TY  - JOUR
AB  - BACKGROUND: The promotion of healthy lifestyles has high priority on the global public health agenda. Evidence on the real-world (cost-)effectiveness of policies addressing nutrition and physical activity is needed. To estimate short-term policy impacts, quasi-experimental methods using observational data are useful, while simulation models can estimate long-term impacts. We review the methods, challenges and potential synergies of both approaches for the evaluation of nutrition and physical activity policies. METHODS: We performed an integrative review applying purposive literature sampling techniques to synthesize original articles, systematic reviews and lessons learned from public international workshops conducted within the European Union Policy Evaluation Network. RESULTS: We highlight data requirements for policy evaluations, discuss the distinct assumptions of instrumental variable, difference-in-difference, and regression discontinuity designs and describe the necessary robustness and falsification analyses to test them. Further, we summarize the specific assumptions of comparative risk assessment and Markov state-transition simulation models, including their extension to microsimulation. We describe the advantages and limitations of these modelling approaches and discuss future directions, such as the adequate consideration of heterogeneous policy responses. Finally, we highlight how quasi-experimental and simulation modelling methods can be integrated into an evidence cycle for policy evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Assumptions of quasi-experimental and simulation modelling methods in policy evaluations should be credible, rigorously tested and transparently communicated. Both approaches can be applied synergistically within a coherent framework to compare policy implementation scenarios and improve the estimation of nutrition and physical activity policy impacts, including their distribution across population sub-groups.
AU  - Emmert-Fees, K.
AU  - Capacci, S.*
AU  - Sassi, F.*
AU  - Mazzocchi, M.*
AU  - Laxy, M.
C1  - 66849
C2  - 53320
CY  - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England
SP  - iv84-iv91
TI  - Estimating the impact of nutrition and physical activity policies with quasi-experimental methods and simulation modelling: An integrative review of methods, challenges and synergies.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 32
IS  - 4 S
PB  - Oxford Univ Press
PY  - 2022
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - BACKGROUND: Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) represents the most frequent monogenic disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1:250 in the general population. Diagnosis during childhood enables early initiation of preventive measures, reducing the risk of severe consecutive atherosclerotic manifestations. Nevertheless, population-based screening programs for FH are scarce. METHODS: In the VRONI study, children aged 5-14 years in Bavaria are invited to participate in an FH screening program during regular pediatric visits. The screening is based on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol measurements from capillary blood. If exceeding 130 mg/dl (3.34 mmol/l), i.e. the expected 95th percentile in this age group, subsequent molecular genetic analysis for FH is performed. Children with FH pathogenic variants enter a registry and are treated by specialized pediatricians. Furthermore, qualified training centers offer FH-focused training courses to affected families. For first-degree relatives, reverse cascade screening is recommended to identify and treat affected family members. RESULTS: Implementation of VRONI required intensive prearrangements for addressing ethical, educational, data safety, legal and organizational aspects, which will be outlined in this article. Recruitment started in early 2021, within the first months, more than 380 pediatricians screened over 5200 children. Approximately 50 000 children are expected to be enrolled in the VRONI study until 2024. CONCLUSIONS: VRONI aims to test the feasibility of a population-based screening for FH in children in Bavaria, intending to set the stage for a nationwide FH screening infrastructure. Furthermore, we aim to validate genetic variants of unclear significance, detect novel causative mutations and contribute to polygenic risk indices (DRKS00022140; August 2020).
AU  - Sanin, V.*
AU  - Schmieder, R.*
AU  - Ates, S.*
AU  - Schlieben, L.D.
AU  - Wiehler, J.*
AU  - Sun, R.*
AU  - Decker, M.*
AU  - Sander, M.*
AU  - Holdenrieder, S.*
AU  - Kohlmayer, F.*
AU  - Friedmann, A.*
AU  - Mall, V.*
AU  - Feiler, T.*
AU  - Dreßler, A.*
AU  - Strom, T.M.*
AU  - Prokisch, H.
