TY - JOUR AB - Extreme heat is an important public health concern, and heat stress exposure and related adaptive capacity are not equally distributed across social groups. We conducted a systematic review to answer the question: What is the effect of social disadvantage on exposure to subjective and objective heat stress and related adaptive capacity to prevent or reduce exposure to heat stress in the general population? We systematically searched for peer-reviewed journal articles that assessed differences in heat stress exposure and related adaptive capacity by social factors that were published between 2005 and 2024. One author screened all records and extracted data; a second author screened and extracted 10% for validation. Synthesis included the identification and description of specific social groups unequally exposed to heat stress and with lower adaptive capacity. We assessed European studies for the potential risk of bias in their assessment. We identified 123 relevant publications. Subjective heat stress appeared in 18.7% of articles, objective heat stress in 54.5%, and adaptive capacity in 54.5%. Nearly half came from North America (47.2%), 22.8% from Asia, and 17.1% from Europe. Publishing increased from zero articles in 2005 to 21 in 2023. Most studies considered socioeconomic status (SES) (78.8%), and many considered age (50.4%), race/ethnicity (42.3%), and sex/gender (30.1%). The identified studies show that lower-SES populations, young people, immigrants, unemployed people, those working in outdoor and manual occupations, and racial/ethnic minorities are generally more exposed to heat stress and have lower adaptive capacity. Most studies of objective heat stress use inadequate measures which are not representative of experienced temperatures. European studies generally have a low or moderate risk of bias in their assessments. Social inequalities in heat stress exposure and related adaptive capacity have been documented globally. In general, socially disadvantaged populations are more exposed to heat stress and have lower adaptive capacity. These social inequalities are context-dependent, dynamic, multi-dimensional, and intersectional. It is essential to consider social inequalities during heat-health action planning and when developing and implementing climate change adaptation policies and interventions. AU - Slesinski, S.C. AU - Matthies-Wiesler, E.F. AU - Breitner-Busch, S. AU - Gussmann, G.* AU - Schneider, A.E. C1 - 73693 C2 - 56978 CY - Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol Bs1 6be, England TI - Social inequalities in exposure to heat stress and related adaptive capacity: A systematic review. JO - Environ. Res. Lett. VL - 20 IS - 3 PB - Iop Publishing Ltd PY - 2025 SN - 1748-9318 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Wheat is the most widely grown food crop, with 761 Mt produced globally in 2020. To meet the expected grain demand by mid-century, wheat breeding strategies must continue to improve upon yield-advancing physiological traits, regardless of climate change impacts. Here, the best performing doubled haploid (DH) crosses with an increased canopy photosynthesis from wheat field experiments in the literature were extrapolated to the global scale with a multi-model ensemble of process-based wheat crop models to estimate global wheat production. The DH field experiments were also used to determine a quantitative relationship between wheat production and solar radiation to estimate genetic yield potential. The multi-model ensemble projected a global annual wheat production of 1050 ± 145 Mt due to the improved canopy photosynthesis, a 37% increase, without expanding cropping area. Achieving this genetic yield potential would meet the lower estimate of the projected grain demand in 2050, albeit with considerable challenges. AU - Guarin, J.R.* AU - Martre, P.* AU - Ewert, F.* AU - Webber, H.* AU - Dueri, S.* AU - Calderini, D.* AU - Reynolds, M.* AU - Molero, G.* AU - Miralles, D.* AU - Garcia, G.* AU - Slafer, G.* AU - Giunta, F.* AU - Pequeno, D.N.L.* AU - Stella, T.* AU - Ahmed, M.* AU - Alderman, P.D.* AU - Basso, B.* AU - Berger, A.G.* AU - Bindi, M.* AU - Bracho-Mujica, G.* AU - Cammarano, D.* AU - Chen, Y.* AU - Dumont, B.* AU - Rezaei, E.E.* AU - Fereres, E.* AU - Ferrise, R.* AU - Gaiser, T.* AU - Gao, Y.* AU - Garcia-Vila, M.* AU - Gayler, S.* AU - Hochman, Z.* AU - Hoogenboom, G.* AU - Hunt, L.A.* AU - Kersebaum, K.C.* AU - Nendel, C.* AU - Olesen, J.E.* AU - Palosuo, T.* AU - Priesack, E. AU - Pullens, J.W.M.* AU - Rodríguez, A.* AU - Rötter, R.P.* AU - Ramos, M.R.* AU - Semenov, M.A.* AU - Senapati, N.* AU - Siebert, S.* AU - Srivastava, A.K.* AU - Stöckle, C.* AU - Supit, I.* AU - Tao, F.* AU - Thorburn, P.* AU - Wang, E.* AU - Weber, T.K.D.* AU - Xiao, L.* AU - Zhang, Z.* AU - Zhao, C.* AU - Zhao, J.* AU - Zhao, Z.* AU - Zhu, Y.* AU - Asseng, S.