TY  - JOUR
AB  - Volatile organic compounds in air are mostly determined after enrichment by adsorption on active charcoal. A batch of three hundred active charcoal tubes was charged with benzene, toluene and m-xylene by drawing a volume of air with known composition through the tubes in such a manner as to charge each tube of the batch with exactly the same amounts. From this batch every tenth tube was analyzed gas-chromatographically. Further 60 charged tubes were stored under different conditions and analyzed within one year. It appeared that the charging was homogeneous and that no significant alteration was found within one year.
AU  - Flammenkamp, E.
AU  - Ludwig, E.M.
AU  - Risse, U.
AU  - Kettrup, A.
C1  - 40429
C2  - 37980
SP  - 230-232
TI  - Evaluation of the feasibility of preparing a reference material: Active charcoal tubes charged with benzene, toluene and m-xylene.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 347
IS  - 6-7
PY  - 1993
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - In the third part of this series, the results of the investigations of ground water samples from transect I to transect III and from surface water samples of the river Ruhr on triazine herbicides are reported [1]. The HPLC method used for the determination allowed the analysis of 19 different compounds, but only the substances atrazine, simazine and the metabolite desethylatrazine could be detected in the water samples taken from the water recharge plant [1].
AU  - Günther, W.J.
AU  - Lintelmann, J.
AU  - Rose, E.
AU  - Kettrup, A.
C1  - 40472
C2  - 37976
SP  - 37-43
TI  - Behaviour of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and triazine herbicides in water and aquifer material of a drinking water recharge plant - Part III. Investigations of the behaviour of triazine herbicides during the underground passage.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 347
IS  - 1-2
PY  - 1993
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The need for reference materials, and the problems of locating information about them, are discussed. The first steps in the construction of a database on reference materials are described. The term reference materials was taken to mean any substance used to give a baseline or reference value for a measurement. A broadly-phrased questionnaire was sent out to 264 different organizations. So far 67 replies have been received representing a wide range of manufacturers, suppliers, and users of reference materials from 23 different countries. These replies have been compiled to form a Survey of Institutions, Organizations and Laboratories Manufacturing, Supplying, or Using Reference Materials, which will soon be available in printing form. The first edition will serve as a basis for defining user needs more precisely, and developing a more detailed questionnaire. The information will be included in digitized form as a part of the HEM metadatabase information system HEMIS.
AU  - Keune, H.
AU  - Delve, M.
C1  - 40413
C2  - 37989
SP  - 254-255
TI  - Reference materials: global harmonization and the assurance of data quality.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 345
IS  - 2-4
PY  - 1993
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - A semi-automatic coupled-column HPLC-method for the rapid determination of desethylatrazine, simazine, atrazine and terbuthylazine in drinking water was developed. Tenax TA was used as precolumn packing material. 100 ml of the water sample are percolated through the precolumn, on which the analytes are preconcentrated and prefractionated. After the HPLC-integrated sample processing the triazines are transferred to the series-connected analytical column, where separation and detection takes place. The method leads to detection limits between 15 and 32 ng/l. The recovery rates range from 46 to 96% in drinking water.
AU  - Lintelmann, J.
AU  - Mengel, C.
AU  - Kettrup, A.
C1  - 40295
C2  - 13801
SP  - 752-756
TI  - Determination of triazine-herbicides in drinking water by a HPLC column switching technique.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 346
IS  - 6-9
PY  - 1993
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - On the background of a discipline overlapping research project of the "Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft" (DFG), entitled: Pollutants in ground water, the behaviour of PAHs and triazine herbicides during the water gathering process by means of underground passage was investigated. The publication is divided into four parts (I-IV). In the present part the area of investigation including the monitoring network and the determination methods for PAHs and triazine herbicides in the aqueous matrix are described.
AU  - Lintelmann, J.
AU  - Günther, W.J.
AU  - Rose, E.
AU  - Kettrup, A.
