cohort.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 275
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2021
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Background: Little information exists on interaction effects between air pollution and influenza vaccination on allergic respiratory diseases. We conducted a large population-based study to evaluate the interaction effects between influenza vaccination and long-term exposure to ambient air pollution on allergic respiratory diseases in children and adolescents.Methods: A cross-sectional study was investigated during 2012-2013 in 94 schools from Seven Northeastern Cities (SNEC) in China. Questionnaires surveys were obtained from 56 137 children and adolescents aged 2-17 years. Influenza vaccination was defined as receipt of the influenza vaccine. We estimated air pollutants exposure [nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters <= 1 mu m (PM1), <= 2.5 mu m (PM2.5) and <= 10 mu m (PM10)] using machine learning methods. We employed two-level generalized linear mix effects model to examine interactive effects between influenza vaccination and air pollution exposure on allergic respiratory diseases (asthma, asthma-related symptoms and allergic rhinitis), after controlling for important covariates.Results: We found statistically significant interactions between influenza vaccination and air pollutants on allergic respiratory diseases and related symptoms (doctor-diagnosed asthma, current wheeze, wheeze, persistent phlegm and allergic rhinitis). The adjusted ORs for doctor-diagnosed asthma, current wheeze and allergic rhinitis among the unvaccinated group per interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM1 and PM2.5 were significantly higher than the corresponding ORs among the vaccinated group [For PM 1 , doctor-diagnosed asthma: OR: 1.89 (95%CI: 1.57-2.27) vs 1.65 (95%CI: 1.36-2.00); current wheeze: OR: 1.50 (95%CI: 1.22-1.85) vs 1.10 (95%CI: 0.89-1.37); allergic rhinitis: OR: 1.38 (95%CI: 1.15-1.66) vs 1.21 (95%CI: 1.00-1.46). For PM2.5, doctor-diagnosed asthma: OR: 1.81 (95%CI: 1.52-2.14) vs 1.57 (95%CI: 1.32 -1.88); current wheeze: OR: 1.46 (95%CI: 1.21-1.76) vs 1.11 (95%CI: 0.91-1.35); allergic rhinitis: OR: 1.35 (95%CI: 1.14-1.60) vs 1.19 (95%CI: 1.00-1.42)]. The similar patterns were observed for wheeze and persistent phlegm. The corresponding p values for interactions were less than 0.05, respectively. We assessed the risks of PM 1 -related and PM 2 . 5 -related current wheeze were decreased by 26.67% (95%CI: 1.04%-45.66%) and 23.97% (95%CI: 0.21%-42.08%) respectively, which was attributable to influenza vaccination (both p for efficiency <0.05).Conclusions: Influenza vaccination may play an important role in mitigating the detrimental effects of long-term exposure to ambient air pollution on childhood allergic respiratory diseases. Policy targeted at increasing influenza vaccination may yield co-benefits in terms of reduced allergic respiratory diseases.
AU  - Liu, K.*
AU  - Li, S.*
AU  - Qian, Z.M.*
AU  - Dharmage, S.C.*
AU  - Bloom, M.S.*
AU  - Heinrich, J.*
AU  - Jalaludin, B.*
AU  - Markevych, I.
AU  - Morawska, L.*
AU  - Knibbs, L.D.*
AU  - Hinyard, L.*
AU  - Xian, H.*
AU  - Liu, S.*
AU  - Lin, S.*
AU  - Leskinen, A.*
AU  - Komppula, M.*
AU  - Jalava, P.*
AU  - Roponen, M.*
AU  - Hu, L.W.*
AU  - Zeng, X.W.*
AU  - Hu, W.*
AU  - Chen, G.*
AU  - Yang, B.Y.*
AU  - Guo, Y.*
AU  - Dong, G.H.*
C1  - 57282
C2  - 47695
CY  - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England
TI  - Benefits of influenza vaccination on the associations between ambient air pollution and allergic respiratory diseases in children and adolescents: New insights from the Seven Northeastern Cities study in China.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 256
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2020
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Urbanisation and industrialisation led to the increase of ambient particulate matter (PM) concentration. While subsequent regulations may have resulted in the decrease of some PM matrices, the simultaneous changes in climate affecting local meteorological conditions could also have played a role. To gain an insight into this complex matter, this study investigated the long-term trends of two important matrices, the particle mass (PM2.5) and particle number concentrations (PNC), and the factors that influenced the trends. Mann-Kendall test, Sen's slope estimator, the generalised additive model, seasonal decomposition of time series by LOESS (locally estimated scatterplot smoothing) and the Buishand range test were applied. Both PM2.5 and PNC showed significant negative monotonic trends (0.03-0.6 mg m(-3).yr(-1) and 0.40-3.8 x 10(3) particles. cm(-3). yr(-1), respectively) except Brisbane (+0.1 mg m(-3). yr(-1) and +53 particles. cm(-3). yr(-1), respectively). For the period covered in this study, temperature increased (0.03-0.07 degrees C.yr(-1)) in all cities except London; precipitation decreased (0.02-1.4 mm.yr(-1)) except in Helsinki; and wind speed was reduced in Brisbane and Rochester but increased in Helsinki, London and Augsburg. At the change-points, temperature increase in cold cities influenced PNC while shifts in precipitation and wind speed affected PM2.5. Based on the LOESS trend, extreme events such as dust storms and wildfires resulting from changing climates caused a positive step-change in concentrations, particularly for PM2.5. In contrast, among the mitigation measures, controlling sulphur in fuels caused a negative step-change, especially for PNC. Policies regarding traffic and fleet management (e.g. low emission zones) that were implemented only in certain areas or in a progressive uptake (e.g. Euro emission standards), resulted to gradual reductions in concentrations. Therefore, as this study has clearly shown that PM2.5 and PNC were influenced differently by the impacts of the changing climate and by the mitigation measures, both metrics must be considered in urban air quality management.
AU  - Lorelei de Jesus, A.*
AU  - Thompson, H.*
AU  - Knibbs, L.D.*
AU  - Kowalski, M.
AU  - Cyrys, J.
AU  - Niemi, J.V.*
AU  - Kousa, A.*
AU  - Timonen, H.*
AU  - Luoma, K.*
AU  - Petäjä, T.*
AU  - Beddows, D.*
AU  - Harrison, R.M.*
AU  - Hopke, P.*
AU  - Morawska, L.*
C1  - 58828
C2  - 48487
CY  - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England
TI  - Long-term trends in PM2.5 mass and particle number concentrations in urban air: The impacts of mitigation measures and extreme events due to changing climates.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 263
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2020
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Evidence suggests that residential greenness may be protective of high blood pressure, but there is scarcity of evidence on the associations between greenness around schools and blood pressure among children. We aimed to investigate this association in China. Our study included 9354 children from 62 schools in the Seven Northeastern Cities Study. Greenness around each child's school was measured by NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and SAVI (Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index). Particulate matter <= 1 mu m (PM1) concentrations were estimated by spatiotemporal models and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations were collected from air monitoring stations. Associations between greenness and blood pressure were determined by generalized linear and logistic mixed-effect models. Mediation by air pollution was assessed using mediation analysis. Higher greenness was consistently associated with lower blood pressure. An increase of 0.1 in NDVI corresponded to a reduction in SBP of 1.39 mmHg (95% CI: 1.86, -0.93) and lower odds of hypertension (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.69, 0.82). Stronger associations were observed in children with higher BMI. Ambient PM1 and NO2 mediated 33.0% and 10.9% of the association between greenness and SBP, respectively. In summary, greater greenness near schools had a beneficial effect on blood pressure, particularly in overweight or obese children in China. The associations might be partially mediated by air pollution. These results might have implications for policy makers to incorporate more green space for both aesthetic and health benefits.
AU  - Xiao, X.*
AU  - Yang, B.Y.*
AU  - Hu, L.W.*
AU  - Markevych, I.
AU  - Bloom, M.S.*
AU  - Dharmage, S.C.*
AU  - Jalaludin, B.*
AU  - Knibbs, L.D.*
AU  - Heinrich, J.*
AU  - Morawska, L.*
AU  - Lin, S.*
AU  - Roponen, M.*
AU  - Guo, Y.*
AU  - Lam Yim, S.H.*
AU  - Leskinen, A.*
AU  - Komppula, M.*
AU  - Jalava, P.*
AU  - Yu, H.Y.*
AU  - Zeeshan, M.*
AU  - Zeng, X.W.*
AU  - Dong, G.H.*
C1  - 57289
C2  - 47697
CY  - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England
TI  - Greenness around schools associated with lower risk of hypertension among children: Findings from the Seven Northeastern Cities Study in China.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 256
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2020
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Background: Few studies have reported the association between greenspace and academic performance at school level. We examined associations between both residential and school greenspace and individual school grades in German adolescents.Methods: German and maths grades from the latest school certificate, residential and school greenspace, and covariates were available for 1351 10 and 15 years old Munich children and 1078 Wesel children from two German birth cohorts - GINIplus and LISA. Residential and school greenspace was assessed by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), tree cover, and (in Munich only) proportion of agricultural land, forest, and urban green space in 500-m and 1000-m circular buffers. Longitudinal associations between each exposure-outcome pair were assessed by logistic mixed effects models with person and school as random intercepts and adjusted for potential confounders.Results: No associations were observed between any of the greenspace variables and grades in Wesel children. Several statistically significant associations were observed with German and maths grades in Munich children, however associations were inconsistent across sensitivity analyses.Conclusions: There is no evidence of an association of higher greenspace at residence, school or combined with improved academic performance in German adolescents from the GINIplus and LISA longitudinal studies. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
AU  - Markevych, I.
AU  - Feng, X.*
AU  - Astell-Burt, T.*
AU  - Standl, M.
AU  - Sugiri, D.*
AU  - Schikowski, T.*
AU  - Koletzko, S.*
AU  - Herberth, G.*
AU  - Bauer, C.P.*
AU  - von Berg, A.*
AU  - Berdel, D.*
AU  - Heinrich, J.
C1  - 54711
C2  - 45801
CY  - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England
SP  - 71-76
TI  - Residential and school greenspace and academic performance: Evidence from the GINIplus and LISA longitudinal studies of German adolescents.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 245
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2019
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - While exposure to places with higher greenness shows health benefits, evidence is scarce on its lipidemic effects. We assessed the associations between residential greenness and blood lipids and effect mediations by air pollution, physical activity, and adiposity in China. Our study included 15,477 adults from the population-based 33 Communities Chinese Health Study, conducted between April and December 2009, in Northeastern China. We measured total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Residential greenness was estimated using two satellite-derived vegetation indices - the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). We used both nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particles <= 2.5 mu m in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) as proxies of outdoor air pollution. Associations were assessed using linear mixed effects regression models and logistic mixed effects regression models, and mediation analyses were also performed. Living in higher greenness areas was consistently associated with lower TC, TG, and LDL-C levels and higher HDL-C levels (e.g., change in TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C per 0.1-unit increase in NDVI500-m was -1.52%, -3.05%, -1.91%, and 0.52%, respectively). Similar results were obtained for the corresponding dyslipidemias. These associations were generally stronger in women and older adults. While educational levels showed effect modifications, the effect pattern was inconsistent. Both outdoor air pollution and body mass index mediated 9.1-62.3% and 5.6-40.1% of the associations for greenness and blood lipids, respectively, however, physical activity did not. Our results suggest beneficial associations between residing in places with higher greenness and blood lipid levels, especially in women and the elder individuals. The associations were partly mediated by lower air.
AU  - Yang, B.Y.*
AU  - Markevych, I.
AU  - Heinrich, J.*
AU  - Bloom, M.S.*
AU  - Qian, Z.*
AU  - Geiger, S.D.*
AU  - Vaughn, M.*
AU  - Liu, S.*
AU  - Guo, Y.*
AU  - Dharmage, S.C.*
AU  - Jalaludin, B.*
AU  - Knibbs, L.D.*
AU  - Chen, D.*
AU  - Jalava, P.*
AU  - Lin, S.*
AU  - Hung-Lam Yim, S.*
AU  - Liu, K.K.*
AU  - Zeng, X.W.*
AU  - Hu, L.W.*
AU  - Dong, G.H.*
C1  - 55851
C2  - 46614
CY  - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England
SP  - 14-22
TI  - Residential greenness and blood lipids in urban-dwelling adults: The 33 Communities Chinese Health Study.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 250
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2019
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Background: While exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is thought to be associated with diseases via inflammatory response, the association between exposure to ozone, an oxidative pollutant, and inflammation has been less investigated.Aim: We analyzed associations between short-term exposure to ozone and three inflammatory biomarkers among children and adolescents.Methods: These cross-sectional analyses were based on two follow-ups of the GINIplus and LISA German birth cohorts. We included 1330 10-year-old and 1591 15-year-old participants. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were available for both age groups while interleukin (IL)-6 was measured at 10 years only. Maximum 8-h averages of ozone and daily average concentrations of NO2 and PM with an aerodynamic diameter <10 mu m (PM10) were adopted from two background monitoring stations 0 (same day), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days prior to the FeNO measurement or blood sampling. To assess associations, we utilized linear regression models for FeNO, and logistic regressions for IL-6 and hs-CRP, adjusting for potential covariates and co-pollutants NO2 and PM10.Results: We found that short-term ozone exposure was robustly associated with higher FeNO in adolescents at age 15, but not at age 10. No consistent associations were observed between ozone and IL-6 in children aged 10 years. The relationship between hs-CRP levels and ozone was J-shaped. Relatively low ozone concentrations (e.g., <120 mu g/m(3)) were associated with reduced hs-CRP levels, while high concentrations (e.g., >= 120 mu g/m(3)) tended to be associated with elevated levels for both 10- and 15-year-old participants.Conclusions: Our study demonstrates significant associations between short-term ozone exposure and FeNO at 15 years of age and J-shaped relationship between ozone and hs-CRP. The finding indicates that high ozone exposure may favor inflammatory responses in adolescents, especially regarding airway inflammation.
AU  - Zhao, T.
AU  - Markevych, I.
AU  - Standl, M.
AU  - Schikowski, T.*
AU  - Berdel, D.*
AU  - Koletzko, S.*
AU  - Jörres, R.A.*
AU  - Nowak, D.*
AU  - Heinrich, J.
C1  - 56986
C2  - 47461
CY  - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England
TI  - Short-term exposure to ambient ozone and inflammatory biomarkers in cross-sectional studies of children and adolescents: Results of the GINIplus and LISA birth cohorts.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 255
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2019
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Vegetation in the Arabian Peninsula is facing high and steadily rising tropospheric ozone pollution. However, little is known about the impacts of elevated ozone on date palms, one of the most important indigenous economic species. To elucidate the physiological responses of date palm to peak levels of acute ozone exposure, seedlings were fumigated with 200 ppb ozone for 8 h. Net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conduction, total carbon, its isotope signature and total sugar contents in leaves and roots were not significantly affected by the treatment and visible symptoms of foliar damage were not induced. Ozone exposure did not affect hydrogen peroxide and thiol contents but diminished the activities of glutathione reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase, stimulated the oxidation of ascorbate, and resulted in elevated total ascorbate contents. Total nitrogen, soluble protein and lignin contents remained unchanged upon ozone exposure, but the abundance of low molecular weight nitrogen (LMWN) compounds such as amino acids and nitrate as well as other anions were strongly diminished in leaves and roots. Other nitrogen pools did not benefit from the decline of LMWN, indicating reduced uptake and/or enhanced release of these compounds into the soil as a systemic response to aboveground ozone exposure. Several phenolic compounds, concurrent with fatty acids and stearyl alcohol, accumulated in leaves, but declined in roots, whereas total phenol contents significantly increased in the roots. Together these results indicate that local and systemic changes in both, primary and secondary metabolism contribute to the high tolerance of date palms to short-term acute ozone exposure.