AU  - Meitinger, T.*
AU  - von Scheidt, M.*
AU  - Koenig, W.*
AU  - Leipold, G.*
AU  - Schunkert, H.*
C1  - 64365
C2  - 52209
CY  - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England
SP  - 422-428
TI  - Population-based screening in children for early diagnosis and treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia: Design of the VRONI study.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 32
IS  - 3
PB  - Oxford Univ Press
PY  - 2022
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - BACKGROUND: Status quo bias (SQB) has often been referred to as an important tool for improving public health. However, very few studies were able to link SQB with health behavior. METHODS: Analysis were based on data from the population-based KORA S4 study (1999-2001, n = 2309). We operationalized SQB through two questions. The first asked whether participants switched their health insurance for financial benefits since this was enabled in 1996. Those who did were assigned a 'very low SQB' (n = 213). Participants who did not switch were asked a second hypothetical question regarding switching costs. We assigned 'low SQB' to those who indicated low switching costs (n = 1035), 'high SQB' to those who indicated high switching costs (n = 588), and 'very high SQB' to those who indicated infinite switching costs (n = 473). We tested the association between SQB and physical activity, diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, the sum of health behaviors, and body mass index (BMI) using logistic, Poisson and ordinary least square regression models, respectively. Models were adjusted for age, sex, education, income, satisfaction with current health insurance and morbidity. RESULTS: SQB was associated with a higher rate of physical inactivity [OR = 1.22, 95% CI (1.11; 1.35)], a higher sum of unhealthy lifestyle factors [IRR = 1.05, 95% CI (1.01; 1.10)] and a higher BMI [β = 0.30, 95% CI (0.08; 0.51)]. CONCLUSION: A high SQB was associated with unfavorable health behavior and higher BMI. Targeting SQB might be a promising strategy for promoting healthy behavior.
AU  - Karl, F.
AU  - Holle, R.
AU  - Schwettmann, L.
AU  - Peters, A.
AU  - Laxy, M.
C1  - 55533
C2  - 46384
SP  - 992-997
TI  - Status quo bias and health behavior: Findings from a cross-sectional study.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 29
IS  - 5
PY  - 2019
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Leidl, R.
C1  - 55419
C2  - 46386
CY  - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England
TI  - Social media, bots and research performance.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 29
IS  - 1
PB  - Oxford Univ Press
PY  - 2019
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Rohleder, S.*
AU  - Stock, C.*
AU  - Maier, W.
AU  - Bozorgmehr, K.*
C1  - 57967
C2  - 48016
CY  - Great Clarendon St, Oxford Ox2 6dp, England
SP  - 21-21
TI  - Area deprivation and notifiable infectious diseases in Germany: A longitudinal small-area analysis.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 29
PB  - Oxford Univ Press
PY  - 2019
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Despite the large number of studies and reviews available, the evidence regarding the policy determinants of physical activity (PA) is inconclusive. This umbrella systematic literature review (SLR) summarizes the current evidence on the policy determinants of PA across the life course, by pooling the results of the available SLRs and meta-analyses (MAs). A systematic online search was conducted on MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases up to April 2016. SLRs and MAs of observational studies investigating the association between policy determinants of PA and having PA as outcome were considered eligible. The extracted data were assessed based on the importance of the determinants, the strength of evidence and the methodological quality. Fourteen reviews on 27 policy determinants of PA were eligible for this umbrella SLR. The majority of the reviews were of moderate quality. Among children, a clear association between time spent outdoors and PA emerged. Among adults, working hours were negatively associated with PA, though evidence was limited. At the population level, community- and street-scale urban design and land use policies were found to positively support PA levels, but levels of evidences were low. With this umbrella SLR the policy determinants of PA at individual-level and population-level have been summarized and assessed. None of the investigated policy determinants had a convincing level of evidence, and very few had a probable level of evidence. Further research is needed, preferably by using prospective study designs, standardized definitions of PA and objective measurement of PA.