C1  - 40426
C2  - 37982
SP  - 988-994
TI  - Behaviour of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and triazine herbicides in water and aquifer material of a drinking water recharge plant - I. The area of investigation and the determination methods for PAHs and triazine herbicides in the aqueous matrix.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 346
IS  - 10-11
PY  - 1993
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - This paper describes the cryogenic preparation of 50 individual specimens of dab (Limanda limanda) from the Baltic Sea to produce a homogeneous fish material. 950 subsamples (8 g each) are stored in the gaseous phase over liquid nitrogen. Five series of analyses were randomly selected out of store. The results show that the obtained precision of 8 to 9% could be used as an indication unit for the deviation of the mean values of CHC concentrations from "true" values. If the analytical variability is 5%, the maximum inhomogeneity in the subsamples is 3-4%. It may be concluded that the subsamples of the candidate fish reference material (RM) are homogeneous enough for analytical purposes. Thus ESB (German Environmental Specimen Bank) material prepared in accordance with the standard operating procedure (SOP) [1] are valuable and appropriate reference materials. The prepared fish RM is suitable for the analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons in fat containing marine samples.
AU  - Oxynos, K.
AU  - Schladot, J.D.*
AU  - Schmitzer, J.L.
AU  - Backhaus, F.W.*
AU  - Kettrup, A.
C1  - 40425
C2  - 0
SP  - 238-239
TI  - Characterisation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in a third generation candidate fish reference material (Limanda limanda) prepared under cryogenic conditions.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 345
IS  - 2-4
PY  - 1993
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Large soil samples (up to 500 g) can conveniently be disintegrated by hydrogen peroxide in an utility tank under alkaline conditions to determine subsequently 129I by neutron activation analysis. Interfering elements such as Br are removed already before neutron irradiation to reduce the radiation exposure of the personnel. The precision of the method is <10% (1 RSD). The accuracy was checked by determining 129I also by the combustion method.
AU  - Bunzl, K.W.
AU  - Kracke, W.
C1  - 40696
C2  - 37996
SP  - 505-508
TI  - Determination of 129I in large soil samples after alkaline wet disintegration.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 343
IS  - 6
PY  - 1992
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Filser, J.G.
C1  - 40648
C2  - 38917
SP  - 30-31
TI  - Risk estimation for chemical carcinogens.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 343
IS  - 1
PY  - 1992
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - An analytical procedure based on the solid phase extraction technology has been developed for the clean-up and concentration of Soxhlet soil extracts containing fluazifop-butyl and fluazifop by the use of a phenyl phase cartridge. No liquid-liquid partition has been used; thus the consumption of organic solvents was limited and the use of chlorinated solvents could be avoided. Quantification has been performed by ion-pair HPLC. Despite the large difference in polarity the recoveries of both the compounds from spiked soil samples between 0.1 and 1 μg/g was higher than 90%. The solid-phase adsorption technology resulted in a very effective methodology of clean-up in the case of the polar compound fluazifop, for which a second disposable column with a cyanopropyl phase has been used, and was fairly satisfactory for fluazifop-butyl. The detection limits were less than 0.04 μg/g and 0.10 μg/g, respectively for fluazifop and fluazifop-butyl.
AU  - Zanco, M.
AU  - Pfister, G.
AU  - Kettrup, A.
C1  - 40644
C2  - 38911
SP  - 345-349
TI  - Determination of fluazifop-butyl and fluazifop with the use of disposable solid phase extraction columns for selective clean-up and concentration of Soxhlet soil extracts.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 344
IS  - 7-8
PY  - 1992
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - A procedure for the sequential radiochemical determination of plutonium, strontium, uranium and iron nuclides is described. The separation is carried out on a single anion exchange column. Pu(IV), U(VI) and Fe(III) are fixed on Bio Rad AG 1-X4 from 9 mol/l HCl, while the sample effluent is used for the determination of radio-strontium. Fe and U are eluted separately with 7 mol/l HNO3, and Pu(III) is eluted with 1.2 mol/l HCl containing hydrogen peroxide. Subsequently, Pu and U are electrolysed and counted by alpha spectrometry. Radiostrontium is purified by the nitrate method and counted in a low level beta proportional counter. Fe is purified by extraction and cation exchange and 55Fe is counted by X-ray spectrometry with a Si(Li) detector. The sample preparation and the application of the procedure to large samples, namely aerosols from 105 m3 of air, and monthly deposition samples from 0.6 m2 sampling area (10-100 l) are described. Chemical yields are for Pu 70±20, for Sr 80±15, for U 80-90, and for Fe 75±10%. As an example, the maximum airborne radionuclide concentrations determined with that procedure in fortnightly collected samples at Neuherberg after the Chernobyl accident were: 239+240Pu, 2.58; 238Pu, 1.40; 238U, 0.65; 234U, 0.67; 90Sr, 7600; and 55Fe, 990 μBqm-3. With appropriate changes in sample preparation, the procedure is applicable to other kinds of samples.
