TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: Monitoring dietary habits is crucial for identifying shortcomings and delineating countermeasures. About 20 years after the last population-based surveys in Bavaria and Germany, dietary habits were assessed to describe the intake distributions and compare these with recommendations at food and nutrient level. METHODS: The 3rd Bavarian Food Consumption Survey (BVS III) was designed as a diet survey representative of adults in Bavaria; from 2021 to 2023, repeated 24-h diet recalls were collected by telephone using the software GloboDiet©. Food (sub-)group and nutrient intake data were modeled with the so-called NCI method, weighted for the deviation from the underlying population. Intake distributions in men and women were described as percentiles. These data were used to estimate the proportion of persons meeting dietary intake recommendations. In addition, food consumption data were compared with the results reported 20 years ago collected by the same methodology (2nd Bavarian Food Consumption Survey, BVS II). RESULTS: Using 24-h diet recalls of 550 male and 698 female participants, we estimated intake distributions for food (sub-)groups and nutrients. A major proportion of the adult population does not meet the food-based dietary guidelines; this refers to a series of food groups, including fruit and vegetables, legumes, nuts, cereal products, and especially whole grain products, as well as fresh and processed meat. Regarding selected essential nutrients, a considerable proportion of the population was at higher risk of insufficiency from iron (women), zinc (men), and folate (both men and women), as already described in previous studies. CONCLUSION: A major proportion of the adult Bavarian population does not meet the current food-based dietary guidelines. Compared to BVS II data, favorable changes refer to lower consumption of total meat (especially processed meat) and soft drinks, and an increased intake of vegetables. The conclusions based on the intake of selected essential nutrients hardly changed over time. From a public health perspective, the still low intake of vegetables, fruit, nuts, cereal products, and particularly of whole grain products, and associated higher risks of insufficient supply of several vitamins and minerals call for action for improvement. AU - Rohm, F.* AU - Wawro, N. AU - Gimpfl, S.* AU - Ohlhaut, N.* AU - Senger, M.* AU - Röger, C.* AU - Kussmann, M.* AU - Gedrich, K.* AU - Linseisen, J.* C1 - 73150 C2 - 56931 CY - Avenue Du Tribunal Federal 34, Lausanne, Ch-1015, Switzerland TI - Does the habitual dietary intake of adults in Bavaria, Germany, match dietary intake recommendations? Results of the 3rd Bavarian Food Consumption Survey. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 11 PB - Frontiers Media Sa PY - 2025 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - As a journal page for full details. The ketogenic diet (KD) has been established as a treatment for epilepsy, but more recently it has been explored as an alternative or add-on therapy for many other diseases ranging from weight loss to neurological disorders. Animal models are widely used in studies investigating the therapeutic effects of the KD as well as underlying mechanisms. Especially in the context of neurological, psychiatric, and neurodevelopmental disorders essential endpoints are assessed by behavioral and motor tests. Here we summarized research evaluating the influence of the KD on cognition, depressive and anxiety-related behaviors, and social and nutritional behaviors of laboratory rodents. Each section contains a brief description of commonly used behavioral tests highlighting their limitations. Ninety original research articles, written in English, performed on mice or rats, providing measurement of blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels and behavioral evaluation were selected for the review. The majority of research performed in various disease models shows that the KD positively impacts cognition. Almost an equal number of studies report a reduction or no effect of the KD on depressive-related behaviors. For anxiety-related behaviors, the majority of studies show no effect. Despite the increasing use of the KD in weight loss and its appetite-reducing properties the behavioral evaluation of appetite regulation has not been addressed in preclinical studies. This review provides an overview of the behavioral effects of nutritional ketosis addressed to a broad audience of scientists interested in the KD field but not necessarily specializing in behavioral tests. AU - Grabowska, K.