* C1 - 67108 C2 - 53483 CY - Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol Bs1 6be, England TI - Evidence for increasing global wheat yield potential. JO - Environ. Res. Lett. VL - 17 IS - 12 PB - Iop Publishing Ltd PY - 2022 SN - 1748-9318 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Arctic is warming two to three times faster than the global average, and the role of aerosols is not well constrained. Aerosol number concentrations can be very low in remote environments, rendering local cloud radiative properties highly sensitive to available aerosol. The composition and sources of the climate-relevant aerosols, affecting Arctic cloud formation and altering their microphysics, remain largely elusive due to a lack of harmonized concurrent multi-component, multi-site, and multi-season observations. Here, we present a dataset on the overall chemical composition and seasonal variability of the Arctic total particulate matter (with a size cut at 10 mu m, PM10, or without any size cut) at eight observatories representing all Arctic sectors. Our holistic observational approach includes the Russian Arctic, a significant emission source area with less dedicated aerosol monitoring, and extends beyond the more traditionally studied summer period and black carbon/sulfate or fine-mode pollutants. The major airborne Arctic PM components in terms of dry mass are sea salt, secondary (non-sea-salt, nss) sulfate, and organic aerosol (OA), with minor contributions from elemental carbon (EC) and ammonium. We observe substantial spatiotemporal variability in component ratios, such as EC/OA, ammonium/nss-sulfate and OA/nss-sulfate, and fractional contributions to PM. When combined with component-specific back-trajectory analysis to identify marine or terrestrial origins, as well as the companion study by Moschos et al 2022 Nat. Geosci. focusing on OA, the composition analysis provides policy-guiding observational insights into sector-based differences in natural and anthropogenic Arctic aerosol sources. In this regard, we first reveal major source regions of inner-Arctic sea salt, biogenic sulfate, and natural organics, and highlight an underappreciated wintertime source of primary carbonaceous aerosols (EC and OA) in West Siberia, potentially associated with the oil and gas sector. The presented dataset can assist in reducing uncertainties in modelling pan-Arctic aerosol-climate interactions, as the major contributors to yearly aerosol mass can be constrained. These models can then be used to predict the future evolution of individual inner-Arctic atmospheric PM components in light of current and emerging pollution mitigation measures and improved region-specific emission inventories. AU - Moschos, V.* AU - Schmale, J.* AU - Aas, W.* AU - Becagli, S.* AU - Calzolai, G.* AU - Eleftheriadis, K.* AU - Moffett, C.E.* AU - Schnelle-Kreis, J. AU - Severi, M.* AU - Sharma, S.* AU - Skov, H.* AU - Vestenius, M.* AU - Zhang, W.* AU - Hakola, H.* AU - Hellen, H.* AU - Huang, L.* AU - Jaffrezo, J.* AU - Massling, A.* AU - Nojgaard, J.K.* AU - Petaja, T.* AU - Popovicheva, O.* AU - Sheesley, R.J.* AU - Traversi, R.* AU - Yttri, K.E.* AU - Prevot, A.S.H.* AU - Baltensperger, U.* AU - El Haddad, I.* C1 - 64591 C2 - 52064 CY - Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol Bs1 6be, England TI - Elucidating the present-day chemical composition, seasonality and source regions of climate-relevant aerosols across the Arctic land surface. JO - Environ. Res. Lett. VL - 17 IS - 3 PB - Iop Publishing Ltd PY - 2022 SN - 1748-9318 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The paradigm that permafrost-affected soils show restricted mineral nitrogen (N) cycling in favor of organic N compounds is based on the observation that net N mineralization rates in these cold climates are negligible. However, we find here that this perception is wrong. By synthesizing published data on N cycling in the plant-soil-microbe system of permafrost ecosystems we show that gross ammonification and nitrification rates in active layers were of similar magnitude and showed a similar dependence on soil organic carbon (C) and total N concentrations as observed in temperate and tropical systems. Moreover, high protein depolymerization rates and only marginal effects of C:N stoichiometry on gross N turnover provided little evidence for N limitation. Instead, the rather short period when soils are not frozen is the single main factor limiting N turnover. High gross rates of mineral N cycling are thus facilitated by released protection of organic matter in active layers with nitrification gaining particular importance in N-rich soils, such as organic soils without vegetation. Our finding that permafrost-affected soils show vigorous N cycling activity is confirmed by the rich functional microbial community which can be found both in active and permafrost layers. The high rates of N cycling and soil N availability are supported by biological N fixation, while atmospheric N deposition in the Arctic still is marginal except for fire-affected areas. In line with high soil mineral N production, recent plant physiological research indicates a higher importance of mineral plant N nutrition than previously thought. Our synthesis shows that mineral N production and turnover rates in active layers of permafrost-affected soils do not generally differ from those observed in temperate or tropical soils. We therefore suggest to adjust the permafrost N cycle paradigm, assigning a generally important role to mineral N cycling. This new paradigm suggests larger permafrost N climate feedbacks than assumed previously. AU - Ramm, E.* AU - Liu, C.* AU - Ambus, P.* AU - Butterbach-Bahl, K.* AU - Hu, B.* AU - Martikainen, P.J.* AU - Marushchak, M.E.* AU - Mueller, C.W.* AU - Rennenberg, H.* AU - Schloter, M. AU - Siljanen, H.M.P.* AU - Voigt, C.* AU - Werner, C.* AU - Biasi, C.* AU - Dannenmann, M.