AU  - Du, B.*
AU  - Kreuzwieser, J.*
AU  - Winkler, J.B.
AU  - Ghirardo, A.
AU  - Schnitzler, J.-P.
AU  - Ache, P.*
AU  - Alfarraj, S.*
AU  - Hedrich, R.*
AU  - White, P.A.*
AU  - Rennenberg, H.*
C1  - 53997
C2  - 45186
CY  - The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford Ox5 1gb, Oxon, England
SP  - 905-913
TI  - Physiological responses of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) seedlings to acute ozone exposure at high temperature.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 242
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2018
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Energy crops are an important renewable source for energy production in future. To ensure high yields of crops, N fertilization is a common practice. However, knowledge on environmental impacts of bioenergy plantations, particularly in systems involving trees, and the effects of N fertilization is scarce. We studied the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC), which negatively affect the environment by contributing to tropospheric ozone and aerosols formation, from Miscanthus and willow plantations. Particularly, we aimed at quantifying the effect of N fertilization on VOC emission. For this purpose, we determined plant traits, photosynthetic gas exchange and VOC emission rates of the two systems as affected by N fertilization (0 and 80 kg hayr). Additionally, we used a modelling approach to simulate (i) the annual VOC emission rates as well as (ii) the OHreactivity resulting from individual VOC emitted. Total VOC emissions from Salix was 1.5- and 2.5-fold higher compared to Miscanthus in non-fertilized and fertilized plantations, respectively. Isoprene was the dominating VOC in Salix (80-130 μg gDW h), whereas it was negligible in Miscanthus. We identified twenty-eight VOC compounds, which were released by Miscanthus with the green leaf volatile hexanal as well as dimethyl benzene, dihydrofuranone, phenol, and decanal as the dominant volatiles. The pattern of VOC released from this species clearly differed to the pattern emitted by Salix. OHreactivity from VOC released by Salix was ca. 8-times higher than that of Miscanthus. N fertilization enhanced stand level VOC emissions, mainly by promoting the leaf area index and only marginally by enhancing the basal emission capacity of leaves. Considering the higher productivity of fertilized Miscanthus compared to Salix together with the considerably lower OHreactivity per weight unit of biomass produced, qualified the C-perennial grass Miscanthus as a superior source of future bioenergy production.
AU  - Hu, B.*
AU  - Jarosch, A.M.*
AU  - Gauder, M.*
AU  - Graeff-Hönninger, S.*
AU  - Schnitzler, J.-P.
AU  - Grote, R.*
AU  - Rennenberg, H.*
AU  - Kreuzwieser, J.*
C1  - 53061
C2  - 44486
SP  - 205-217
TI  - VOC emissions and carbon balance of two bioenergy plantations in response to nitrogen fertilization: A comparison of Miscanthus and Salix.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 237
PY  - 2018
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is a highly allergenic annual ruderal plant and native to Northern America, but now also spreading across Europe. Air pollution and climate change will not only affect plant growth, pollen production and duration of the whole pollen season, but also the amount of allergenic encoding transcripts and proteins of the pollen. The objective of this study was to get a better understanding of transcriptional changes in ragweed pollen upon NO2 and O3 fumigation. This will also contribute to a systems biology approach to understand the reaction of the allergenic pollen to air pollution and climate change. Ragweed plants were grown in climate chambers under controlled conditions and fumigated with enhanced levels of NO2 and O3. Illumina sequencing and de novo assembly revealed significant differentially expressed transcripts, belonging to different gene ontology (GO) terms that were grouped into biological process and molecular function. Transcript levels of the known Amb a ragweed encoding allergens were clearly up-regulated under elevated NO2, whereas the amount of allergen encoding transcripts was more variable under elevated O3 conditions. Moreover transcripts encoding allergen known from other plants could be identified. The transcriptional changes in ragweed pollen upon elevated NO2 fumigation indicates that air pollution will alter the transcriptome of the pollen. The changed levels of allergenic encoding transcripts may have an influence on the total allergenic potential of ragweed pollen.
AU  - Zhao, F.
AU  - Durner, J.
AU  - Winkler, J.B.
AU  - Traidl-Hoffmann, C.*
AU  - Strom, T.M.
AU  - Ernst, D.
AU  - Frank, U.
C1  - 50705
C2  - 42458
CY  - Oxford
SP  - 503-514
TI  - Pollen of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.): Illumina-based de novo sequencing and differential transcript expression upon elevated NO2/O3.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 224
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2017
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Endosulfan - an agricultural insecticide and banned by Stockholm Convention - is produced as a 2:1 to 7:3 mixture of isomers endosulfan I (ESI) and endosulfan II (ESII). Endosulfan is transformed under aerobic conditions into endosulfan sulfate (ESS). The study shows for 76 sampling locations in German forests that endosulfan is abundant in all samples with an opposite ratio between the ESI and ESII than the technical product, where the main metabolite ESS is found with even higher abundance. The ratio between ESI/ESII and ESS show clear dependence on the type of stands (coniferous vs. deciduous) and humus type and increases from deciduous via mixed to coniferous forest stands. The study argues for a systematic monitoring of ESI, ESII, and ESS and underlines the need for further research, specifically on the fate of endosulfan including biomagnifications and bioaccumulation in soil.
AU  - Bussian, B.M.*
AU  - Pandelova, M.
AU  - Lehnik-Habrink, P.*
AU  - Aichner, B.*
AU  - Henkelmann, B.
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
C1  - 46690
C2  - 37714
SP  - 661-666
TI  - Persistent endosulfan sulfate is found with highest abundance among endosulfan I, II, and sulfate in German forest soils.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 206
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Pollution adversely affects vegetation; however, its impact on phenology and leaf morphology is not satisfactorily understood yet. We analyzed associations between pollutants and phenological data of birch, hazel and horse chestnut in Munich (2010) along with the suitability of leaf morphological parameters of birch for monitoring air pollution using two datasets: cumulated atmospheric concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and ozone derived from passive sampling (short-term exposure) and pollutant information derived from Land Use Regression models (long-term exposure). Partial correlations and stepwise regressions revealed that increased ozone (birch, horse chestnut), NO2, NOx and PM levels (hazel) were significantly related to delays in phenology. Correlations were especially high when rural sites were excluded suggesting a better estimation of long-term within-city pollution. In situ measurements of foliar characteristics of birch were not suitable for bio-monitoring pollution. Inconsistencies between long- and short-term exposure effects suggest some caution when interpreting short-term data collected within field studies.
AU  - Jochner, S.*
AU  - Markevych, I.
AU  - Beck, I.*
AU  - Traidl-Hoffmann, C.*
AU  - Heinrich, J.
AU  - Menzel, A.*
C1  - 46551
C2  - 37711
SP  - 382-389
TI  - The effects of short- and long-term air pollutants on plant phenology and leaf characteristics.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 206
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Allocation of recent photoassimilates of juvenile beech and spruce in response to twice-ambient ozone (2 × O3) and plant competition (i.e. intra vs. inter-specific) was examined in a phytotron study. To this end, we employed continuous 13CO2/12CO2 labeling during late summer and pursued tracer kinetics in CO2 released from stems. In beech, allocation of recent photoassimilates to stems was significantly lowered under 2 × O3 and increased in spruce when grown in mixed culture. As total tree biomass was not yet affected by the treatments, C allocation reflected incipient tree responses providing the mechanistic basis for biomass partitioning as observed in longer experiments. Compartmental modeling characterized functional properties of substrate pools supplying respiratory C demand. Respiration of spruce appeared to be exclusively supplied by recent photoassimilates. In beech, older C, putatively located in stem parenchyma cells, was a major source of respiratory substrate, reflecting the fundamental anatomical disparity between angiosperm beech and gymnosperm spruce.
AU  - Ritter, W.*
AU  - Lehmeier, C.A.*
AU  - Winkler, J.B.
AU  - Matyssek, R.*
AU  - Grams, T.E.E.*
C1  - 32547
C2  - 35118
CY  - Oxford
SP  - 534-543
TI  - Contrasting carbon allocation responses of juvenile European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) to competition and ozone.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 196
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) accumulated by semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) -based virtual organisms (VOs) and local feral fish were studied in Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), China. VOs were deployed at seven sites in TGR for two periods in 2009 and 5 species of fish with different living habitats and feeding habits collected in the same periods from two counties in TGR. 28 OCPs were analyzed and the concentration and profile of OCPs in fish were quite different from those in VOs. The lipid-based concentrations of OCPs in fish ranged from 225.7 ng/g lw to 1996.4 ng/g lw which were much higher than those in VOs which ranged from 17.3 to 112.4 ng/g lw. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were the prevalent OCPs in the investigated fish, while hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was the dominant compound in VOs. DDT in the few fish sample analyzed was not of concern based on chemical contaminant limits of non-carcinogenic effect.
AU  - Wang, J.
AU  - Liang, W.*
AU  - Henkelmann, B.
AU  - Pfister, G.
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
C1  - 44102
C2  - 36778
CY  - Oxford
SP  - 160-167
TI  - Organochlorine pesticides accumulated by SPMD-based virtual organisms and feral fish in Three Gorges Reservoir, China.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 202
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2015
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Children are particularly susceptible to air pollution and schools are examples of urban microenvironments that can account for a large portion of children's exposure to airborne particles. Thus this paper aimed to determine the sources of primary airborne particles that children are exposed to at school by analyzing selected organic molecular markers at 11 urban schools in Brisbane, Australia. Positive matrix factorization analysis identified four sources at the schools: vehicle emissions, biomass burning, meat cooking and plant wax emissions accounting for 45%, 29%, 16% and 7%, of the organic carbon respectively. Biomass burning peaked in winter due to prescribed burning of bushland around Brisbane. Overall, the results indicated that both local (traffic) and regional (biomass burning) sources of primary organic aerosols influence the levels of ambient particles that children are exposed at the schools. These results have implications for potential control strategies for mitigating exposure at schools.
AU  - Crilley, L.R.*
AU  - Cobbe, S.M.
AU  - Ayoko, G.A.*
AU  - Schnelle-Kreis, J.
AU  - Abbaszade, G.
AU  - Orasche, J.
AU  - Zimmermann, R.
AU  - Morawska, L.*
C1  - 31325
C2  - 34409
CY  - Oxford
SP  - 158-165
TI  - Identification of the sources of primary organic aerosols at urban schools: A molecular marker approach.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 191
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Pristine mountains are ideal settings to study transport and behavior of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) along gradients of climate and land cover. The present work investigated the concentrations and patterns of 28 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 25 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), 13 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and 3 hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDs) isomers in the air of the Shergyla Mountain, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Endosulfan І, hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexanes and dichlorodibenzotrichloroethane and its degradation products (DDTs) were the predominant compounds while PBDEs and HBCDs showed the lowest background concentrations. Most of the target POPs had significantly higher concentrations in summer than those in winter. Increasing trends of the concentrations of DDTs and endosulfan were found with increasing altitude on the western slope in the Shergyla Mountain. Potential forest filter effect was observed based on the lower air concentrations of the target POPs in the forest than the ones out of the forest.
AU  - Zhu, N.*
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
AU  - Wang, T.*
AU  - Henkelmann, B.
AU  - Zheng, X.*
AU  - Fu, J.*
AU  - Gao, Y.*
AU  - Wang, Y.
AU  - Jiang, G.*
C1  - 31324
C2  - 34408
CY  - Oxford
SP  - 166-174
TI  - Environmental fate and behavior of persistent organic pollutants in Shergyla Mountain, southeast of the Tibetan Plateau of China.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 191
PB  - Elsevier Sci Ltd
PY  - 2014
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - There is substantial evidence that both temperature and air pollution are predictors of mortality. Thus far, few studies have focused on the potential interactive effects between the thermal environment and different measures of air pollution. Such interactions, however, are biologically plausible, as (extreme) temperature or increased air pollution might make individuals more susceptible to the effects of each respective predictor. This study investigated the interactive effects between equivalent temperature and air pollution (ozone and particulate matter) in Berlin (Germany) and Lisbon (Portugal) using different types of Poisson regression models. The findings suggest that interactive effects exist between air pollutants and equivalent temperature. Bivariate response surface models and generalised additive models (GAMs) including interaction terms showed an increased risk of mortality during periods of elevated equivalent temperatures and air pollution. Cold effects were mostly unaffected by air pollution. The study underscores the importance of air pollution control in mitigating heat effects.
AU  - Burkart, K.*
AU  - Canario, P.*
AU  - Breitner-Busch, S.
AU  - Schneider, A.E.
AU  - Scherber, K.*
AU  - Andrade, H.*
AU  - Alcoforado, M.J.*
AU  - Endlicher, W.*
C1  - 26737
C2  - 32361
SP  - 54-63
TI  - Interactive short-term effects of equivalent temperature and air pollution on human mortality in Berlin and Lisbon.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 183
PB  - Elsevier Sci.
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Within the Munich low emission zone (LEZ), samples of PM(2.5) were collected before (2006/2007) and after (2009/2010) the implementation of the LEZ. The samples were analyzed for carbon fraction (EC/OC) and particulate organic compounds (POC). Significant lower concentrations were noticed for elemental carbon (EC) and some of the POC like vanillic acid, acetosyringone, syringylacetone and syringic acid after the implementation of the LEZ. Higher concentrations of levoglucosan, retene and O-PAH were detected in the second sampling period. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to identify the main sources of POC. Emissions from traffic, solid fuels combustion, cooking and mixed source were separated. The contribution of traffic source factor was decreased about 60% after the implementation of the LEZ. Thus the average concentration of EC from traffic factor decreased from 1.1 to 0.5 μg/m(3) after the implementation of the LEZ.
AU  - Cobbe, S.M.
AU  - Abbaszade, G.
AU  - Schnelle-Kreis, J.
AU  - Chow, J.C.*
AU  - Zimmermann, R.
C1  - 23729
C2  - 31260
SP  - 158-167