AU  - Rosner, G.
AU  - Hötzl, H.
AU  - Winkler, R.A.
C1  - 34126
C2  - 36398
SP  - 606-609
TI  - Simultaneous radiochemical determination of plutonium, strontium, uranium, and iron nuclides and application to atmospheric deposition and aerosol samples.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 338
IS  - 5
PY  - 1990
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The application of five different extraction methods including the extraction with liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide were tested on various soil samples with regard to their extraction efficiency. The carbon dioxide liquid extraction has proven to be not suitable for these applications.
AU  - Hengstmann, R.*
AU  - Hamann, R.*
AU  - Weber, H.P.*
AU  - Kettrup, A.
C1  - 33634
C2  - 36586
SP  - 982-986
TI  - Comparison of different methods of extraction for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins in soil.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 335
IS  - 8
PY  - 1989
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Schramel, P.
C1  - 41203
C2  - 36508
SP  - 203-210
TI  - Determination of some additional trace elements in certified standard reference materials (soils, sludges, sediment) by ICP-emission spectrometry.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 333
IS  - 3
PY  - 1989
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The HPGC determination of Toxaphene in the presence of other chlorinated hydrocarbons with similar retention times is often difficult. This problem can be satisfactorily overcome by including photodehalogenation reactions of interfering substances. Irradiation of the extracts after clean-up procedures in protonated solvents with wavelengths at 254 nm lead to photodechlorinated products of these compounds with shorter retention times, while Toxaphene is mostly stable and can therefore be quantitatively determined by gas-chromatography.
AU  - Parlar, H.A.*
AU  - Becker, F.
AU  - Müller, R.F.
AU  - Lach, G.*
C1  - 42633
C2  - 38211
SP  - 804-810
TI  - Elimination of interfering compounds during GC determination of toxaphene residues by photodechlorination reactions.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 331
IS  - 8
PY  - 1988
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - After removing the major part of the matrix elements and other accompanying ions from the digested plants by an extraction with acetylacetone/methylisobutyl-ketone in presence of EDTA, subsequently followed by a reextraction with nitric acid, this element can be determined interference-free by means of flameless atomic absorption with non-coated and zirconium-coated graphite tubes as electrothermal atomizers. During the above mentioned extraction-reextraction procedure only very small amounts of aluminium and iron are coextracted and did not interfere with the determination of beryllium. Recovery analyses confirmed that the whole analytical procedure was quantitative. The detection limit of beryllium was found to be 1.5 μg/l reextract. As an example, roots, stems and leaves of "Calluna vulgaris" were analyzed.
AU  - Schmidt, W.F.
AU  - Dietl, F.
C1  - 40866
C2  - 36173
SP  - 853-855
TI  - Determination of beryllium in plants by means of flameless atomic absorption with zirconium-coated and non-coated graphite tubes.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 329
IS  - 8
PY  - 1988
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Several plastics (polyester and hardened epoxideresins) with flame retardants as additives were tested for the formation of brominated dibenzofurans and dibenzodioxins under temperatures from 400 °C to 800 °C under aerobic conditions. 2,3,7,8-Tetrabromodibenzodioxin was not formed at a detection limit of 10 ppm (μg·g-1). At 400 °C, polymers containing decabromodiphenylether and antimony trioxide as flame retardant yield up to 4,000 ppm tetrabromodibenzofurans (TBrDF), besides other brominated dibenzofurans. In contrast, formation of polybrominated dibenzofurans does not occur with polymers containing decabromodiphenylether without antimony trioxide. 2,3,7,8-Tetrabromodibenzufuran could not be found at a detection limit of 20 ppm. Under the given thermolytical conditions, polymers with brominated flame retardants such as tetrabromobisphenol-A, polytribromostyrene, hydroxyethylated tetrabromobenzimidazolone, poly(pentabromobenzyl)acrylate or N,N′-ethylene-bis-tetrabromophthalimide snowed no tendency to form polybrominated dibenzodioxins or dibenzofurans, even in the presence of antimony trioxide.