* C1 - 64104 C2 - 52081 CY - Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol Bs1 6be, England TI - A review of the importance of mineral nitrogen cycling in the plant-soil-microbe system of permafrost-affected soils-changing the paradigm. JO - Environ. Res. Lett. VL - 17 IS - 1 PB - Iop Publishing Ltd PY - 2022 SN - 1748-9318 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background. Recent studies on temperature-related mortality burden generally found higher cold-related deaths than heat-related deaths. In the future, it is anticipated that global warming will, on one hand result in larger heat-related mortality but on the other hand lead to less cold-related mortality. Thus, it remains unclear whether the net change in temperature-related mortality burden will increase in the future under climate change. Objectives. We aimed to quantify the impact of climate change on heat-, cold-, and the total temperature-related (net change) mortality burden taking into account the future demographic changes across five districts in Bavaria, Germany by the end of the 21st century. Methods. We applied location-specific age-specific exposure-response functions (ERFs) to project the net change in temperature-related mortality burden during the future period 2083-2099 as compared to the baseline period 1990-2006. The projections were under different combinations of five climate change scenarios (assuming a constant climate, Representative Concentration Pathway [RCP] 2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5) and six population projection scenarios (assuming a constant population, Shared Socio-economic Pathway [SSP] 1, SSP2, SSP3, SSP4, and SSP5). Our projections were under the assumption of a constant vulnerability of the future population. We furthered compared the results with projections using location-specific overall all-age ERFs, i.e. not considering the age-effect and population aging. Results. The net temperature-related mortality for the total population was found to increase significantly under all scenarios of climate and population change with the highest total increments under SSP5-RCP8.5 by 19.61% (95% empirical CI (eCI): 11.78, 30.91). Under the same scenario for age ≥ 75, the increment was by 30.46% (95% eCI: 18.60, 47.74) and for age <75, the increment was by 0.28% (95% eCI:-2.84, 3.24). Considering the combination SSP2-RCP2.6, the middle-of-the road population and the lowest climate change scenario, the net temperature-related mortality for the total population was found to still increase by 9.33% (95% eCI: 5.94, 12.76). Contrastingly, the mortality projection without consideration of an age-effect and population aging under the same scenario resulted in a decrease of temperature-related deaths by-0.23% (95% eCI-0.64, 0.14), thus showing an underestimation of temperature-related mortality. Furthermore, the results of climate-only effect showed no considerable changes, whereas, the population-only effect showed a high, up to 17.35% (95% eCI: 11.46, 22.70), increment in the net temperature-related deaths. Conclusion. The elderly population (age ≥ 75), highly vulnerable to both heat and cold, is projected to be about four folds the younger population (age < 75) in the future. Thus, the combined effect of global warming and population aging results in an increase in both the heat- A nd the cold-related deaths. The population-effect dominates the climate-effect. Mitigation and age-specific adaptation strategies might greatly reduce the temperature-related mortality burden in the future. AU - Rai, M. AU - Breitner-Busch, S. AU - Wolf, K. AU - Peters, A. AU - Schneider, A.E. AU - Chen, K. C1 - 58563 C2 - 48481 CY - Temple Circus, Temple Way, Bristol Bs1 6be, England TI - Impact of climate and population change on temperature-related mortality burden in Bavaria, Germany. JO - Environ. Res. Lett. VL - 14 IS - 12 PB - Iop Publishing Ltd PY - 2020 SN - 1748-9318 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A number of forest and grassland studies indicated that stimulation of the soil respiration by soil warming ceases after a couple of years (Luo et al 2001 Nature 413 622-5). Here we present results from a long-term soil warming lysimeter experiment in southern Germany showing sustained stimulation of soil respiration after 10 years. Moreover, both warmed and control treatments exhibited a similar temperature response of soil respiration, indicating that adaptation in terms of temperature sensitivity was absent. Carbon dioxide concentration measurements within the profiles are supporting these findings. The increased soil respiration occurred although vegetation productivity in the warmed treatment was not higher than in the control plots. These findings strongly contrast with current soil carbon modeling concepts, where carbon pools decay according to first-order kinetics, and thus a depletion of labile soil carbon pools leads to an apparent down-regulation of microbial respiration (Knorr et al 2005 Nature 433 298-301). Consequently, the potential for positive climate carbon cycle feedback may be larger than represented in current models of soil carbon turnover. AU - Reth, S. AU - Graf, W. AU - Reichstein, M.* AU - Munch, J.-C. C1 - 449 C2 - 26784 TI - Sustained stimulation of soil respiration after 10 years of experimental warming. JO - Environ. Res. Lett. VL - 4 IS - 2 PB - Iop Publishing PY - 2009 SN - 1748-9318 ER -