TI  - Concentrations and source contributions of particulate organic matter before and after implementation of a low emission zone in Munich, Germany.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 175
PB  - Elsevier Sci.
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The aim of the study was to induce and enhance the degradation of hexachlorobenzene (HCB), a highly-chlorinated persistent organic pollutant, in two ecologically different tropical soils: a paddy soil (PS) and a non-paddy soil (FS). The degradation of HCB was enhanced using two anaerobic-aerobic cycles in model laboratory experiments. There was greater degradation of HCB in the PS (half-life of 224 days) relative to the FS (half-life of 286 days). It was further shown that soils amended with compost had higher metabolite concentrations relative to the non-amended soils. In the first cycle, there was little degradation of HCB in both soils. However, in the second cycle, there was enhanced mineralization in the PS under aerobic conditions, with the compost-treated samples showing higher mineralization. There was also extensive volatilization in both soils. The metabolite pattern revealed that the increased mineralization and volatilization was due to the formation of lower chlorinated benzenes.
AU  - Kengara, F.O.
AU  - Dörfler, U.
AU  - Welzl, G.
AU  - Ruth, B.
AU  - Munch, J.-C.
AU  - Schroll, R.
C1  - 11473
C2  - 30679
SP  - 168-175
TI  - Enhanced degradation of 14C-HCB in two tropical clay soils using multiple anaerobic-aerobic cycles.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 173
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2013
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The hypothesis was tested that O-3-induced changes in leaf-level photosynthetic parameters have the capacity of limiting the seasonal photosynthetic carbon gain of adult beech trees. To this end, canopy-level photosynthetic carbon gain and respiratory carbon loss were assessed in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) by using a physiologically based model, integrating environmental and photosynthetic parameters. The latter were derived from leaves at various canopy positions under the ambient O-3 regime, as prevailing at the forest site (control), or under an experimental twice-ambient O-3 regime (elevated O-3), as released through a free-air canopy O-3 fumigation system. Gross carbon gain at the canopy-level declined by 1.7%, while respiratory carbon loss increased by 4.6% under elevated O-3. As this outcome only partly accounts for the decline in stem growth, O-3-induced changes in allocation are referred to and discussed as crucial in quantitatively linking carbon gain with stem growth.
AU  - Kitao, M.*
AU  - Winkler, J.B.
AU  - Löw, M.*
AU  - Nunn, A.J.*
AU  - Kuptz, D.*
AU  - Häberle, K.-H.*
AU  - Reiter, I.M.*
AU  - Matyssek, R.*
C1  - 7548
C2  - 30131
SP  - 108-115
TI  - How closely does stem growth of adult beech (Fagus sylvatica) relate to net carbon gain under experimentally enhanced ozone stress?
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 166
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2012
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Forests in Europe face significant changes in climate, which in interaction with air quality changes, may significantly affect forest productivity, stand composition and carbon sequestration in both vegetation and soils. Identified knowledge gaps and research needs include: (i) interaction between changes in air quality (trace gas concentrations), climate and other site factors on forest ecosystem response, (ii) significance of biotic processes in system response, (iii) tools for mechanistic and diagnostic understanding and upscaling, and (iv) the need for unifying modelling and empirical research for synthesis. This position paper highlights the above focuses, including the global dimension of air pollution as part of climate change and the need for knowledge transfer to enable reliable risk assessment. A new type of research site in forest ecosystems ("supersites") will be conducive to addressing these gaps by enabling integration of experimentation and modelling within the soil-plant-atmosphere interface, as well as further model development.
AU  - Matyssek, R.*
AU  - Wieser, G.*
AU  - Calfapietra, C.*
AU  - de Vries, W.*
AU  - Dizengremel, P.*
AU  - Ernst, D.
AU  - Jolivet, Y.*
AU  - Mikkelsen, T.N.*
AU  - Mohren, G.M.J.*
AU  - Le Thiec, D.*
AU  - Tuovinen, J.-P.*
AU  - Weatherall, A.*
AU  - Paoletti, E.*
C1  - 7483
C2  - 29743
SP  - 57-65
TI  - Forests under climate change and air pollution: Gaps in understanding and future directions for research.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 160
IS  - 1
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2012
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - This study assessed the effect of temperature and thermal atmospheric conditions on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in Bangladesh. In particular, differences in the response to elevated temperatures between urban and rural areas were investigated. Generalized additive models (GAMs) for daily death counts, adjusted for trend, season, day of the month and age were separately fitted for urban and rural areas. Breakpoint models were applied for determining the increase in mortality above and below a threshold (equivalent) temperature. Generally. a V-shaped (equivalent) temperature-mortality curve with increasing mortality at low and high temperatures was observed. Particularly, urban areas suffered from heat-related mortality with a steep increase above a specific threshold. This adverse heat effect may well increase with ongoing urbanization and the intensification of the urban heat island due to the densification of building structures. Moreover, rising temperatures due to climate change could aggravate thermal stress.
AU  - Burkart, K.*
AU  - Schneider, A.E.
AU  - Breitner-Busch, S.
AU  - Khan, M.H.*
AU  - Krämer, A.*
AU  - Endlicher, W.*
C1  - 5448
C2  - 28770
CY  - Oxford, UK
SP  - 2035-2043
TI  - The effect of atmospheric thermal conditions and urban thermal pollution on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in Bangladesh.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 159
IS  - 8-9
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Ethylenediurea (EDU) has been widely used to prevent ozone (O(3)) injury and crop losses in crop plants and growth reductions in forest trees. Successful use requires establishing a dose/response curve for EDU and the proposed plant in the absence of O(3) and in the presence of O(3) before initiating multiple applications to prevent O(3) injury. EDU can be used to verify foliar O(3) symptoms in the field, and to screen plants for sensitivity to O(3) under ambient conditions. Despite considerable research, the mode of action of EDU remains elusive. Additional research on the mode of action of EDU in suppressing O(3) injury in plants may also be helpful in understanding the mode of action of O(3) in causing injury in plants.
AU  - Manning, W.J.*
AU  - Paoletti, E.*
AU  - Sandermann, H.
AU  - Ernst, D.*
C1  - 6574
C2  - 28928
SP  - 3283-3293
TI  - Ethylenediurea (EDU): A research tool for assessment and verification of the effects of ground level ozone on plants under natural conditions.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 159
IS  - 12
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - This study reports a general assessment of the organic composition of the PM(2.5) samples collected in the city of Augsburg, Germany in a summer (August-September 2007) and a winter (February-March 2008) campaign of 36 and 30 days, respectively. The samples were directly submitted to in-situ derivatisation thermal desorption gas chromatography coupled with time of flight mass spectrometry (IDTD-GC-TOFMS) to simultaneously determine the concentrations of many classes of molecular markers, such as n-alkanes, iso- and anteiso-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxidized PAHs, n-alkanoic acids, alcohols, saccharides and others. The PCA analysis of the data identified the contributions of three emission sources, i.e., combustion sources, including fossil fuel emissions and biomass burning, vegetative detritus, and oxidized PAHs. The PM chemical composition shows seasonal trend: winter is characterized by high contribution of petroleum/wood combustion while the vegetative component and atmospheric photochemical reactions are predominant in the hot season.
AU  - Pietrogrande, M.C.*
AU  - Abbaszade, G.
AU  - Schnelle-Kreis, J.
AU  - Bacco, D.*
AU  - Mercuriali, M.*
AU  - Zimmermann, R.
C1  - 5141
C2  - 28556
SP  - 1861-1868
TI  - Seasonal variation and source estimation of organic compounds in urban aerosol of Augsburg, Germany.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 159
IS  - 7
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2011
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Ground-level ozone (O(3)) has gained awareness as an agent of climate change. In this respect, key results are comprehended from a unique 8-year free-air O(3)-fumigation experiment, conducted on adult beech (Fagus sylvatica) at Kranzberg Forest (Germany). A novel canopy O(3) exposure methodology was employed that allowed whole-tree assessment in situ under twice-ambient O(3) levels. Elevated O(3) significantly weakened the C sink strength of the tree-soil system as evidenced by lowered photosynthesis and 44% reduction in whole-stem growth, but increased soil respiration. Associated effects in leaves and roots at the gene, cell and organ level varied from year to year, with drought being a crucial determinant of O(3) responsiveness. Regarding adult individuals of a late-successional tree species, empirical proof is provided first time in relation to recent modelling predictions that enhanced ground-level O(3) can substantially mitigate the C sequestration of forests in view of climate change.
AU  - Matyssek, R.*
AU  - Wieser, G.*
AU  - Ceulemans, R.*
AU  - Rennenberg, H.*
AU  - Pretzsch, H.*
AU  - Haberer, K.*
AU  - Löw, M.*
AU  - Nunn, A.J.*
AU  - Werner, H.*
AU  - Wipfler, P.*
AU  - Oßwald, W.*
AU  - Nikolova, P.*
AU  - Hanke, D.E.*
AU  - Kraigher, H.*
AU  - Tausz, M.*
AU  - Bahnweg, G.
AU  - Kitao, M.*
AU  - Dieler, J.*
AU  - Sandermann, H.
AU  - Herbinger, K.*
AU  - Grebenc, T.*
AU  - Blumenröther, M.*
AU  - Deckmyn, G.*
AU  - Grams, T.E.E.*
AU  - Heerdt, C.*
AU  - Leuchner, M.*
AU  - Häberle, K.-H.*
C1  - 1737
C2  - 27376
SP  - 2527-2532
TI  - Enhanced ozone strongly reduces carbon sink strength of adult beech (Fagus sylvatica) - resume from the free-air fumigation study at Kranzberg Forest.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 158
IS  - 8
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Tropospheric ozone causes severe oxidative stress in plants. To investigate the transcriptional responsiveness of adult trees to ozone, fully-expanded sun and shade leaves of mature beech trees were harvested at four time points over the entire vegetation period in 2005 and 2006. Microarray analyses were conducted on leaves from trees grown in the field under ambient and twice-ambient ozone concentrations at Kranzberger Forst (Bavaria). Beech trees changed their transcript levels in response to ozone. In the years 2005 and 2006 different transcription patterns were observed; this may have been a result of different weather conditions and ozone uptake. Furthermore, we obtained differences in mRNA expression patterns between shade and sun leaves. In the ozone-treated sun leaves of 2005, slightly up- and down-regulated transcript levels were detected, particularly in the spring and autumn, whereas shade leaves clearly exhibited reduced mRNA levels, particularly at the end of the vegetation period. In 2006, this pattern could not be confirmed, and in the autumn, four other transcripts were slightly up-regulated in ozone-treated shade leaves. In addition, two other transcripts were found to be influenced in sun leaves in the spring/summer. While we detected changes in the levels of only a few transcripts, the observed effects were not identical in both years. In conclusion, elevated ozone exhibited very small influence on the transcription levels of genes of mature beech trees.
AU  - Olbrich, M.
AU  - Gerstner, E.
AU  - Bahnweg, G.
AU  - Häberle, K.-H.*
AU  - Matyssek, R.*
AU  - Welzl, G.
AU  - Heller, W.
AU  - Ernst, D.
C1  - 698
C2  - 27107
SP  - 977-982
TI  - Transcriptional signatures in leaves of adult European beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) in an experimentally enhanced free air ozone setting.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 158
IS  - 4
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - In 2006, a controlled infection study was performed in the 'Kranzberger Forst' to address the following questions: (1) Will massive artificial inoculation with Apiognomonia errabunda override the previously observed inhibitory effect of chronic ozone? (2) Can biochemical or molecular markers be detected to account for the action of ozone? To this end six adult beech trees were chosen, three ozone fumigated (2x ozone) and three control trees (ambient = 1x ozone). Spore-sprayed branches of sun and shade crown positions of each of the trees, and uninoculated control branches, were enclosed in 100-L plastic bags for one night to facilitate infection initiation. Samples were taken within a five-week period after inoculation. A. errabunda infestation levels quantified by real-time PCR increased in leaves that were not fumigated with additional ozone. Cell wall components and ACC (ethylene precursor 1-amino cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) increased upon ozone fumigation and may in part lead to the repression of fungal infection.
AU  - Olbrich, M.
AU  - Knappe, C.
AU  - Wenig, M.
AU  - Gerstner, E.
AU  - Häberle, K.-H.*
AU  - Kitao, M.*
AU  - Matyssek, R.*
AU  - Stich, S.
AU  - Leuchner, M.*
AU  - Werner, H.*
AU  - Schlink, K.*
AU  - Müller-Starck, G.*
AU  - Welzl, G.
AU  - Scherb, H.
AU  - Ernst, D.
AU  - Heller, W.
AU  - Bahnweg, G.
C1  - 2228
C2  - 27108
SP  - 1043-1050
TI  - Ozone fumigation (twice ambient) reduces leaf infestation following natural and artificial inoculation by the endophytic fungus Apiognomonia errabunda of adult European beech trees.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 158
IS  - 4
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2010
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The project MONARPOP analysed the concentrations of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in two important sink compartments, needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and forest soil from 40 remote Alpine forest sites in Austria, Germany, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland. In the present study the load of PCDD/F, PCB, PBDE, PAH, HCB, HCH and DDT in the Alps calculated on the basis of measured data are compared with their estimated emissions in the Alpine region. It comes out that the masses of the studied pollutants stored in the forests are higher than the corresponding emissions in the Alpine area indicating that the Alps are a sink for POPs advected from surrounding areas. It is assumed that local emissions of PCDD/F and PAH deriving from biomass burning are probably underestimated and that the pool of these pollutants in the forests represents the accumulation over some decades.
AU  - Belis, C.A.*
AU  - Offenthaler, I.*
AU  - Uhl, M.*
AU  - Nurmi-Legat, J.*
AU  - Bassan, R.*
AU  - Jakobi, G.
AU  - Kirchner, M.
AU  - Knoth, W.*
AU  - Kräuchi, N.*
AU  - Levy, W.
AU  - Magnani, T.*
AU  - Moche, W.*
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
AU  - Simoncic, P.*
AU  - Weiss, P.*
C1  - 1190
C2  - 26641
CY  - England
SP  - 3185-3191
TI  - A comparison of Alpine emissions to forest soil and spruce needle loads for persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 157
IS  - 12
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The impact of UV-B radiation on 10 genotypically different barley and tomato cultivars was tested in a predictive study to screen for potentially UV-tolerant accessions and to analyze underlying mechanisms for UV-B sensitivity. Plant response was analyzed by measuring thermoluminescence, fluorescence, gas exchange and antioxidant status. Generally, barley cultivars proved to be much more sensitive against UV-B radiation than tomato cultivars. Statistical cluster analysis could resolve two barley groups with distinct differences in reaction patterns. The UV-B sensitive group showed a stronger loss in PSII photochemistry and a lower gas-exchange performance and regulation after UV-B radiation compared to the more tolerant group. The results indicate that photosynthetic light and dark reactions have to play optimally in concert to render plants more tolerant against UV-B radiation. Hence, measuring thermoluminescence/fluorescence and gas exchange in parallel will have much higher potential in identifying tolerant cultivars and will help to understand the underlying mechanisms.
AU  - Gilbert, M.*
AU  - Pors, Y.*
AU  - Grover, K.*
AU  - Weingart, I.*
AU  - Skotnica, J.*
AU  - Grimm, B.*
AU  - Seidlitz, H.K.
AU  - Langebartels, C.*
AU  - Wilhelm, C.*
C1  - 1306
C2  - 26846
SP  - 1603-1612
TI  - Intra- and interspecific differences of 10 barley and 10 tomato cultivars in response to short-time UV-B radiation: A study analysing thermoluminescence, fluorescence, gas-exchange and biochemical parameters.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 157