AU  - Clausen, E.
AU  - Lahaniatis, E.S.
AU  - Bahadir, M.A.
AU  - Bieniek, D.
C1  - 42028
C2  - 36226
SP  - 297-300
TI  - Bestimmung von bromierten Dibenzofuranen, die bei der Thermolyse von Polymeren mit Decabromdiphenylether als Flammschutzmittel gebildet werden.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 327
IS  - 3-4
PY  - 1987
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Brassica oleracea was used for plant availability studies and the material will also be available for quality control purposes. The cabbage, grown on sludge-amended soil, was harvested and processed to a homogeneous powder. The results of a preliminary test on homogeneity and a broad spectrum of element concentrations determined are reported. The soil around the plants was also collected and examined. Estimates of uptake coefficients Ccrop/Csoil are given.
AU  - Muntau, H.*
AU  - Crößmann, G.*
AU  - Schramel, P.
AU  - Gallorini, M.*
AU  - Orvini, E.*
C1  - 40854
C2  - 40125
SP  - 634-635
TI  - Trace and nutrient element transfer from sewage sludge-amended soil to crop - A study on Brassica oleracea.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 326
IS  - 7
PY  - 1987
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - After the enrichment of beryllium by an extraction of digested soils with acetylacetone/benzene in the presence of EDTA and a subsequent reextraction with nitric acid, this element can be determined by means of flameless atomic absorption without interferences, when zirconiumcoated graphite tubes are used as electrothermal atomizers. In this case the coextracted amounts of aluminium and iron do no interfere. Investigations of interferences were also carried out with non-coated and pyrographite coated tubes. It could be shown that even small amounts of coextracted aluminium interfered remarkably with beryllium. Recovery analyses confirmed that the whole analytical procedure was quantitative. The detection limit of beryllium was found to be 1.5 μg/l reextract. As an example, three different types of soil were analyzed: Parabrown soil, Ranker and Peat-bog.
AU  - Schmidt, W.F.
AU  - Dietl, F.
C1  - 41981
C2  - 36227
SP  - 40-42
TI  - Determination of beryllium in soils by means of flameless atomic absorption with zirconium-coated graphite tubes.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 326
IS  - 1
PY  - 1987
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Based on the earlier described pressure ashing device [1], a modified system is described for a complete HF-ashing technique of silicate matrices like soils, sediments and sludges. Using graphite fortified PTFE material in combination with pure PTFE sample containers, it is possible to apply a mixture of HNO3/HF for ashing in the closed pressure ashing apparatus. This technique was tested with several standard reference materials. The advantage of the new system is a considerable saving of time, freedom of contamination and element losses in comparison to the open techniques.
AU  - Schramel, P.
AU  - Lill, G.
AU  - Seif, R.
C1  - 33887
C2  - 40124
SP  - 135-138
TI  - HF-Totalaufschluß im geschlossenen System für Element- und Spurenelementbestimmungen in Boden, Klärschlamm, Sedimenten u. ä. Proben.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 326
IS  - 2
PY  - 1987
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - On the basis of the high temperature and high pressure available in the "High Pressure Ashing System (HPA)", this new device was tested for ashing biological material for a subsequent analytical determination of trace elements by voltammetric techniques, especially DPASV. By means of different standard reference materials it could be shown that this wet ashing technique is very suitable for this analytical method for which a complete destruction of organic material is one of the most important requirements. The application of a mixture of HNO3 and a small amount of HClO4 and the use of different temperature programmes allows a very satisfactory destruction of different organic materials. The results for various materials and for some trace elements and the blank values of the procedure are given.
AU  - Schramel, P.
AU  - Hasse, S.
AU  - Knapp, G.*
C1  - 42736
C2  - 36172
SP  - 142-145
TI  - Einsatz des Hochdruckveraschers HPA nach Knapp [1] für die voltammetrische Bestimmung von Spurenelementen in biologischem Material.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 326
IS  - 2
PY  - 1987
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Two methods for the determination of triazines in soil were developed and compared. After extraction of the residues with methanol and clean-up by gel permeation chromatography, the samples evaporated were analysed for triazines by splitless capillary gas-chromatography with NP-detector (GC-NPD) and microbore high performance liquid chromatography with UV detector (HPLC-UV) at 222 nm. Both methods gave similar results. The microbore HPLC method was suitable for the analysis of a number of triazines at 10 ppb whereas capillary GC method was used for the analysis of triazines at 5 ppb. Satisfactory average recoveries for the two methods were obtained at 80 ppb and 20 ppb, respectively.