AU  - Puggina, A.*
AU  - Aleksovska, K.*
AU  - Buck, C.*
AU  - Burns, C.*
AU  - Cardon, G.*
AU  - Carlin, A.*
AU  - Chantal, S.*
AU  - Ciarapica, D.*
AU  - Condello, G.*
AU  - Coppinger, T.C.*
AU  - Cortis, C.*
AU  - D'Haese, S.*
AU  - De Craemer, M.*
AU  - di Blasio, A.M.*
AU  - Hansen, S.*
AU  - Iacoviello, L.*
AU  - Issartel, J.*
AU  - Izzicupo, P.*
AU  - Jaeschke, L.*
AU  - Kanning, M.*
AU  - Kennedy, A.*
AU  - Chun Man Ling, F.*
AU  - Luzak, A.
AU  - Napolitano, G.*
AU  - Nazare, J.A.*
AU  - Perchoux, C.*
AU  - Pischon, T.*
AU  - Polito, A.*
AU  - Sannella, A.*
AU  - Schulz, H.
AU  - Sohun, R.*
AU  - Steinbrecher, A.*
AU  - Schlicht, W.*
AU  - Ricciardi, W.*
AU  - MacDonncha, C.*
AU  - Capranica, L.*
AU  - Boccia, S.*
C1  - 52161
C2  - 43805
CY  - Oxford
SP  - 105-118
TI  - Policy determinants of physical activity across the life course: A 'DEDIPAC' umbrella systematic literature review.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 28
IS  - 1
PB  - Oxford Univ Press
PY  - 2018
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are well-established causes of disability and premature death. Dietary components have been implicated in the etiology of these chronic diseases. We examined the ability of the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DIITM) to predict all-cause, coronary heart disease (CHD), CVD and cancer mortality and incident CHD in the MONICA-KORA Cohort Studies. DII scores were computed from baseline 7-day dietary records in this cohort of 1297 men, who were aged 45-64 years when enrolled. During the follow-up period, 551 total (155 CHD, 244 CVD and 175 cancer-related deaths) and 213 validated incident CHD events were identified through mortality record linkage and active follow-up. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated between DII scores and the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP). Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for the endpoints described above. DII scores were significantly positively correlated with CRP (P value < 0.0001). Positive associations were noted between DII and all-cause mortality (HRQ4vsQ1: 1.41; 95%CI 1.04-1.90;P-trend = 0.007) and incident CHD (HRQ4vsQ1: 1.83; 95%CI 1.12-3.01; P-trend = 0.008). These associations were attenuated after further adjustment for smoking status, but remained significant for all-cause mortality. When stratified by smoking status, DII was associated with all-cause and cancer mortality among ex-smokers, in the absence of significant heterogeneity. These results indicate that a pro-inflammatory diet as expressed by higher DII scores is associated with all-cause mortality. This association was more pronounced among ex-smokers in whom a significant association with cancer mortality was observed.
AU  - Shivappa, N.*
AU  - Schneider, A.
AU  - Hébert, J.R.*
AU  - Koenig, W.*
AU  - Peters, A.
AU  - Thorand, B.
C1  - 51081
C2  - 43061
CY  - Oxford
SP  - 167-172
TI  - Association between dietary inflammatory index, and cause-specific mortality in the MONICA/KORA Augsburg Cohort Study.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 28
IS  - 1
PB  - Oxford Univ Press
PY  - 2018
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Arvandi, M.*
AU  - Gothe, R.M.*
AU  - Thorand, B.
AU  - Meisinger, C.
AU  - Siebert, U.*
AU  - Strasser, B.*
C1  - 52534
C2  - 44038
CY  - Oxford
TI  - The meaning of muscularity for successful aging.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 27
PB  - Oxford Univ Press
PY  - 2017
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Background: A risk-targeted prevention strategy may efficiently utilize limited resources available for prevention of overweight and obesity. Likewise, more efficient intervention trials could be designed if selection of subjects was based on risk. The aim of the study was to develop a risk score predicting substantial weight gain among German adults. Methods: We developed the risk score using information on 15 socio-demographic, dietary and lifestyle factors from 32 204 participants of five population-based German cohort studies. Substantial weight gain was defined as gaining 10% of weight between baseline and follow-up ( > 6 years apart). The cases were censored according to the theoretical point in time when the threshold of 10% baseline-based weight gain was crossed assuming linearity of weight gain. Beta coefficients derived from proportional hazards regression were used as weights to compute the risk score as a linear combination of the predictors. Cross-validation was used to evaluate the score's discriminatory accuracy. Results: The cross-validated c index (95% CI) was 0.71 (0.67-0.75). A cutoff value of 475 score points yielded a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 63%. The corresponding positive and negative predictive values were 10.4% and 97.6%, respectively. Conclusions: The proposed risk score may support healthcare providers in decision making and referral and facilitate an efficient selection of subjects into intervention trials.