IS  - 5
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are toxic, bioaccumulative, persistent, and ubiquitously present in the environment. CPs were analyzed in humus and needle samples, which were taken within the Monitoring Network in the Alpine Region for Persistent and other Organic Pollutants (MONARPOP) at sampling sites of 7 different altitude profiles in the Alps. Gas chromatography combined with electron ionization tandem mass spectrometry (EI-MS/MS) was used for the determination of total CPs (sum of short, medium and long chain CPs). CPs were found in all samples; the concentrations varied between 7 and 199 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) and within 26 and 460 ng g(-1) dw in humus and needle samples, respectively. A clear vertical tendency within the individual altitude profiles could not be ascertained. Within all altitude profiles, elevated concentrations were observed in humus samples taken between 700 and 900 m and between 1300 and 1500 m. In the needle samples no similar correlation could be observed due to higher variation of the data.
AU  - Iozza, S.*
AU  - Schmid, P.*
AU  - Oehme, M.*
AU  - Bassan, R.*
AU  - Belis, C.*
AU  - Jakobi, G.
AU  - Kirchner, M.
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
AU  - Kräuchi, N.*
AU  - Moche, W.*
AU  - Offenthaler, I.*
AU  - Weiss, P.*
AU  - Simoncic, P.*
AU  - Knoth, W.*
C1  - 1192
C2  - 26554
SP  - 3225-3231
TI  - Altitude profiles of total chlorinated paraffins in humus and spruce needles from the Alps (MONARPOP).
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 157
IS  - 12
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - In forest soils along vertical profiles located in different parts of the Alps, concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), namely organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH), heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin and mirex, were measured. Though local characteristics of the sites are influenced by numerous factors like orographic and meteorological parameters, forest stand characteristics and humus parameters, we ascertained a marked vertical increase of concentrations of some organochlorine compounds in the soil. On the basis of climatological values of each site, we found that the contamination increase with altitude can be ascribed to a certain ‘cold condensation effect’. In addition, the perennial atmospheric deposition of POPs is controlled by precipitation. Other key parameters explaining the accumulation of POPs are the soil organic carbon stocks, the turnover times, the re-volatilisation and degradation processes, which vary with altitude. Caused by temperature-dependent processes regarding deposition, re-volatilization and decomposition of POPs, the concentration of organochlorine pesticides varies in the Alpine region with altitude.
AU  - Kirchner, M.
AU  - Faus-Kessler, T.
AU  - Jakobi, G.
AU  - Levy, W.
AU  - Henkelmann, B.
AU  - Bernhöft, S.
AU  - Kotalik, J.
AU  - Zsolnay, A.
AU  - Bassan, R.*
AU  - Belis, C.*
AU  - Kräuchi, N.*
AU  - Moche, W.*
AU  - Simonciic, P.*
AU  - Uhl, M.*
AU  - Weiss, P.*
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
C1  - 1590
C2  - 26504
SP  - 3238-3247
TI  - Vertical distribution of organochlorine pesticides in humus along Alpine altitudinal profiles in relation to ambiental parameters.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 157
IS  - 12
PB  - Elsevier Applied Science Publishers
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Atmospheric sampling of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was conducted using Semi Permeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) deployed in the Alps at different altitudinal transects for two consecutive exposure periods of half a year and a third simultaneous year-long period. Along all the altitude profiles, the sequestered amounts of OCPs increased in general with altitude. SPMDs were still working as kinetic samplers after half a year for the majority of the OCPs. However, compounds with the lowest octanol-air partition coefficient (K(oa)), reached equilibrium within six months. This change in the SPMD uptake was determined for the temperature gradient along the altitude profile influencing K(oa), OCPs availability in the gaseous phase, and SPMD performance. In sum, it seems two effects are working in parallel along the altitude profiles: the change in SPMD performance and the different availability of OCPs along the altitudinal transects determined by their compound properties and concentrations in air.
AU  - Levy, W.
AU  - Henkelmann, B.
AU  - Pfister, G.
AU  - Bernhöft, S.
AU  - Kirchner, M.
AU  - Jakobi, G.
AU  - Bassan, R.*
AU  - Kräuchi, N.*
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
C1  - 2078
C2  - 26644
CY  - England
SP  - 3272-3279
TI  - Long-term air monitoring of organochlorine pesticides using Semi Permeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) in the Alps.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 157
IS  - 12
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - PCDD/F and PCB concentrations in remote mountainous spruce stands of the Central European Alps show strong geographic variation. Independent of the matrix (0.5 year old needles, humus or mineral soil), the highest pollutant levels were always found at the lateral zones of the mountain range. High levels coincided with strong precipitation, particularly along the northern margin of the study region. The most volatile PCB congener propagated farther into the colder, drier central Alps than the heavier species. Matrices with different accumulation history (needles and humus) repeatedly reflected different spatial emission patterns. Consistent with its much longer exposure, pollutant levels in humus exceeded those of needles by up to two orders of magnitude. Needle contamination varied with altitude but the vertical trends were highly variable between transsects and changed between years, too.
AU  - Offenthaler, I.*
AU  - Bassan, R.*
AU  - Belis, C.*
AU  - Jakobi, G.
AU  - Kirchner, M.
AU  - Kräuchi, N.*
AU  - Moche, W.*
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
AU  - Sedivy, I.*
AU  - Simonciic, P.*
AU  - Uhl, M.*
AU  - Weiss, P.*
C1  - 338
C2  - 26571
SP  - 3280-3289
TI  - PCDD/F and PCB in spruce forests of the Alps.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 157
IS  - 12
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - High- and low-volume active air samplers as well as bulk deposition samplers were developed to sample atmospheric SOCs under the adverse conditions of a mountain environment. Active sampling employed separate filters for different European source regions. Filters were switched depending on daily trajectory forecasts, whose accuracy was evaluated post hoc. The sampling continued on three alpine summits over five periods of four months. The prevailing trajectories varied stronger between sampling periods than between stations. The sampling equipment (active and bulk deposition) proved dependable for operation in a mountain environment, with idle times being mainly due to non-routine manipulations and connectivity.
AU  - Offenthaler, I.*
AU  - Jakobi, G.
AU  - Kaiser, A.*
AU  - Kirchner, M.
AU  - Kräuchi, N.*
AU  - Niedermoser, B.*
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
AU  - Sedivy, I.*
AU  - Staudinger, M.*
AU  - Thanner, G.*
AU  - Weiss, P.*
AU  - Moche, W.*
C1  - 339
C2  - 26572
SP  - 3290-3297
TI  - Novel sampling methods for atmospheric semi-volatile organic compounds (SOCs) in a high altitude alpine environment.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 157
IS  - 12
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2009
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Most veterinary drugs enter the environment via manure application. However, it is unclear how these substances interact with soil biota. Therefore, it was the aim of the present study to investigate the effects of manure containing different concentrations of the antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ) on the soil microbial communities. It was shown that manure alone has a stimulating effect on microbial activity. Only potential nitrification was negatively influenced by manure application. The addition of SDZ to the manure reduced microbial activity. Depending on the SDZ concentration, levels of activity were in the range of the control soil without manure application. Also, selected processes in nitrogen turnover were negatively influenced by the addition of SDZ to the manure, with nitrification being the only exception. The effects were visible for up to 4 days after application of the manure with or without SDZ and were correlated with the bioavailability of the antibiotic.
AU  - Kotzerke, A.*
AU  - Sharma, S.
AU  - Schauss, K.
AU  - Heuer, H.*
AU  - Thiele-Bruhn, S.*
AU  - Smalla, K.*
AU  - Wilke, B.M.*
AU  - Schloter, M.
C1  - 3148
C2  - 25306
SP  - 315-322
TI  - Alterations in soil microbial activity and N-transformation processes due to sulfadiazine loads in pig-manure.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 153
IS  - 2
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Upcoming decades will experience increasing atmospheric CO2 and likely enhanced O-3 exposure which represents a risk for the carbon sink strength of forests, so that the need for cause-effect related O-3 risk assessment increases. Although assessment will gain in reliability on an O-3 uptake basis, risk is co-determined by the effective dose, i.e. the plant's sensitivity per O-3 uptake. Recent progress in research on the molecular and metabolic control of the effective O-3 dose is reported along with advances in empirically assessing O-3 uptake at the whole-tree and stand level. Knowledge on both O-3 uptake and effective dose (measures of stress avoidance and tolerance, respectively) needs to be understood mechanistically and linked as a pre-requisite before practical use of process-based O-3 risk assessment can be implemented. To this end, perspectives are derived for validating and promoting new O-3 flux-based modelling tools.
AU  - Matyssek, R.*
AU  - Sandermann, H.*
AU  - Wieser, G.*
AU  - Booker, F.*
AU  - Cieslik, S.*
AU  - Musselman, R.*
AU  - Ernst, D.
C1  - 2787
C2  - 25825
SP  - 567-582
TI  - The challenge of making ozone risk assessment for forest trees more mechanistic.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 156
IS  - 3
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Gaseous emissions of combusted electronic scrab, PVC, carpet and wood were monitored for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by simultaneous use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and shoots of spruce needles (Picea abies). It was found that phenanthrene, acenaphthylene and fluorene were the dominating PAHs in all samples. SPMDs and neeldes mainly sequestered PAH associated with the vapor phase. Particle-bound PAHs were only detected in small amounts, at which the needles tended to uptake more of these compounds in comparison to the SPMDs. Nevertheless, the logarithm of the concentrations of PAHs analyzed in both passive samplers after the same sampling period exhibited a significant linear correlation with correlation coefficients larger than 0.8073. SPMDs and spruce needles can complement each other in passive air sampling for compounds with a preference to the gas phase rather than aerosols.
AU  - Zhu, X.*
AU  - Pfister, G.
AU  - Henkelmann, B.
AU  - Kotalik, J.
AU  - Bernhöft, S.
AU  - Fiedler, S.
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
C1  - 161
C2  - 26035
SP  - 461-466
TI  - Simultaneous monitoring of profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in contaminated air with semipermeable membrane devices and spruce needles.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 156
IS  - 2
PB  - Elsevier 
PY  - 2008
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bernhardt-Römermann, M.*
AU  - Kirchner, M.
AU  - Kudernatsch, T.*
AU  - Jakobi, G.
AU  - Fischer, A.*
C1  - 790
C2  - 23589
SP  - 572-581
TI  - Changed vegetation composition in coniferous forests near to motorways in Southern Germany: The effects of traffic-born pollution.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 143
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Chen, J.*
AU  - Zhao, H.*
AU  - Gao, L.*
AU  - Henkelmann, B.
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
C1  - 3986
C2  - 24003
SP  - 510-515
TI  - Atmospheric PCDD/F and PCB levels implicated by pine (Cedrus deodara) needles at Dalian, China.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 144
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Dörfler, U.
AU  - Cao, G.*
AU  - Grundmann, S.
AU  - Schroll, R.
C1  - 4877
C2  - 23862
SP  - 695-702
TI  - Influence of a heavy rainfall event on the leaching of [14C]isoproturon and its degradation products in outdoor lysimeters.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 144
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Kloos, K.*
AU  - Schloter, M.
AU  - Meyer, O.*
C1  - 5737
C2  - 23806
SP  - 136-144
TI  - Microbial activity in an acid resin deposit: Biodegradation potential and ecotoxicology in an extremely acidic hydrocarbon contamination.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 144
PY  - 2006
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Chamber experiments on juvenile trees have resulted in severe injury and accelerated loss of leaves along with reduced biomass production under chronically enhanced O3 levels. In contrast, the few studies conducted on adult forest trees in the field have reported low O3 sensitivity. In the present study, young beech in phytotrons was more sensitive to O3 than adult beech in the field, although employed O3 regimes were similar. The hypotheses tested were that: (1) differences in O3 uptake were caused by the ontogenetically higher stomatal conductance of young compared to adult trees, (2) the experimental settings in the phytotrons enhanced O3 uptake compared to field conditions, and (3) a low detoxification capacity contributes to the higher O3 sensitivity of the young trees. The higher O3 sensitivity of juvenile beech in the phytotrons is demonstrated to relate to both the experimental conditions and the physiological responsiveness inherent to tree age.
AU  - Nunn, A.J.*
AU  - Winkler, J.B.
C1  - 1157
C2  - 23009
SP  - 494-506
TI  - Comparison of ozone uptake and sensitivity between a phytotron study with young beech and a field experiment with adult beech (Fagus sylvatica).
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 137
IS  - 3
PY  - 2005
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The responsiveness of adult beech and spruce trees to chronic O3 stress was studied at a free-air O3 exposure experiment in Freising/Germany. Over three growing seasons, gas exchange characteristics, biochemical parameters, macroscopic O3 injury and the phenology of leaf organs were investigated, along with assessments of branch and stem growth as indications of tree performance. To assess response pattern to chronic O3 stress in adult forest trees, we introduce a new evaluation approach, which provides a comprehensive, readily accomplishable overview across several tree-internal scaling levels, different canopy regions and growing seasons. This new approach, based on a three-grade colour coding, combines statistical analysis and the proficient ability of the “human eye” in pattern recognition.
AU  - Nunn, A.J.*
AU  - Reiter, I.M.*
AU  - Häberle, K.-H.*
AU  - Langebartels, C.
AU  - Bahnweg, G.
AU  - Pretzsch, H.
AU  - Sandermann, H.
AU  - Matyssek, R.*
C1  - 4450
C2  - 22707
SP  - 365-369
TI  - Response patterns in adult forest trees to chronic ozone stress: Identification of variations and consistencies.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 136
IS  - 3
PY  - 2005
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Effects of trenbolone (TBOH), a hormone used in cattle production, on the structure and function of microbial communities in a fresh water sediment from a lake in Southern Germany were studied in a microcosm experiment. The microbial community structure and the total gene pool of the sediment, assessed by 16S rRNA/rDNA and RAPD fingerprint analysis, respectively, were not significantly affected by TBOH. In contrast, the N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activity was almost 50% lower in TBOH treated samples (P<0.05). Also, the substrate utilization potential, measured using the BIOLOG® system, was reduced after TBOH treatment. Interestingly, this potential did not recover at the end of the experiment, i.e. 19 days after the addition of the chemical. Repeated application of TBOH did not lead to an additional reduction in the substrate utilization potential. Overall results indicate that microbial community function was more sensitive to TBOH treatment than the community structure and the total gene pool.
AU  - Radl, V.
AU  - Pritsch, K.
AU  - Munch, J.-C.
AU  - Schloter, M.
C1  - 1755
C2  - 22723
SP  - 345-353
TI  - Structural and functional diversity of microbial communities from a lake sediment contaminated with trenbolone, an endocrine-disrupting chemical.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 137
IS  - 2
PY  - 2005
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Trichloroacetic acid (TCA, CCl
      