AU  - Xu, Y.
AU  - Lorenz, W.G.
AU  - Pfister, G.
AU  - Bahadir, M.A.
AU  - Korte, F.
C1  - 42288
C2  - 38367
SP  - 377-380
TI  - Residue analysis of triazine herbicides in soil: Comparison of a capillary gas chromatographic and a high-performance liquid chromatographic method.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 325
IS  - 4
PY  - 1986
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The improvements of ICP-measurements for trace element analysis especially for application in the biomedical and environmental field by using a new type of water cooled spray chamber and mass flow controllers for all the gas flows of an ICP excitation unit are described. Measurements on the long and short time stability, on memory effects in the nebulizing system, on the reproducibility of the results (including day-to-day reproducibility) and on the detection limits show in all the cases a strong improvement. The behaviour of 16 elements (Al, B, Be, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Ti, V, Zn) was investigated by a simultaneous ICP-spectrometer. The results for some others (Ba, Cd, Ni, Sr, Zn) were obtained by using a sequential spectrometer.
AU  - Schramel, P.
C1  - 41132
C2  - 38506
SP  - 233-236
TI  - Improvement of ICP-measurements by using a water-cooled spray chamber [1].
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 320
IS  - 3
PY  - 1985
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Schramel, P.
AU  - Wolf, A.
AU  - Lill, G.
C1  - 41060
C2  - 38645
SP  - 471-477
TI  - Untersuchungen über die Eignung verschiedener Probearten als Indicatoren für Schwermetallbelastung.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 317
IS  - 3-4
PY  - 1984
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The preliminary partial factorial design (orthogonal test) and modified simplex optimization as well as univariate method were used to investigate the effects of small amounts of hydrogen added to three gas flows of an argon plasma on the signal and background intensities as well as their ratios for fourteen elements. According to the behaviour in such a plasma these fourteen elements can be divided into five groups. By the addition of hydrogen signal and background intensities were increased. The signal-tobackground ratio is not the only criterion to judge the performance of a plasma. Comparing with the pure argon plasma, also the signal-to-background ratios of all elements except for Ca and Mg decreased under the optimum parameters for Ca which was the extreme case in this study. The detection limits of Fe, Cd, Cr, V, Ni and Be were improved due to the increased signal intensity and more stable plasma. Ca can easily be used as an indicator to judge the performance of an argon-hydrogen plasma especially in the determination of heavy metals. Altogether, the behaviour of the following elements was studied: Al, Be, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, V, Zn.
AU  - Schramel, P.
AU  - Li-Qiang, X.
C1  - 42729
C2  - 36422
SP  - 229-239
TI  - Further investigation of an argon-hydrogen plasma in ICP-spectroscopy.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 319
IS  - 3
PY  - 1984
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Moss and soil samples, taken from a less polluted area, were dissolved by different ashing methods and the trace elements were determined by various analytical techniques. Some of the elements show a strong dependence on the ashing method used (in dependence on the soil type). Moss and soil samples taken at the same time and place can be used for investigation of short- and long-time environmental influence. The following ashing procedures have been used: pressure ashing, "aqua regia" attack and total ashing by HF-treatment. The analytical techniques applied were ICP-emission spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy and neutron activation analysis. By these methods the following elements have been determined: Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ti, V, Al, Mg, Ca, Hg, As, Se, Sb, Br.
AU  - Wolf, A.
AU  - Schramel, P.
AU  - Lill, G.
AU  - Hohn, H.
C1  - 41045
C2  - 38646
SP  - 512-519
TI  - Bestimmung von Spurenelementen in Moos- und Bodenproben zur Untersuchung der Eignung als Indicatoren für Umweltbelastungen.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 317
IS  - 5
PY  - 1984
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Es wird ein Schnell-Test-System zur massenspektrometrischen Bestimmung der Photostabilität organischer Verbindungen beschrieben. Die erzielten Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß die vorgeschlagene Methode zur Klassifizierung leicht flüchtiger Umweltchemikalien bezüglich ihrer Reaktivität gegenüber UV-Licht der Troposphäre besonders gut geeignet ist.