AU  - Bachlechner, U.*
AU  - Boeing, H.*
AU  - Haftenberger, M.*
AU  - Schienkiewitz, A.*
AU  - Scheidt-Nave, C.*
AU  - Vogt, S.
AU  - Thorand, B.
AU  - Peters, A.
AU  - Schipf, S.*
AU  - Ittermann, T.*
AU  - Völzke, H.*
AU  - Nöthlings, U.*
AU  - Neamat-Allah, J.*
AU  - Greiser, K.H.*
AU  - Kaaks, R.*
AU  - Steffen, A.*
C1  - 51682
C2  - 43385
CY  - Oxford
SP  - 768-774
TI  - Predicting risk of substantial weight gain in German adults-a multi-center cohort approach.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 27
IS  - 4
PB  - Oxford Univ Press
PY  - 2017
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Italia, S.*
AU  - Wolfenstetter, S.B.*
AU  - Heinrich, J.
AU  - Berdel, D.*
AU  - von Berg, A.*
AU  - Lehmann, I.*
AU  - Standl, M.
AU  - Teuner, C.M.
C1  - 52533
C2  - 44040
CY  - Oxford
TI  - Over-the-counter drugs used by adolescents in Germany: How much do adolescents spend and what for?
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 27
PB  - Oxford Univ Press
PY  - 2017
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bozorgmehr, K.*
AU  - Razum, O.*
AU  - Szecsenyi, J.*
AU  - Maier, W.
AU  - Stock, C.*
C1  - 50997
C2  - 42615
CY  - Oxford
TI  - Multiple deprivation and distribution of vulnerable asylum-seekers: A small-area analysis in Germany.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 26
PB  - Oxford Univ Press
PY  - 2016
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - BACKGROUND: The burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is much more pronounced in Eastern Europe, a spatial gradient within Europe still exists. However, former studies showed a significantly lower CVD mortality of German repatriates from the Former Soviet Union compared with the German population. METHODS: All-cause, CVD and ischemic heart disease (IHD) standardized mortality ratio (SMR), IHD standardized incidence ratio and annual age-standardized mortality and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) incidence rates were calculated in a retrospective cohort. Time trends were investigated by loess regression. RESULTS: A total of 6378 German repatriates were observed from 1990 to 2010, accumulating 92 149 person-years. We observed a lower all-cause mortality [SMR = 0.86 (0.75, 0.98)] in females and CVD mortality [International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, version 10 (ICD) 10: I00-I99; SMR = 0.82 (0.65, 1.03)] and IHD mortality (I20-I25) [SMR = 0.84 (0.60, 1.15)] in males. In contrast, AMI incidence was significantly higher in male repatriates [standardized incidence ratio = 1.30 (1.02, 1.65)]. Whereas in the general population, mortality rates of CVD, IHD and AMI incidence have continuously decreased over time, the pattern in the repatriates was not as clear. In male repatriates, mortality rates seemed to be lower after immigration and remained rather constant. Incidence rates possibly exceed Germans rates by now. CONCLUSIONS: A possible historical repatriates' IHD advantage shown in former studies has disappeared. The increasing AMI incidence in (male) repatriates might demonstrate the delaying onset of the impact of changes in the CVD risk profile due to migration. Health politics and the health system should be sensitized and take care of the development of IHD mortality and AMI incidence among the repatriates.
AU  - Deckert, A.*
AU  - Winkler, V.*
AU  - Meisinger, C.
AU  - Heier, M.