      	3
      
      	COOH) has been associated with forest damage but the source of TCA to trees is poorly
      
      	characterised. To investigate the routes and effects of TCA uptake in conifers, 120 Sitka spruce (
      
      	Picea sitchensis
      
      	(Bong.) Carr)
      
      	saplings were exposed to control, 10 or 100
      
      	m
      
      	gl
      
      	

      
      	1
      
      	solutions of TCA applied twice weekly to foliage only or soil only over two
      
      	consecutive 5-month growing seasons. At the end of each growing season similar elevated TCA concentrations (approximate range
      
      	200
      
      	e
      
      	300 ng g
      
      	

      
      	1
      
      	dwt) were detected in both foliage and soil-dosed saplings exposed to 100
      
      	m
      
      	gl
      
      	

      
      	1
      
      	TCA solutions showing that TCA
      
      	uptake can occur from both exposure routes. Higher TCA concentrations in branchwood of foliage-dosed saplings suggest that
      
      	atmospheric TCA in solution is taken up indirectly into conifer needles via branch and stemwood. TCA concentrations in needles
      
      	declined slowly by only 25
      
      	e
      
      	30% over 6 months of winter without dosing. No effect of TCA exposure on sapling growth was
      
      	measured during the experiment. However at the end of the first growing season needles of saplings exposed to 10 or 100
      
      	m
      
      	gl
      
      	

      
      	1
      
      	foliage-applied TCA showed significantly more visible damage, higher activities of some detoxifying enzymes, lower protein contents
      
      	and poorer water control than needles of saplings dosed with the same TCA concentrations to the soil. At the end of each growing
      
      	season the combined TCA storage in needles, stemwood, branchwood and soil of each sapling was
      
      	!
      