AU  - Parlar, H.A.
AU  - Coelhan, M.
AU  - Vaughan, D.*
AU  - Czermak, P.*
AU  - Köhler, U.*
AU  - Korte, F.*
C1  - 42429
C2  - 38303
SP  - 605-609
TI  - Gasphase-Massenanalysatorsystem zur Bestimmung der Photostabilität organischer Verbindungen unter simulierten troposphärischen Bedingungen.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 315
IS  - 7
PY  - 1983
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Der von Korte und Mitarbeitern in den OECD-Richtlinien vorgeschlagene Test zur Bestimmung der Photomineralisierung adsorbierter organischer Chemikalien wird mit Hilfe14C-markierter Testsubstanzen hinsichtlich seiner Durchführbarkeit und Reproduzierbarkeit untersucht. Die Beeinflussung der Meßergebnisse durch die Art der Probenvorbereitung und Versuchsdurchführung wird beschrieben.
AU  - Pfister, G.
AU  - Gäb, S.
AU  - Seltzer, H.*
AU  - Korte, F.*
C1  - 42740
C2  - 38309
SP  - 751-754
TI  - Zur Standardisierung des GSF-Tests: Bestimmung und Wertung von Einflußgrößen bei der Photomineralisierung.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 314
IS  - 8
PY  - 1983
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Nach Abtrennen des größten Teiles des in den Bodenaufschlüssen vorhandenen Eisens mit Acetylaceton/Chloroform wird Thallium durch eine Extraktion mit APDC/MIBK (Ammoniumpyrrolidin/Methylisobutylketon) mit anschließender Reextraktion mit Salpetersäure angereichert. Das Abtrennen des Eisens ist notwendig, um Störungen zu vermeiden. Nach der oben erwähnten Behandlung der Aufschlußlösungen können keine Störungen durch Begleitionen auf die Absorption des Thalliums beobachtet werden, jedoch nur dann, wenn Zirkonium-beschichtete Graphitrohre als Absorptionsvolumina verwendet werden. Wiederfindungsversuche bestätigten den quantitativen Verlauf von Extraktion und Reextraktion des Thalliums. Als Nachweisgrenze für Thallium wurde eine Konzentration von 0,007 mg/l ermittelt. Thallium wird um den Faktor fünf angereichert. Mit dem angegebenen Verfahren können neben Thallium, gleichgültig, ob es in ein- oder dreiwertiger Form vorliegt, auch noch Cd, Pb, Co und Ni bestimmt werden.    
AU  - Schmidt, W.F.
AU  - Dietl, F.
C1  - 41155
C2  - 38318
SP  - 687-690
TI  - Bestimmung von Thallium in Bodenaufschlüssen mit der flammenlosen Atomabsorption in Zirkonium-beschichteten Graphitrohren.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 315
IS  - 8
PY  - 1983
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Eine Methode wird beschrieben, bei der NBS-Standard-Referenzmaterial SRM 1571 (orchard leaves) als Multielement-Standard zur Bestimmung von 14 Elementen (einschließlich Haupt-, Neben- und Spurenelemente) in 2 NBS- und 3 BCR-Standardmaterialien mit Hilfe der simultanen ICP-Atomemissionsspektrometrie verwendet wurde. Sehr gute Übereinstimmung der Ergebnisse mit den zertifizierten Werten wurde für 11 Elemente erhalten. Niedrige Werte für Al, Ti und Fe waren auf unvollständigen Aufschluß (unzulängliche Extraktion) bei der Veraschung unter Druck mit Salpetersäure zurückzuführen. Diese 3 Werte können jedoch als salpetersäurelöslicher Anteil angesehen werden. Die Interelement-Störungen durch die Hauptbestandteile (Ca, Mg, Al, Mn, Fe) werden diskutiert und korrigiert. Die paarweisen Aufschlußlösungen von NBS SRM 1571 wurden auch als Standards zur Qualitätskontrolle benutzt. Das Verfahren ergibt genaue und zuverlässige Ergebnisse.
AU  - Schramel, P.