AU  - Becher, H.*
C1  - 30725
C2  - 33796
CY  - Oxford
SP  - 127-133
TI  - Myocardial infarction incidence and ischemic heart disease mortality: Overall and trend results in repatriates, Germany.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 24
IS  - 1
PB  - Oxford Univ Press
PY  - 2014
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - BACKGROUND: Complaints of vertigo and dizziness are common in primary care in the aged. They can be caused by distinct vestibular disorders, but can also be a symptom in other conditions like non-vestibular sensory loss, vascular encephalopathy or anxiety. The aim of this study was to investigate the specific contribution of vertigo and dizziness to the total burden of disability in aged persons when controlling for the presence of other health conditions. METHODS: Data originate from the MONICA/KORA study, a population-based cohort. Survivors of the original cohorts who were 65 years and older were examined by telephone interview in 2009. Disability was assessed with the Health Assessment Questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to adjust for potential confounders and additive regression to estimate the contribution of vertigo and dizziness to disability prevalence. RESULTS: Adjusted for age, sex and other chronic conditions, vertigo and dizziness were associated with disability (odds ratio 1.66, 95% confidence intervals 1.40-1.98). Both men and women aged between 65 and 79 years were among the strongest contributors to the burden of disability, with a prevalence of 10.5% (6.6-15.1) in men and 9.0% (5.7-13.0) in women. In men, this effect is stable across all age-groups, whereas it decreases with age in women. Conclusions: Vertigo and dizziness independently and relevantly contribute to population-attributable disability in the aged. They are not inevitable consequences of ageing but arise from distinct disease entities. Careful management of vertigo and dizziness might increase population health and reduce disability.  
AU  - Müller, M.*
AU  - Strobl, R.*
AU  - Jahn, K.*
AU  - Linkohr, B.
AU  - Peters, A.
AU  - Grill, E.*
C1  - 28177
C2  - 32990
CY  - Oxford
SP  - 802-807
TI  - Burden of disability attributable to vertigo and dizziness in the aged: Results from the KORA-Age study.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 24
IS  - 5
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
PY  - 2014
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - BACKGROUND: To date, there is hardly any study focussing on the question how the concept of HRQL could deepen our understanding of health inequalities. The study aims at describing this potential by analysing data for adults from Germany. METHODS: The analyses are based on three national, representative surveys conducted from 2006 to 2008. HRQL was assessed by the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D), the descriptive part (problems in five dimensions) and the valuation of health by visual analogue scale (VAS) rendering a value between '0' (worst) and '100' (best imaginable). The major independent variable is educational level (high vs. low). Four other variables were included (i.e. age, sex, per capita income and chronic disease). Multivariate analyses were performed by logistic and linear regression. RESULTS: Data were available for 5676 persons aged ≥20 years (response rate 73%). The prevalence of 'moderate or severe problems' is especially high in the dimension 'pain/discomfort' (low resp. high educational level: 46.3% resp. 25.0%). The mean VAS-value is 79.8 (low resp. high educational level: 75.3 resp. 83.6). Bivariate and multivariate analyses show that similar differences in VAS-values can be seen even after restricting the analyses to participants with a chronic disease. CONCLUSION: Empirical analyses concerning HRQL could further our understanding of health inequalities. They indicate that low status groups are faced with a double burden, first by increased levels of health impairments, and second by lower levels of HRQL once health is impaired. Thus, the extent of health inequalities could be underestimated if measures of HRQL are not taken into account.
AU  - Mielck, A.
AU  - Reitmeir, P.
AU  - Vogelmann, M.*
AU  - Leidl, R.
C1  - 7293
C2  - 29653
SP  - 45-49
TI  - Impact of educational level on health-related quality of life (HRQL): Results from Germany based on the EuroQol 5D (EQ-5D).
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 23
IS  - 1
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
PY  - 2013
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - There is an ever increasing number of studies focusing on health inequalities, expanding also into areas such as life course analyses and regional inequalities. By describing these inequalities in much detail, they continuously add to our understanding of the underlying causes, such as exposures during childhood and obesogenic environment. Today, it is widely acknowledged that more research is needed with a focus on interventions that could help to reduce health inequalities, and that a closer cooperation is needed between public health researchers and policy makers. It is less often pointed out that closer cooperation also is needed between social epidemiologists and health economists. Policy makers need to answer tough questions: How effective are interventions aimed at reducing health inequalities, and how much do they cost? What are the most cost-effective strategies, and how do they compare with the cost-effectiveness of other public health programs? How could we compare the ‘benefit’ between interventions that target health inequalities and other interventions that are directed towards improving health in the total population? These questions are rarely addressed in public health research.