      	6% of TCA applied. Even with
      
      	an estimated half-life of tens of days for within-sapling elimination of TCA during the growing season, this indicates that TCA is
      
      	eliminated rapidly before uptake or accumulates in another compartment. Although TCA stored in sapling needles accounted for
      
      	only a small proportion of TCA stored in the sapling/soil system it appears to significantly affect some measures of sapling health.
AU  - Dickey, C.A.*
AU  - Heal, K.V.*
AU  - Stidson, R.T.*
AU  - Koren, R.*
AU  - Schröder, P.
AU  - Cape, J.N.*
AU  - Heal, M.R.*
C1  - 3683
C2  - 22139
SP  - 165-176
TI  - Trichloroacetic acid cycling in Sitka spruce saplings and effects on sapling health following long term exposure.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 130
PY  - 2004
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - In laboratory experiments the mineralisation of 14C-labelled 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) in soils was studied by direct measurement of the evolved 14CO2. The degradation capacity of the indigenous microbial population was investigated in an agricultural soil and in a soil from a contaminated site. Very low mineralisation of 1% within 23 days was measured in the agricultural soil. Whereas in the soil from the contaminated site the mineralisation occurred very fast and in high rates; up to 62% of the initially applied amount of 1,2,4-TCB were mineralised within 23 days. The transfer of the adapted microbial population into the agricultural soil significantly enhanced the mineralisation of 1,2,4-TCB in this soil, reflecting, that the transferred microbial population survived and maintained its degradation ability in the new microbial ecosystem. Additional nutrition sources ((NH4)2HPO4) increased the mineralisation rates in the first days significantly in the contaminated soil. In the soil from the contaminated site high amounts of non extractable 14C-residues were formed.
AU  - Schroll, R.
AU  - Brahushi, F.
AU  - Dörfler, U.
AU  - Kühn, S.
AU  - Fekete, J.*
AU  - Munch, J.-C.
C1  - 10206
C2  - 21358
SP  - 395-401
TI  - Biomineralisation of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in soils by an adapted microbial population.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 127
IS  - 3
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2004
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - A single tertiary isomer which is believed to be one of the major branched isomers of the isomeric nonylphenol was synthesized for use in investigations on its metabolism and estrogenicity in aquatic organisms. The physico-chemical properties of the isomer were determined to enable the prediction of its behaviour in aquatic environments. From laboratory investigations on its dissipation and distribution in lake water, which are reported in this paper, it was found that it had a half-life of dissipation of 38.1 days and 20.1 days in an open lake water and in an open lake water/ sediment system, respectively, and to be rapidly partitioned in to sediment giving a high concentration factor of 1.76 after 28 days with an initial dose concentration of 2.52 ppm. The main dissipation route was found to occur through volatilization and co-distillation. The isomer was, however, found to be resistant to biodegradation in both the lake water and sediment, showing only a slight 9% loss (after 56 days) and 4.2% loss (after 28 days), of the 14C-residues in lake water and lake water/sediment systems, respectively, by microbial activity. Transformation to other more polar metabolites possibly by hydroxylation was also found to be minimal in both lake water and sediment samples after 14 days by HPLC analysis. After 7 days, only 2.25 and 7.4% transformation to a more polar metabolite was detected in lake water and sediment samples, respectively.
AU  - Lalah, J.O.*
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
AU  - Henkelmann, B.
AU  - Lenoir, D.
AU  - Behechti, A.
AU  - Günther, K.*
AU  - Kettrup, A.
C1  - 10207
C2  - 21504
SP  - 195-203
TI  - The dissipation, distribution and fate of a branched 14C-nonylphenol isomer in lake water/sediment systems.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 122
IS  - 2
PY  - 2003
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) sorbed on surfaces of spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] needles under sunlight irradiation was investigated. PAHs were produced by combustion of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), wood, high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and styrene in a stove. The factors of sunlight irradiation on the surfaces of spruce needles were taken into consideration when investigating the kinetic parameters. The photolysis of the 18 PAHs under study follows first-order kinetics. The photolysis half-lives range from 15 h for dibenzo(a,h)anthracene to 75 h for phenanthrene. Photolysis of some PAHs on surfaces of spruce needles may play an important role on the fate of PAHs in the environment.
AU  - Niu, J.*
AU  - Chen, J.*
AU  - Martens, D.*
AU  - Quan, X.*
AU  - Yang, F.*
AU  - Kettrup, A.
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
C1  - 10208
C2  - 21505
SP  - 39-45
TI  - Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] needles under sunlight irradiation.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 123
IS  - 1
PY  - 2003
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was exposed over a whole life-cycle (72 h) to several concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (NP; nominal concentrations: 0–350 μg/l). Growth and reproduction of C. elegans were enhanced at NP concentrations of 66 and 40 μg/l, respectively, with effects showing dose–response relationships. These stimulatory effects might be of ecological relevance in benthic habitats, where organisms can be exposed to high concentrations of NP
AU  - Höss, S.*
AU  - Jüttner, I.
AU  - Traunspurger, W.*
AU  - Pfister, G.
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
AU  - Steinberg, C.E.W.*
C1  - 10211
C2  - 20642
SP  - 169-172
TI  - Enhanced growth and reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda) in the presence of 4-Nonylphenol.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 120
IS  - 2
PY  - 2002
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - In 1999, the concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the total PAH and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in sea water, sediment and mussels collected along the coast of izmit Bay, the most important bay of the Marmara Sea. The total-PAH concert I rations, measured by Spectrofluorornetry were in the range of 1.16-13.68 mug/l in sea water, in the range of 30.0-1670.0 mug/g dry weight in sediments and in the range from 5.67 to 14.81 mug/g wet weight in edible part of mussel.HPLC revealed Phenanthrene (three rings), chrysene (four rings) and benz[a]antracene (five rings) to be the dominant PAHs in sea water, while 16 different PAHs compounds were observed and measured in mussel samples. The most pollution occured at Dogu Kanali and Dil Deresi where were the main rivers containing wastes fall into the the izmit Bay.Although the maximum mono-ortho PCB concentrations in sea water were measured in the Dil Deresi River (26.33 ng/l) and the Solventa (22.19 ng/l) stations, maximum PCB concentrations in Mussels were measured in the SEKA (28.11 mug/kg) and the Dil Deresi River (25.68 mug/kg). The dominant congeners of PCBs were from tetra to hexachlorobiphenyls. The toxicity equivalent values were very low in sea water and mussels.
AU  - Telli-Karakoc, F.*
AU  - Tolun, L.*
AU  - Henkelmann, B.
AU  - Klimm, C.
AU  - Okay, O.*
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
C1  - 10209
C2  - 20269
SP  - 383-397
TI  - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) distribution in the Bay of Marmara sea : Izmit Bay.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 119
IS  - 3
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2002
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) samples were collected from five selected sites that represent diverse levels of downgraded persistent organic pollutants (POPs) contamination in Ya-Er Lake in October 1999. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) and UDP glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) activities, hepatosomatic index (HSI), hepatic retinoids, serum thyroid hormones were measured. It was found that hepatic retinol and serum free 3,5,3′- tetraiodothyronine (FT3) significantly increased (P<0.01) when both hepatic EROD and UDPGT activities significantly declined (P<0.01) from pond 1 to 5 with decrease in the degree of pollution. This significant negative correlation (P<0.01) suggests that the persistent organochlorinated contaminants could induce hepatic EROD and UDPGT activities, alter retinoid and thyroid hormone homeostasis, and finally lead to the reduction of retinol and FT3, the two biologically active forms of retinoids and thyroid hormone in silver carp of Ya-Er Lake.
AU  - Xu, Y.*
AU  - Zhang, J.*
AU  - Li, W.*
AU  - Schramm, K.-W.
AU  - Kettrup, A.
C1  - 10210
C2  - 20609
SP  - 683-690
TI  - Endocrine effects of sublethal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix).
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 120
IS  - 3
PY  - 2002
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Two racemic herbicides, mecoprop (R,S-MCPP) and dichlorprop (R,S-DCPP), as well as their enantiopure R-forms, were incubated in three calcareous soils at 15 degrees C and 80% of their field capacity to try to elucidate their behaviour in soil and compare the dissipation rates when racemic and enantiopure compounds are used. Quantitation of pesticides is made by HPLC and the R/S ratio by GC-MS. The inactive S-enantiomer from the racemic forms persists longer than the R-forms in silt and sandy loam soils, but for shorter time in the clay loam soil. The pure R-enantiomers, both for MCPP and DCPP, after incubation in soil, are partially converted into their S-forms. In all cases, the dissipation of racemic and pure enatiomeric forms is lower in the clay loam soil than in the silt and sandy loam soils. The R-forms' peristence, in the three soils, is approximately two times lower when they are incubated alone than when they are incubated as racemic compounds. When peat is added, the persistence of these herbicides in the silt and sandy loam soils increases, while in the clay loam soil it decreases. Besides, in the clay loam soil, the enantiomeric ratio (ER) changes from its S-preferential degradation to a preferential degradation of its R-form, so an increase in the persistence of the inactive S-form occurs.
AU  - Romero, E.*
AU  - Matallo, M.B.*
AU  - Peña, A.*
AU  - Sanchez-Rasero, F.*
AU  - Schmitt-Kopplin, P.
AU  - Dios, G.*
C1  - 10205
C2  - 19593
SP  - 209-215
TI  - Dissipation of racemic mecoprop and dichlorprop and their pure R-enantiomers in three calcareous soils with and without peat addition.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 111 
IS  - 2
PB  - Elsevier Science Ltd.
PY  - 2001
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Mature beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) grown at two different altitudes in the Bavarian forest were compared with young beech trees grown at nearby field sites or in phytotrons for their macroscopic and physiological responses to different ozone (O(3)) exposures. Cumulative O(3) exposure expressed as the sum of hourly mean concentrations above the canopy ranged between 100 and 150 microl l(-1) h, with the vertical O(3) profiles at the higher altitude site being enhanced by 30%. O(3) profiles at all sites were reduced by up to 20% with increasing depth within and beneath the canopy. The leaf discoloration that developed in the absence of premature leaf loss was similar in the sun foliage of mature and young trees (including plant grown in the phytotron). Injury became apparent at low O(3) exposures, expressed as accumulated hourly means over a threshold of 40 nl l(-1) (AOT40 <3.5 microl l(-1) h) at the lower site in both the mature trees and the young beech at the field site, but only occurred when AOT40 values reached 7 microl l(-1) h at the upper site, and 6 microl l(-1) h in the phytotrons. However, the association between injury and O(3) exposure was improved when cumulative ozone uptake to sun leaves was the ozone index, used with values of about 3 mmol m(-2) resulting in visible injury in both mature and young beech growing in phytotrons. Under high ozone exposure levels of inositol were lowered, whilst concentrations of lignin-like materials were enhanced in mature beech. Similar responses were observed in young beech grown in phytotrons. As the sun foliage was affected by only a small and variable extent each year, the seasonal O(3) impact at high altitude did not appear to pose an acute risk to mature beech trees.
AU  - Baumgarten, M.*
AU  - Werner, H.*
AU  - Häberle, K.-H.*
AU  - Emberson, L.D.*
AU  - Fabian, P.*
AU  - Matyssek, R.*
C1  - 22143
C2  - 20831
SP  - 431-442
TI  - Seasonal ozone response of mature beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) at high altitude in the Bavarian forest (Germany) in comparison with young beech grown in the field and in phytotrons.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 109
IS  - 3
PY  - 2000
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Laboratory studies were carried out to cast light on differences in density responses among collembolan species to copper (Cu)-polluted environments. In a recolonisation experiment, mesofauna originating from a copper (Cupolluted arable field were allowed to colonise defaunated Cu-contaminated and uncontaminated soil cores for 3 months. The abundances of Pseudosinella alba and gamasid mites were higher in the uncontaminated soil, whereas the majority of other collembolans tended to be more abundant in the Cu-enriched soil. Behavioural experiments were conducted to test the ability of single Collembola species to distinguish between filter paper and food soaked in water, Cu, and calcium (Ca) solutions. Onychiurus armatus avoided both Cu and Ca, whereas Folsomia quadrioculata and Folsomia manolachei showed a significant preference for Cu. Isotomurus palustris was not able to distinguish between Cu and water. The results are compared and discussed with regard to other studies on the occurrence and behaviour of Collembola in Cu-contaminated environments. We suggest that microsite selection according to preference or avoidance of high salinity of pore water may partly explain the community structure of Collembola in Cu-polluted soils which are characterised by an increase of euedaphic species. More studies have to be carried out to generalise this concept and to explore to what extent reduced predation by gamasid mites contribute to the success of certain Collembola in Cu-contaminated sites.
AU  - Filser, J.
AU  - Wittmann, R.
AU  - Lang, A.
C1  - 10212
C2  - 19210
SP  - 71-78
TI  - Response types in Collembola towards copper in the microenvironment.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 107
IS  - 1
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2000
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Current climate change scenarios predict a further increase of tropospheric ozone which is well known to inhibit plant photosynthesis and growth processes. Ozone can also predispose plants to enhanced biotic attack, as proposed in particular for necrotrophic fungi, root-rot fungi and bark beetles. However, at present it does not seem possible to predict whether increased ambient ozone will lead to a higher or lower disease likelihood in particular plant–pathogen systems. It has been stated repeatedly in the literature that periods of high ambient ozone are essentially non-coincident with infection periods of most fungal pathogens. This implies minimal interactive risks. However, it now appears that the various ozone-induced metabolic changes can persist in plants over days or months. Visible ozone symptoms also may be greatly delayed. Certain stress transcripts, proteins and metabolites have been developed as ozone biomarkers in controlled exposure experiments, but these biomarkers remain to be examined on field sites. A simple epidemiological scenario based on ‘memory’ time spans of ozone effects is proposed as a tool to make ozone–plant disease interactions more predictable.
AU  - Sandermann, H.
C1  - 21811
C2  - 20014
SP  - 327-332
TI  - Ozone/biotic disease interactions : molecular biomarkers as a new experimental tool.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 108
IS  - 3
PY  - 2000
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Turbo) was grown from seedling emergence to maturity (129 days) in chambers simulating the physical climate and ozone pollution of a field site in Northern Germany from 1 April to 31 July with a mean 1-h daily maximum of 61.5-62.4 nl l(-1) ozone compared to a constant low level of 21.5-22.8 nl l(-1) ozone. The two ozone levels were combined with either a current (374.1-380.2 microl l(-1)) or enriched (610.6-615.0 microl l(-1)) CO(2) atmosphere. Additionally, a leaf rust epidemic (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) was induced at tillering stage by repeated re-inoculations with the inoculum formed on the plants. Leaf rust disease was strongly inhibited by ozone, but largely unaffected by elevated CO(2). Ozone damage on leaves was strongly affected by CO(2) and infection. On infected plants, ozone lesions appeared 2-4 weeks earlier and were up to fourfold more severe compared to non-infected plants. Elevated CO(2) did not delay the onset of ozone lesions but it significantly reduced the severity of leaf damage. It also enhanced the photosynthetic rate of flag leaves and increased the water use efficiency, biomass formation and grain yield. The relative increases in growth and yield induced by CO(2) were much larger on ozone-stressed than on non-stressed plants. Both ozone and fungal infection reduced biomass formation, number of grains per plant, thousand grain weight and grain yield; however, adverse effects of leaf rust infection were more severe. Elevated CO(2) largely equalized the negative effects of ozone on the photosynthetic rate, growth and yield parameters, but was not capable of compensating for the detrimental effects of fungal infection. The data imply that the impact of ozone in the field cannot be estimated without considering the predisposing effects deriving from fungal infections and the compensating effects deriving from elevated CO(2).
AU  - von Tiedemann, A.*
AU  - Firsching, K.H.
C1  - 23426
C2  - 31116
SP  - 357-363
TI  - Interactive effects of elevated ozone and carbon dioxide on growth and yield of leaf rust-infected versus non-infected wheat.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 108
IS  - 3
PB  - Elsevier
PY  - 2000
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Mathematical models of radionuclide distribution and transport in the environment have been developed to assess the impact on people of routine and accidental releases of radioactivity from a variety of nuclear activities, including: weapons development, production, and testing; power production; and waste disposal. The models are used to estimate human exposures and doses in situations where measurements have not been made or would be impossible or impractical to make. Model results are used to assess whether nuclear facilities are operated in compliance with regulatory requirements, to determine the need for remediation of contaminated sites, to estimate the effects on human health of past releases, and to predict the potential effects of accidental releases or new facilities. This paper describes the various applications and types of models currently used to represent the distribution and transport of radionuclides in the terrestrial and aquatic environments, as well as integrated global models for selected radionuclides and special issues in the fields of solid radioactive waste disposal and dose reconstruction. Particular emphasis is placed on the issue of improving confidence in the model results, including the importance of uncertainty analysis and of model verification and validation.
AU  - Thiessen, K.M.*
AU  - Thorne, M.C.*
AU  - Maul, P.R.*
AU  - Pröhl, G.
AU  - Wheater, H.S.*
C1  - 21065
C2  - 19095
SP  - 151-177
TI  - Modelling radionuclide distribution and transport in the environment.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 100
IS  - 1-3
PY  - 1999
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Information on environmental levels and transport processes of natural and anthropogenic radioactivity, although plentiful, is widely scattered, and relatively few attempts have been made to summarize and synthesize this information. Furthermore, most experimental observations and experiments on environmental radioactivity have been designed for documentation or testing of specific hypotheses, rather than for providing key information for transport simulation models or on fundamental processes which such models seek to represent. This paper examines three basic questions, namely (1) what is the current state of the science of radioecology?; (2) how well is this science being incorporated into predictive models?; and (3) how well are the models being used to guide and improve the science? These discussions will be preceded by a brief description of the field of radioecology, and comments on its relevance to other sciences as well as to major societal problems stemming from environmental releases of radioactivity. In addition to assessing the current state of the science and its use in predictive models, specific ideas for improving both the science and its associated models will be advanced. These ideas fall under the categories of (1) environmental transport processes and model parameters, (2) estimating exposure and dose to human and ecological receptors, and (3) dose–effect relationships for plants and animals.
AU  - Whicker, F.W.*
AU  - Shaw, G.*
AU  - Voigt, G.
AU  - Holm, E.*
C1  - 21154
C2  - 19195
SP  - 133-149
TI  - Radioactive contamination: state of the science and its application to predictive models.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 100
IS  - 1-3
PY  - 1999
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Investigations using chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics provide the parameters Rfd, L and Ap to characterize different specifications of the photosynthetic system (PS). The application of ozone, with concentrations between 100 μg m-3 and 2000 μg m-3 to spruce in closed chambers yields a reduction of Rfd between 6% and 23% for the current year's needles, which indicates a reduced potential photosynthetic capacity. Further measurements on the current year's needles of spruce of the damage classes SO/S1, S2 and S3 show also a reduction of Rfd of between 7% and 14% in 2 successive years. In addition, the parameter L increases for damaged trees by between 11% and 49%, indicating a change of the chlorophyll content and of the internal energy distribution between PSI and PSII. As no effect of L can be observed with ozone fumigation, it is concluded that the change of some specifications of the PS can be simulated well by ozone fumigation (e.g. Rfd) while other specifications cannot (e.g. L).
AU  - Ruth, B.
AU  - Weisel, B.
C1  - 40452
C2  - 40105
SP  - 31-35
TI  - Investigations on the photosynthetic system of spruce affected by forest decline and ozone fumigation in closed chambers.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 79
IS  - 1
PY  - 1993
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Mamouni, A.
AU  - Mansour, M.
AU  - Méallier, P.
AU  - Schmitt, P.
C1  - 18705
C2  - 11807
TI  - Photodegradation Pathways of Selected Pesticides in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide, Titanium Dioxide and Ozone in Aqueous Solutions.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
PY  - 1991
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - This paper introduces a series of publications referring to a single 14-month laboratory study testing the hypothesis that the recent decline of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) at higher elevations of the Bavarian Forest and comparable forests in medium-range mountains and in the calcareous Alps is caused by an interaction of elevated ozone concentrations, acid mist and site-specific soil (nutritional) characteristics. The effect of climatic extremes, a further important factor, was not included as an experimental variable but was considered by testing of the frost resistance of the experimental plants. Results of these individual studies are presented and discussed in the following 14 papers.
      