AU  - Li-Qiang, X.*
C1  - 42249
C2  - 38345
SP  - 671-677
TI  - Determination of 14 elements in botanical samples by simultaneous inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using standard reference material as multielement standard.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 314
IS  - 7
PY  - 1983
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Hoffmann-Fezer, G.
AU  - Eulitz, M.
AU  - Kummer, U.
AU  - Zeitler, H.J.
AU  - Thierfelder, S.S.
C1  - 42349
C2  - 36194
SP  - 349
TI  - Nachweis von Zellmarkern im histologischen Schnitt mittels monoklonaler Antikörper.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 311
IS  - 4
PY  - 1982
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The possibilities of ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) emission spectroscopy for the quantitative determination of trace elements in bio-medical (tissues, body-fluids) and in environmental samples (plants, soils, sludges) are discussed in alphabetical order of the elements by means of practical examples. In particular, possible matrix influences, physical interferences (overlapping), choice of the device parameters and comparison with other analytical methods are described.
AU  - Schramel, P.
AU  - Klose, B.J.*
AU  - Hasse, S.
C1  - 41476
C2  - 38929
SP  - 209-216
TI  - Die Leistungsfähigkeit der ICP-Emissionsspektroskopie zur Bestimmung von Spurenelementen in biologisch-medizinischen und in Umweltproben.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 310
IS  - 3-4
PY  - 1982
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The capacity of ICP-spectroscopy for routine application to sludge and soil for supervising the contamination by heavy metals is discussed by means of some special examples. A comparison between "aqua regia" - and total ashing of sludge samples is presented. For these experiments a 16-channel ICP-spectrometer has been applied. It is concluded that this method is well suitable for supervision purposes - also for large numbers of samples.
AU  - Schramel, P.
AU  - Li-Qiang, X.
AU  - Wolf, A.
AU  - Hasse, S.
C1  - 42655
C2  - 36487
SP  - 213-216
TI  - ICP-Emissionsspektroskopie: Ein analytisches Verfahren zur Klärschlamm- und Bodenüberwachung in der Routine.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 313
IS  - 3
PY  - 1982
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Ein teilmechanisiertes aus Quarz bestehendes System (Trace-0-Mat) wird beschrieben, das die vollständige Mineralisation fester organischer oder biologischer Proben bis zu Mengen von 1 g gestattet. Die Verbrennung findet dabei in reinem Sauerstoff in einer sehr kleinen Verbrennungskammer (etwa 75 cm3) statt, so daß anschließend die metallischen und nichtmetallischen Spurenelemente mit hoher Zuverlässigkeit bestimmt werden können. Die steuerbare Veraschung wird durch ein System von IR-Strahlern gestartet. Alle flüchtigen Spurenelemente (z. B. Hg, Se, Te, As, Sb, I) werden zusammen mit den Verbrennungsprodukten in einem Kühlsystem kondensiert, das mit flüssigem Stickstoff gefüllt und über der Verbrennungskammer angeordnet ist. Die sich an den gekühlten Flächen befindlichen flüchtigen sowie die in der Asche vorhandenen nichtflüchtigen Elemente werden durch Rückflußbehandlung mit einer kleinen Säuremenge (2 ml) gelöst und in einem Quarzglas unterhalb der Verbrennungskammer gesammelt. Die Wiederfindung der Elemente nach dem Aufschlußprozeß (50–60 min) wurde mit Hilfe von 7 NBS-Referenzmaterialien für folgende Elemente geprüft: B, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn (ICP-Emissionsspektrometrie), Cd, Pb (ETA-AAS), Hg (AAS-Kaltdampftechnik), As (AAS-Hydridmethode) und Se (Röntgenfluorescenz). Es ergab sich sehr gute Übereinstimmung mit den zertifizierten Werten. Diese neue und sehr allgemein anwendbare Aufschlußmethode weist nicht nur geringe Blindwerte auf, sondern vermeidet auch wesentliche Verluste der zu bestimmenden Elemente durch Verflüchtigung, Adsorption oder Zusammenbacken an der Quarzoberfläche. Durch die einfache Handhabung der Apparatur ist eine zuverlässige Bestimmung von Spurenelementen im μg/g- und ng/g-Bereich für die meisten nichtflüchtigen organischen Matrices gewährleistet.  
AU  - Knapp, G.*
AU  - Raptis, S.E.*
AU  - Kaiser, G.*
AU  - Tölg, G.*
AU  - Schramel, P.