AU  - Mielck, A.
C1  - 11196
C2  - 30546
TI  - Social epidemiology and health economics: The need to find common grounds.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 23
IS  - 1
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
PY  - 2013
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - no Abstract
AU  - Leidl, R.
C1  - 6225
C2  - 28392
SP  - 365-366
TI  - Economic modelling in public health: A tool of growing relevance.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 20
IS  - 4
PB  - Oxford Univ Press
PY  - 2010
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - no Abstract
AU  - Rogowski, W.H.
C1  - 6226
C2  - 28393
SP  - 484-485
TI  - What should public health research focus on? Comments from a decision analytic perspective.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 20
IS  - 5
PB  - Oxford Univ Press
PY  - 2010
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Leidl, R.
C1  - 432
C2  - 26424
SP  - 228-229
TI  - Preferences, quality of life and public health.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 19
IS  - 3
PB  - Oxford Univ Press
PY  - 2009
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Leidl, R.
C1  - 1767
C2  - 25328
SP  - 216
TI  - Promoting economic value in public health.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 18
IS  - 3
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
PY  - 2008
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Baumert, J.J.
AU  - Erazo, N.
AU  - Ladwig, K.-H.
C1  - 126
C2  - 23701
SP  - 173-178
TI  - Mental Health: Ten-year incidence and time trends of railway suicides in Germany from 1991 to 2000.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 16
PY  - 2006
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Rathmann, W.*
AU  - Haastert, B.*
AU  - Icks, A.*
AU  - Giani, G.*
AU  - Holle, R.
AU  - Meisinger, C.
AU  - Mielck, A.
C1  - 4322
C2  - 23166
SP  - 627-633
TI  - Sex differences in the associations of socioeconomics status with undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in the elderly population: The KORA Survey 2000.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 15
PY  - 2005
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Ladwig, K.-H.*
AU  - Baumert, J.J.
C1  - 3182
C2  - 22180
SP  - 291-295
TI  - Patterns of suicidal behaviour in a metro subway system.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 14
PY  - 2004
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Mielck, A.
AU  - Cavelaars, A.*
AU  - Helmert, U.*
AU  - Martin, K.*
AU  - Winkelhake, O.
AU  - Kunst, A.E.*
C1  - 21676
C2  - 19848
SP  - 262-267
TI  - Comparison of health inequalities between East and West Germany.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 10
PY  - 2000
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - In the surveys of the MONICA project Augsburg, conducted in 1984/85 (S1) and 1989/90 (S2), data on oral contraceptive (OC) use were gathered in two independent representative population-based samples of women aged 25-44 years (medication history over the previous seven days). OCs were categorized according to their oestrogen content (< 50mg, ≥50mg) and according to their progestogen component. The prevalence of OC use was unchanged between the two points in time (23.4% in S1 and 23.7% in S2). OCs with low oestrogen content were used in 49.0% of the OC users in S1 and in 76.6% in S2. The use of the progestogen component changed also: norethindrone (acetate), levonorgestrel, and lynestrenol were used less, desogestrel more often in S2. Gestoden and norgestimate were used by 15% of the OC users in S2. In conclusion, we can say that there was no change in the prevalence of OC use in the study population; however, a change in hormone content towards preparations with lower hormone content was observed.
AU  - Döring, A.
AU  - Filipiak, B.
AU  - Stieber, J.
AU  - Keil, U.
C1  - 40421
C2  - 40040
SP  - 177-180
TI  - Trends in oral contraceptive use in a Southern German population: Results of the MONICA project augsburg: Surveys 1984/85 and 1989/90.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 3
IS  - 3
PY  - 1993
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Leidl, R.
AU  - John, J.
AU  - Mielck, A.
AU  - Satzinger, W.
C1  - 20679
C2  - 13897
SP  - 38-44
TI  - Perspectives on Health Reporting for the European Community.
JO  - Eur. J. Public Health
VL  - 2
PY  - 1992
SN  - 1101-1262
ER  -