      	Plants from six pre-selected clones of 3-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were planted in April 1985 in an acidic soil from the Bavarian Forest, or a calcareous soil from the Bavarian Alps. After a transition period, plants were transferred, in July 1986, into four large environmental chambers and exposed for 14 months to an artificial climate and air pollutant regime based on long-term monitoring in the Inner Bavarian Forest. The climatic exposure protocol followed realistic seasonal and diurnal cycles (summer maximum temperature, 26°C; total mean temperature, 9·8°C; winter minimum, −14°C; mean relative humidity, 70%; maximum irradiance, 500 W m−2; daylength summer maximum, 17 h; winter minimum, 8 h). Plants were fumigated with ozone, generated from pure oxygen (control: annual mean of 50 μg m−3; pollution treatment: annual mean of 100 μg m−3 with 68 episodes of 130–360 μg m−3 lasting 4–24 h), and background concentrations of SO2 (22 μg m−3) and NO2 (20 μg m−3); windspeed was set at a constant 0·6 m s−1. Plants were additionally exposed to prolonged episodes of misting at pH 5·6 (control) and pH 3·0 (treatment). Simulation of the target climatic and fumigation conditions was highly reliable and reproducible (temperature ± 0·5°C; rh±10%; ozone ±10 μg m−3; SO2 and NO2 ± 15 μg m−3).
      
      	 
AU  - Blank, L.W.
AU  - Payer, H.-D.
AU  - Pfirrmann, T.
AU  - Gnatz, G.
AU  - Kloos, M.
AU  - Runkel, K.-H.
AU  - Schmolke, W.
AU  - Strube, D.
AU  - Rehfuess, K.E.
C1  - 19039
C2  - 12081
SP  - 189-207
TI  - Effects of Ozone, Acid Mist and Soil Characteristics on Clonal Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Kast.) - An Introduction to the Joint 14 Month Tree Exposure Experiment in Closed Chambers.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 64
IS  - 3-4
PY  - 1990
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - This paper summarizes and evaluates the main findings of 14 preceding papers related to the joint 14-month tree-exposure experiment carried out by the ‘Munich Working Party on Air Pollution’ at the GSF, Munich, FRG, from July 1986 to September 1987. The experiment tested the hypothesis that an interaction of ozone/acid mist/soil/extreme climatic conditions is the cause of decline of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) at higher altitudes of the Inner Bavarian Forest. The main findings of the individual studies are presented and their implications for the hypothesis are discussed.
      
      	Clear effects of soil and genetic factors (differences between clones), for example on growth and frost resistance were found. Treatment with O3/acid mist was shown to have effects on plant biochemistry, physiology, histology/ cytology, and growth. The wide scattering of these effects, and the lack of a consistent pattern of response across all clones does not permits a firm conclusion on the validity of the experimental hypothesis. These effects were not confounded by the nutrient stresses imposed during the initial exposure period and were not found to be cumulative during repeated treatments, as was proposed by the hypothesis. It is concluded that the experimental evidence does not indicate that ozone/acid mist are major factors to explain the Norway spruce decline on acidic sites at higher altitudes of the Inner Bavarian Forest and probably similar forest areas.
AU  - Blank, L.W.
AU  - Payer, H.-D.
AU  - Pfirrmann, T.
AU  - Rehfuess, K.E.
C1  - 19040
C2  - 12082
SP  - 385-395
TI  - Effects of Ozone, Acid Mist and Soil Characteristics on Clonal Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) - Overall Results and Conclusions of the Joint 14 Months Tree Exposure Experiment in Closed Chambers.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 64
IS  - 3-4
PY  - 1990
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - As part of the joint 14-month exposure experiment on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) sensitivity to pollution (two levels of ozone plus acid mist) of growth and development of the fine-root system and of mycorrhizae, have been investigated in two forest soils from areas showing forest decline. This study shows that differences in fine-root biomass and the occurrence of species of ectomycorrhizae were mainly due to prevailing conditions within the acid or calcareous substrate. The pollution treatment resulted in higher numbers of short root tips in only one soil, whereas the percentage of ectomycorrhizal roots with a well-developed mantle was low (10–23%) in both soils, irrespective of exposure of trees to ozone and acid mist. There was no consistent response, with the two clones examined, in terms of mycorrhizal frequency, beaded short roots and renewed growth. Regarding the effects on root growth, data cannot be used unrestrictedly for extrapolation to a more complex field situation.
AU  - Blaschke, H.
AU  - Weiss, M.
C1  - 19296
C2  - 12374
SP  - 255-263
TI  - Impact of Ozone, Acid Mist and Soil Characteristics on Growth and Development of Fine Roots and Ectomycorrhiza of Young Clonal Norway Spruce.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 64
IS  - 3-4
PY  - 1990
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Two clones of Norway spruce were exposed to elevated ozone levels (100 μg m-3 with episodes of 130-360 μg m-3) in combination with acidic mist (pH 3.0) for two vegetation periods. The plants did not exhibit any visible injury, but levels of several amino acids and polyamines were altered in comparison with control plants (50 μg m-3 ozone, mist of pH 5.6), the changes being pronounced in clone 14. Total free amino acids as well as methionine titers were increased in clone 14. Asparagine was significantly increased in clone 11 and less so in clone 14. Arginine, which comprised more than 50% of the free amino acids in spruce needles, was not changed by the exposure regime applied. Reduced glutathione was significantly increased in all clones/soil/needle age combinations (average increase 50%). Free soluble putrescine was enhanced by 50-200% in clone 14, but remained unchanged in clone 11. Conjugated putrescine was significantly, and conjugated spermidime was slightly, increased in both clones, whereas other polyamines did not respond to the treatment.
AU  - Dohmen, G.P.
AU  - Koppers, A.
AU  - Langebartels, C.
C1  - 42403
C2  - 40229
SP  - 375-383
TI  - Biochemical response of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) towards 14-month exposure to ozone and acid mist: Effects on amino acid, glutathione and polyamine titers.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 64
IS  - 3-4
PY  - 1990
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Light and electron microscopic studies of four clones of 5-year-old Picea abies tress subjected to ozone and acid mist treatment showed, that:
      	
      		
      			1.
      		
      			
      				(1) Clones respond differently to the treatment, with clone 14 the most sensitive clone.
      		
      		
      			2.
      		
      			
      				(2) Main effects were observed in the mesophyll; the vascular strand showed minor cellular changes.
      		
      		
      			3.
      		
      			
      				(3) Needle shape and ratio of intercellular area to cross section was clone- age-dependent, with a clear increase in intercellular space associated with the treatment (clone 14 and 11 only).
      		
      		
      			4.
      		
      			
      				(4) Accumulation of tannins in vacuoles was clone-specific.
      		
      		
      			5.
      		