AU  - Schreiber, B.E.*
C1  - 41136
C2  - 38132
SP  - 97-103
TI  - A partially mechanized system for the combustion of organic samples in a stream of oxygen with quantitative recovery of the trace elements.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 308
IS  - 2
PY  - 1981
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Die Anwendung der ICP-Emissionsspektralanalyse für die direkte Bestimmung von Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg und Na in menschlichem und tierischem Blutserum wird beschrieben. Aufgrund der hohen Anregungstemperatur in einem Plasma treten dabei die von der konventionellen Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie her bekannten chemischen Interferenzen nicht auf, so daß mit geringen Probenmengen (max. 1 ml Serum für den Nachweis dieser 6 Elemente) ein sehr empfindlicher und sehr gut reproduzierbarer Nachweis möglich ist.
AU  - Schramel, P.
AU  - Klose, B.J.
C1  - 33299
C2  - 38605
SP  - 26-30
TI  - Direktbestimmung von Cu, Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg und Na im Serum mittels ICP-Emissionsspektralanalyse.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 307
IS  - 1
PY  - 1981
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - The range of application was tested with different standard reference materials for the elements Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn. The results are presented. The analyses were performed by atomic absorption spectroscopy and ICP spectroscopy. This device offers the advantages of easy handling, of possible pressure measurement during the ashing process, and of the use of the quartz vessels, which may also be employed for storing.
AU  - Schramel, P.
AU  - Wolf, A.
AU  - Seif, R.
AU  - Klose, B.J.
C1  - 40913
C2  - 38859
SP  - 62-64
TI  - Eine neue Apparatur zur Druckveraschung von biologischem Material.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 302
IS  - 1
PY  - 1980
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Similar to AAS in flames, one of the most important factors in ICP-spectroscopy is the production of a suitable aerosol from the sample solution. The aim of this paper was, to investigate the influences of different acids and their different concentrations to the measured signal, by the example of Cu determination. A pneumatic and an ultrasonic nebulizer were applied. Sometimes strong differences as a function of the density of the solution could be observed.
AU  - Schramel, P.
AU  - Ovcar-Pavlu, J.
C1  - 42208
C2  - 38401
SP  - 28-31
TI  - Abhängigkeit des Meßsignals von der Säurekonzentration der Probe bei der ICP-Emissionsspektralanalyse.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 298
IS  - 1
PY  - 1979
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Preliminary investigations have shown, that considerable losses of lead occur during storage of the organic APDC/MIBK-extracts. Therefore, it was necessary to reextract lead into the aqueous phase by nitric acid. Investigations of recoveries confirmed, that extraction and reextraction of lead were quantitative. In this way the concentration of lead is increased by a factor of five. Mean standard deviations for four concentration ranges are given. A detection limit of 0.16 mg of Pb/l is obtained, which is lowered by the preceding enrichment to about 0.03 mg of Pb/l. Details of the procedure are given.
AU  - Schmidt, W.F.
AU  - Dietl, F.
C1  - 41315
C2  - 35702
SP  - 213-216
TI  - Anreicherung und Bestimmung von Blei in Boden- und Sedimentaufschlüssen und -extrakten mit der Flammenatomabsorption.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 291
IS  - 3
PY  - 1978
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - By means of micro-autoradiography incorporation studies of labelled compounds can be performed at the cellular level. The procedure described here aims at determining the amount of substances in terms of moles, incorporated into single cells. 14C is used as a label, since in contrast to tritium, the influence of β-self-absorption of this isotope is negligible. Every autoradiograph is exposed together with a standard consisting of 14C-methacrylate. Hereby the relation of grain density to radioactivity in an autoradiograph is given. Grain counts are performed in an incident light microphotometer which makes use of the linear relationship between silver grain number and amount of light reflected by the grains. Therefore, measurements are performed in an integrating manner. The usual transmitted light is available for selecting the labelled cells for measurement.
AU  - Dörmér, P.G.
AU  - Brinkmann, W.
C1  - 42417
C2  - 37903
SP  - 84-89
TI  - Incident light photometry of micro autoradiograms for quantitative incorporation studies with single cells.
JO  - Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.
VL  - 252
IS  - 2-3
PY  - 1970
SN  - 0016-1152
ER  -