      			
      				(5) Strong starch formation was found in all samples; in clones 14 and 133 this formation was enhanced by the treatment in older needles, if number of starch grains per cell was calculated.
      		
      		
      			6.
      		
      			
      				(6) The accumulation of plastoglobules in plastids depended on clone and age, with the older needles containing more globules. In clones 11 and 133, the treatment led to an increase in the number of plastoglobules.
      		
      		
      			7.
      		
      			
      				(7) Grana stacking in all clones and both needle ages subjected to ozone and acid mist was significantly reduced.
      		
      	
      
      
      	The observed changes in the ultrastructure of needle tissue are comparable to those found in field investigations with similar conditions, or phytotron studies evaluating pollution effects on spruce trees.
AU  - Ebel, B.
AU  - Rosenkranz, J.
AU  - Schiffgens, A.
AU  - Lütz, C.
C1  - 17685
C2  - 10822
SP  - 323-335
TI  - Cytological Observations on Spruce Needles after Prolonged Treatment with Ozone and Acid Mist.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 64
IS  - 3-4
PY  - 1990
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Four clones of 3-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), grown on two soils, were from July 1986 to September 1987 exposed to ozone fumigation (50 μg m−3 as a control, 100 μg m−3 plus peaks between 130 and 360 μg m−3 as treatment) and acid mist of pH 3·0 (versus mist pH 5·6 in the control). Climatic conditions, identical for both control and treatment, followed a diurnal and seasonal pattern characteristic of medium high altitudes of the Bavarian Forest, an area affected by the new-type forest decline. Gas-exchange measurements were carried out on the plants from December 1986 until the end of the 14-month's exposure using a series of climate-controlled minicuvettes. ANOVA of the four clones investigated towards the end of the experiment gave hints of a treatment-related depression of the photosynthetic capacity of the previous year's needles (age-class 1986). Within this age-class only one of the clones (11) showed a significant treatment effect, indicating an age-class dependence and a genetic influence of the treatment-related depression of the photosynthetic capacity. The current year's flush was not impaired through the ozone and acid mist exposure. Analysis also revealed clear effects of soil, clone and needle age on photosynthetic parameters.
AU  - Führer, G.
AU  - Dunkl, M.
AU  - Knoppik, D.
AU  - Selinger, H.
AU  - Blank, L.W.
AU  - Payer, H.-D.
AU  - Lange, O.L.
C1  - 19042
C2  - 12084
SP  - 279-293
TI  - Effects of Low-Level Long-Term Ozone Fumigation and Acid Mist on Photosynthesis and Stomata of Clonal Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.).
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 64
IS  - 3-4
PY  - 1990
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Three-year-old clonal Picea abies (L.) Karst. plants, grown either on a sandy (No. 1) or on a calcareous (No. 2) soil, were treated with ozone (100 μg m-3 and peaks of up to 360 μg m-3) and acid mist (pH 3.0) over two vegetation periods. Needles of the current (1987) and previous (1986) year were analysed at the end of the experiment for biosynthetic enzymes and in vivo activity of the phenylpropanoid pathway, for products of polyphenol metabolism (clones 11 and 14), and for mono- and sesquiterpenes (clones 14 and 16). 1. Polyphenol metabolism. The activity of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, an enzyme of the lignin pathway, was increased by the treatment by up to 83% in the needles of both age classes. Chalcone synthase was measured in mature tree material for the first time. This enzyme, as well as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities and the content of catechin, astringin, isorhapontin, picein and p-hydroxyacetophenone, exhibited no significant treatment-dependent differences. However, soil and age-class dependent differences occurred. Pulse-labelling experiments with L[U-14 C]phenylalanine and [2-14 C]acetate were carried out at four different stages of shoot development and showed label incorporation into (+)-catechin and proanthocyanidins. There was no effect of the ozone and acid mist treatment. 2. Monoterpenes. The content of needle terpenes was generally diminished by the ozone and acid mist treatment. Other factors tested, such as clone, needle age and soil, exerted a highly significant influence on the content of most of the needle monoterpenes.
AU  - Heller, W.E.
AU  - Rosemann, D.
AU  - Oßwald, W.F.
AU  - Benz, B.
AU  - Schönwitz, R.
AU  - Lohwasser, K.
AU  - Kloos, M.
AU  - Sandermann, H.J.
C1  - 42144
C2  - 40261
SP  - 353-366
TI  - Biochemical response of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) towards 14-month exposure to ozone and acid mist: Part I - effects on polyphenol and monoterpene metabolism.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 64
IS  - 3-4
PY  - 1990
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Epicuticular wax structures and epicuticular wax composition were studied in needles of Picea abies (L.) Karst. plants after a long-term fumigation experiment. SEM observations showed aggregated as well as undamaged waxes without any relation to treatments. The chemical wax analysis revealed clone specific differences, but only one compound, the nonacosan-10-ol (C29-ol), was found enriched in ozone/acid mist treatments.
AU  - Lütz, C.
AU  - Heinzmann, U.
AU  - Gülz, P.-G.
C1  - 18059
C2  - 10823
SP  - 313-322
TI  - Surface Structures and Epicuticular Wax Composition of Spruce Needles after Long-Term Treatment with Ozone and Acid Mist.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 64
IS  - 3-4
PY  - 1990
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Five clones of 3-year old Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst), planted in a soil from the Bavarian Forest (pH 4.4) or a soil from the Calcareous Bavarian Alps (pH 6.9), were exposed for two successive vegetation periods, in closed environmental chambers, to a pollution treatment consisting of acidic mist (pH 3.0) plus ozone levels of 100 μg m-3 with episodes of 130-360 μg m-3; control trees were exposed to mist of pH 5.6 and ozone levels of 50 μg m-3. Climatic and pollution protocols followed the diurnal and seasonal pattern characteristic for the Inner Bavarian Forest in Southern Germany, an area affected by the new-type forest decline. Biometric parameters were strongly related to clone and soil. Pollution treatment had a limited effect on only a few growth parameters. The stem diameter growth increment of two clones was reduced by pollution treatment in both soils, a third clone was affected in the acidic soil only. Two other clones were not affected at all. Stem volume increment of three clones, calculated as D2H, was reduced by pollution treatment in the neutral soil, a fourth clone was affected in the acidic soil only. Bud break was either delayed (two clones) or accelerated (two other clones) by treatment. Depending on soil and clone, needle yellowing was observed in previous years' needles in both treatment and control trees exposed to increased light intensities. The 'spotted' yellowing was not identical to symptoms found in forest decline areas and was most likely a consequence of nutrient deficiencies during the vegetation period preceding the experiment. The results of this experiment are discussed with regard to field observations and forest productivity. The complex pattern of growth responses resulting from interactions between air pollution, soil and genetic factors is considered to reflect different susceptibilities of trees to air pollutants.
AU  - Payer, H.D.
AU  - Pfirrmann, T.
AU  - Kloos, M.
C1  - 42256
C2  - 40202
SP  - 209-227
TI  - Clone and soil effects on the growth of young Norway spruce during 14 months exposure to ozone plus acid mist.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 64
IS  - 3-4
PY  - 1990
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The nutrient contents of an acid and a calcareous soil, as well as the foliar contents of four clones of Norway spruce grown on these soils, were evaluated during a 14-month exposure to low level ozone (100 μg m-3 + peaks between 130 and 360 μg m-3) plus acid mist (pH 3.0). Whilst distinct differences could be established between and within clones depending on soil types and genotype, only few pollutant-related effects were observed. Leaching losses from foliage were generally low compared to field studies. The data obtained with young trees in an artificial environment do not support the hypothesis that enhanced leaching from foliage may contribute to nutrient deficiencies in mature stands of Norway spruce.
AU  - Pfirrmann, T.
AU  - Runkel, K.H.
AU  - Schramel, P.
AU  - Eisenmann, T.
C1  - 33333
C2  - 36411
SP  - 229-253
TI  - Mineral and nutrient supply, content and leaching in Norway spruce exposed for 14 months to ozone and acid mist.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 64
IS  - 3-4
PY  - 1990
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Four-year-old clonal Picea abies (L.) Karst. plants were treated with ozone (100 μg m-3 plus peaks of 130 to 360 μg m-3) and acid mist (pH 3.0) during two vegetation periods. Pulse labelling experiments on shoots were performed with [35S]methionine in the second year of exposure. Extraction of soluble needle proteins in citric acid buffer of pH 2.8 revealed protein patterns on SDS polyacrylamide gels that differed from those of control needles fumigated with ambient levels of ozone (50 μg m-3) and mist of pH 5.6. New proteins of MW 16000 and 32000 were synthesized only in ozone-exposed needles and could not be detected in the controls.
AU  - Schmitt, R.
AU  - Sandermann, H.J.
C1  - 33335
C2  - 36410
SP  - 367-373
TI  - Biochemical response of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) towards 14-month exposure to ozone and acid mist: Part II - Effects on protein biosynthesis.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 64
IS  - 3-4
PY  - 1990
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The influence of an ozone + acid mist treatment on photosynthetic pigments has been examined with the needles of the (Picea abies) clones 11, 14, 16, and 133 by spectrophotometric analysis of the total pigment extract and of single components upon HPLC separation (Part A), and in terms of a detailed pigment analysis of the 1987 and 1986 needles of clone 14 by TLC (Part B). Clone 14 had been already analysed prior to the onset of the experiment. At the end of the 14-month experiment, which incorporated frost events during a simulated winter period, neither symptoms corresponding to those of spruce Type I or IV decline, nor those of ozone damage could be observed. However, the 1986 needles of the trees on soil 1, which exhibit an adequate nutrient content, showed zonal chlrrosis independenly of the ozone + acid mist treatment. Analysis of variance of chlorophyll contents and needle ages showed a clear reduction to nearly 50% in the 1986 needles of clone 11, soil 1, and clone 16, soil 2. In contrast, clones 14 and 16 (soil 1) formed significantly more chlorophylls during the shorter exposure time in the 1987 flush.
      
      	The detailed analysis of the individual pigment components of clone 14 needles provided no evidence for a destructive influence of the treatment on the chlorophylls, xanthophylls and β-carotene in the two needle generations which had developed during the experiment, in spite of the distinct K deficiency of the 1986 needles of the trees on soil 2 and the common chlorosis of the needles of the trees on soil 1. The observed increase in violaxanthin content upon O3-treatment observed in clone 14 can be considered as an expression of the protective function of the xanthophylls against photooxidative processes.In conclusion, the observed differences in the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents are better correlated with the individual clone and soil character than with the ozone + acid mist treatment. Comparing the results of the pigment analyses of the needles the differences in the pigment concentrations reflect the N and K contents (Pfirrmann et al., 1990), which differ significantly between the clones. Thus it is not possible to pool the pigment data of all clones wihtout considering the different nutrient levels.
AU  - Senser, M.
AU  - Kloos, M.
AU  - Lütz, C.
C1  - 19052
C2  - 12094
SP  - 295-312
TI  - Influence of Soil Substrate and Ozone plus Acid Mist on the Pigment Content and Composition of Needles from Young Norway Spruce Trees.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 64
IS  - 3-4
PY  - 1990
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bernhard, R.
C1  - 17173
C2  - 10283
TI  - The Influence of Small Ozone-Concentrations on the Fluorescence Induction Kinetics of Spruce.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
PY  - 1988
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Young wheat plants were fumigated with 170 mu g m**31 **3 ozone for 3 days, or with 210 mu g m** minus **3 ozone for 7 days, for 7 hours a day. At the end of the fumigation period the plants were inoculated with brown rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) uredospores. The development of new uredospore pustules on fumigated and control plants was evaluated as a measure of rust disease potential. The number of pustules on the ozone fumigated plants was greatly reduced in comparison with the number of plants treated with charcoal-filtered air.
AU  - Dohmen, G.P.
C1  - 41688
C2  - 36247
SP  - 189-194
TI  - Secondary effects of air pollution: Ozone decreases brown rust disease potential in wheat.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 43
IS  - 3
PY  - 1987
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The effect of urban air - ambient Munich air - on aphid growth was investigated. Rose bushes (Rosa sp., cv. Nina Weibull) were fumigated with either ambient Munich air or charcoal-filtered air. Then the plants were infected with aphid Macrosiphon rosae nymphs. The mean relative growth rate of aphids feedings on roses in ambient air was about 20% higher than those feeding in the filtered atmosphere. This result confirms previous studies that air pollution enhances the pest potential of aphids.
AU  - Dohmen, G.P.
C1  - 41365
C2  - 38240
SP  - 227-234
TI  - Secondary effects of air pollution: Enhanced aphid growth.
JO  - Environ. Pollut.
VL  - 39
IS  - 3
PY  - 1985
SN  - 0269-7491
ER  -