* AU - Grabowski, M.* AU - Przybyła, M.* AU - Pondel, N.* AU - Barski, J.J.* AU - Nowacka-Chmielewska, M.* AU - Liskiewicz, D. C1 - 70043 C2 - 55377 CY - Avenue Du Tribunal Federal 34, Lausanne, Ch-1015, Switzerland TI - Ketogenic diet and behavior: Insights from experimental studies. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 11 PB - Frontiers Media Sa PY - 2024 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Introduction: Changes in DNA methylation can increase or suppress the expression of health-relevant genes. We investigated for the first time the relationship between habitual food consumption and changes in DNA methylation. Methods: The German KORA FF4 and KORA Fit studies were used to study the change in methylation over a median follow-up of 4 years. Only subjects participating in both surveys and with available dietary and methylation data were included in the analysis (n = 465). DNA methylation was measured using the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip (Illumina), resulting in 735,527 shared CpGs across both studies. Generalized estimating equation models with an interaction term of exposure and time point were used to analyze the association of 34 food groups, folic acid, and two dietary patterns with changes in DNA methylation over time. Results: The results were corrected for genomic inflation. Significant interaction terms indicate different effects between both time points. We observed only a few significant associations between food intake and change in DNA methylation, except for cream and spirit consumption. The annotated genes include CLN3, PROM1, DLEU7, TLL2, and UGT1A10. Discussion: We identified weak associations between food consumption and DNA methylation change. The differential results for cream and spirits, both consumed in low quantities, require replication in independent studies. AU - Hellbach, F.* AU - Freuer, D.* AU - Meisinger, C.* AU - Peters, A. AU - Winkelmann, J. AU - Costeira, R.* AU - Hauner, H.* AU - Baumeister, S.E.* AU - Bell, J.T.* AU - Waldenberger, M. AU - Linseisen, J.* C1 - 69844 C2 - 55276 CY - Avenue Du Tribunal Federal 34, Lausanne, Ch-1015, Switzerland TI - Usual dietary intake and change in DNA methylation over years: EWAS in KORA FF4 and KORA fit. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 10 PB - Frontiers Media Sa PY - 2024 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coexistence of several chronic diseases is very common in older adults, making it crucial to understand multimorbidity (MM) patterns and associated mortality. We aimed to determine the prevalence of MM and common chronic disease combinations, as well as their impact on mortality in men and women aged 65 years and older using the population-based KORA-Age study, based in South of Germany. The chronic disease status of the participants was determined in 2008/9, and mortality status was followed up until 2016. MM was defined as having at least two chronic diseases. We used Cox proportional hazard models to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between MM and all-cause mortality. During the study period 495 men (24.6%) and 368 women (17.4%) died. Although the MM prevalence was almost the same in men (57.7%) and women (60.0%), the overall effect of MM on mortality was higher in men (HR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.47-2.24) than in women (HR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.01-1.64; p-value for interaction <0.001). The type of disease included in the MM patterns had a significant impact on mortality risk. For example, when both heart disease and diabetes were included in the combinations of two and three diseases, the mortality risk was highest. The risk of premature death does not only depend on the number of diseases but also on the specific disease combinations. In this study, life expectancy depended strongly on a few diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. AU - Arshadipour, A. AU - Thorand, B. AU - Linkohr, B. AU - Ladwig, K.H.* AU - Heier, M. AU - Peters, A. C1 - 67611 C2 - 53918 CY - Avenue Du Tribunal Federal 34, Lausanne, Ch-1015, Switzerland TI - Multimorbidity patterns and mortality in older adults: Results from the KORA-Age study. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 10 PB - Frontiers Media Sa PY - 2023 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The prevalence of allergies and obesity has been increased in parallel. Low vitamin D [25(OH)D] levels have been linked to both higher body mass index (BMI) and allergies. Since the activation of the 25(OH)D receptor inhibits IgE production and 25(OH)D influences the IgE response specifically, we tested the hypothesis that circulating 25(OH)D concentrations are negatively related to circulating allergen-specific IgE concentrations distinctly in a large adult population-based study cohort. Moreover, we studied VDR gene expression in paired biopsies of abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). We investigated whether magnetic resonance imaging-estimated visceral (VFM) and subcutaneous fat mass (SFM) are related to 25(OH)D levels. We found gender differences in circulating 25(OH)D and IgE concentrations. Participants with obesity showed lower 25(OH)D concentrations and higher IgE concentrations were detected in women only. Interestingly, participants with high levels of 25(OH)D are leaner and have improved glucose metabolism. In women, 25(OH)D correlate significant with VFM and SFM. VDR expression is significantly higher expressed in VAT and is positive associated with circulating 25(OH)D concentration. There was no association between serum IgE and 25(OH)D in the entire cohort. Based on these data, we could confirm that low levels of 25(OH)D are linked to higher BMI but could not prove our hypothesis because there is no relationship between 25(OH)D and IgE in adults. Women with higher BMI tend to have higher IgE levels what may have clinical relevance. The association between obesity and circulating 25(OH)D/IgE is not straightforward, and further knowledge is needed. AU - Avila Castillo, A.* AU - Hagemann, T. AU - Hoffmann, A. AU - Baber, R.* AU - Biemann, R.* AU - Wirkner, K.* AU - Krupka, S. AU - Stumvoll, M. AU - Blüher, M. AU - Klöting, N. C1 - 67602 C2 - 53909 CY - Avenue Du Tribunal Federal 34, Lausanne, Ch-1015, Switzerland TI - Associations between vitamin D, immunoglobulin E concentrations, and obesity. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 10 PB - Frontiers Media Sa PY - 2023 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The study of fermentation and brewing has a long history of pioneering discoveries that continue to influence modern industrial food production. Since then, numerous research endeavors have yielded conventional criteria that guide contemporary brewing practices. However, the intricate open challenges faced today necessitate a more exhaustive understanding of the process at the molecular scale. We have developed an ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis (FT-ICR-MS) of the brewing process that can rapidly and comprehensively resolve thousands of molecules. This approach allows us to track molecular fluctuation during brewing at the level of chemical compositions. Employing biological triplicates, our investigation of two brewing lines that are otherwise identical except for the malt used revealed over 8,000 molecular descriptors of the brewing process. Metabolite imprints of both the similarities and differences arising from deviating malting temperatures were visualized. Additionally, we translated traditional brewing attributes such as the EBC-value, free amino nitrogen, pH-value, and concentration curves of specific molecules, into highly correlative molecular patterns consisting of hundreds of metabolites. These in-depth molecular imprints provide a better understanding of the molecular circumstances leading to various changes throughout the brewing process. Such chemical maps go beyond the observation of traditional brewing attributes and are of great significance in the investigation strategies of current open challenges in brewing research. The molecular base of knowledge, along with advancements in technological and data integration schemes, can facilitate the efficient monitoring of brewing and other productions processes. AU - Pieczonka, S. AU - Zarnkow, M.* AU - Ampenberger, F.* AU - Gastl, M.* AU - Rychlik, M.* AU - Schmitt-Kopplin, P. C1 - 68682 C2 - 54888 CY - Avenue Du Tribunal Federal 34, Lausanne, Ch-1015, Switzerland TI - FT-ICR-MS reveals the molecular imprints of the brewing process. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 10 PB - Frontiers Media Sa PY - 2023 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - INTRODUCTION: The ability to metabolize fructose to bypass the glucose pathway in near-anaerobic conditions appears to contribute to the extreme hypoxia tolerance of the naked-mole rats. Therefore, we hypothesized that exogenous fructose could improve endurance capacity and cognitive performance in humans exposed to hypoxia. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, 26 healthy adults (9 women, 17 men; 28.8 ± 8.1 (SD) years) ingested 75 g fructose, 82.5 g glucose, or placebo during acute hypoxia exposure (13% oxygen in a normobaric hypoxia chamber, corresponding to oxygen partial pressure at altitude of ~3,800 m) on separate days. We measured exercise duration, heart rate, SpO2, blood gasses, and perceived exertion during a 30-min incremental load test followed by Farnsworth-Munsell 100 Hue (FM-100) color vision testing and the unstable tracking task (UTT) to probe eye-hand coordination performance. RESULTS: Exercise duration in hypoxia was 21.13 ± 0.29 (SEM) min on fructose, 21.35 ± 0.29 min on glucose, and 21.35 ± 0.29 min on placebo (p = 0.86). Heart rate responses and perceived exertion did not differ between treatments. Total error score (TES) during the FM-100 was 47.1 ± 8.0 on fructose, 45.6 ± 7.6 on glucose and 53.3 ± 9.6 on placebo (p = 0.35) and root mean square error (RMSE) during the UTT was 15.1 ± 1.0, 15.1 ± 1.0 and 15.3 ± 0.9 (p = 0.87). DISCUSSION: We conclude that oral fructose intake in non-acclimatized healthy humans does not acutely improve exercise performance and cognitive performance during moderate hypoxia. Thus, hypoxia tolerance in naked mole-rats resulting from oxygen-conserving fructose utilization, cannot be easily reproduced in humans. AU - Post, T.E.* AU - Schmitz, J.* AU - Denney, C.* AU - De Gioannis, R.* AU - Weiß, H.* AU - Pesta, D.* AU - Peter, A. AU - Birkenfeld, A.L. AU - Haufe, S.* AU - Tegtbur, U.* AU - Frings-Meuthen, P.* AU - Ewald, A.C.* AU - Aeschbach, D.* AU - Jordan, J.* C1 - 68030 C2 - 54508 CY - Avenue Du Tribunal Federal 34, Lausanne, Ch-1015, Switzerland TI - Oral fructose intake does not improve exercise, visual, or cognitive performance during acute normobaric hypoxia in healthy humans. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 10 PB - Frontiers Media Sa PY - 2023 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - A comprehensive understanding of how dietary components impact immunoregulatory gene expression in adipose tissue (AT) and liver, and their respective contributions to metabolic health in mice, remains limited. The current study aimed to investigate the metabolic consequences of a high-sucrose diet (HSD) and a high-fat diet (HFD) in female mice with a focus on differential lipid- and sucrose-induced changes in immunoregulatory gene expression in AT and liver. Female C57BL/6 J mice were fed a purified and macronutrient matched high fat, high sugar, or control diets for 12 weeks. Mice were extensively phenotyped, including glucose and insulin tolerance tests, adipose and liver gene and protein expression analysis by qPCR and Western blot, tissue lipid analyses, as well as histological analyses. Compared to the control diet, HSD- and HFD-fed mice had significantly higher body weights, with pronounced obesity along with glucose intolerance and insulin resistance only in HFD-fed mice. HSD-fed mice exhibited an intermediate phenotype, with mild metabolic deterioration at the end of the study. AT lipid composition was significantly altered by both diets, and inflammatory gene expression was only significantly induced in HFD-fed mice. In the liver however, histological analysis revealed that both HSD- and HFD-fed mice had pronounced ectopic lipid deposition indicating hepatic steatosis, but more pronounced in HSD-fed mice. This was in line with significant induction of pro-inflammatory gene expression specifically in livers of HSD-fed mice. Overall, our findings suggest that HFD consumption in female mice induces more profound inflammation in AT with pronounced deterioration of metabolic health, whereas HSD induced more pronounced hepatic steatosis and inflammation without yet affecting glucose metabolism. AU - Weiner, J.* AU - Dommel, S. AU - Gebhardt, C. AU - Hanschkow, M.* AU - Popkova, Y.* AU - Krause, K.* AU - Klöting, N. AU - Blüher, M. AU - Schiller, J.* AU - Heiker, J.T. C1 - 68785 C2 - 55157 CY - Avenue Du Tribunal Federal 34, Lausanne, Ch-1015, Switzerland TI - Differential expression of immunoregulatory cytokines in adipose tissue and liver in response to high fat and high sugar diets in female mice. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 10 PB - Frontiers Media Sa PY - 2023 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - In recent years, bile acids (BA) have received great interest due to their pleiotropic biological activity and the presence of plasma membrane-bound and nuclear receptors. Moreover, BA in blood have been identified by metabolite screening approaches as biomarkers that are associated with various diseases and even with a human longevity phenotype. With the growing interest in the microbiota contribution to the health-disease trajectory, BA that undergo deconjugation and other modifications by bacteria in the large intestine have become a prime target as a microbiome diversity modifier. We here profiled BA by a quantitative and a semiquantitative approach in 15 healthy and phenotypically very similar young individuals for over a 36-h fasting period, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and an oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT). We demonstrate a remarkable heterogeneity of the responses and describe the different dynamics of the plasma changes that likely originate from different routes by which BA enters the peripheral blood, and that may represent a direct secretion from the liver into the blood and a route that reaches the blood as a spill-over after passing from the gallbladder through the intestine and the portal system. We discuss the finding that an individual transport process involved in the passage of BA could be a critical determinant in the kinetics of plasma appearance and the overall phenotypic variability found. AU - Fiamoncini, J.* AU - Rist, M.J.* AU - Frommherz, L.* AU - Giesbertz, P.* AU - Pfrang, B.* AU - Kremer, W.* AU - Huber, F.* AU - Kastenmüller, G. AU - Skurk, T.* AU - Hauner, H.* AU - Suhre, K.* AU - Daniel, H.* AU - Kulling, S.E.* C1 - 65918 C2 - 52987 TI - Dynamics and determinants of human plasma bile acid profiles during dietary challenges. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 9 PY - 2022 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Introduction: The main cause of insulin resistance in childhood is obesity, which contributes to future comorbidities as in adults. Although high-calorie diets and lack of exercise contribute to metabolic disease development, food quality rather than the quantity of macronutrients is more important than food density. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of changing the quality of carbohydrates from rapidly to slowly digestible carbohydrates on the composition of the gut microbiota and the profiles of the functional pathways in growing rats with obesity due to a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods: During the course of 4 weeks, rats growing on an HFD-containing carbohydrates with different digestive rates were fed either HFD-containing carbohydrates with a rapid digestion rate (OBE group) or HFD-containing carbohydrates with a slow digestion rate (OBE-ISR group). A non-obese group (NOB) was included as a reference, and rats were fed on a rodent standard diet (AIN93G). An analysis of gut microbiota was conducted using 16S rRNA-based metagenomics; a linear mixed-effects model (LMM) was used to determine changes in abundance between baseline and 4 weeks of treatment, and functional pathways were identified. Gut microbiota composition at bacterial diversity and relative abundance, at phylum and genus levels, and functional profiles were analyzed by integrating the Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) database. Results: The groups showed comparable gut microbiota at baseline. At the end of the treatment, animals from the ISR group exhibited differences at the phylum levels by decreasing the diversity of Fisher’s index and Firmicutes (newly named as Bacillota), and increasing the Pielou’s evenness and Bacteroidetes (newly named as Bacteroidota); at the genus level by increasing Alistipes, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Butyricimonas, Lachnoclostridium, Flavonifractor, Ruminiclostridium 5, and Faecalibaculum and decreasing Muribaculum, Blautia, and Ruminiclostridium 9. Remarkably, relative abundances of genera Tyzzerella and Angelakisella were higher in the OBE group compared to NOB and OBE-ISR groups. In addition, some microbiota carbohydrate metabolism pathways such as glycolysis, glucuronic acid degradation, pentose phosphate pathway, methanogenesis, and fatty acid biosynthesis exhibited increased activity in the OBE-ISR group after the treatment. Higher levels of acetate and propionate were found in the feces of the ISR group compared with the NOB and OBE groups. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that replacing rapidly digestible carbohydrates with slowly digestible carbohydrates within an HFD improve the composition of the gut microbiota. Consequently, metabolic disturbances associated with obesity may be prevented. AU - Plaza-Díaz, J.* AU - Manzano, M.* AU - Ruiz Ojeda, F.J. AU - Giron, M.D.* AU - Salto, R.* AU - López-Pedrosa, J.M.* AU - Santos-Fandila, A.* AU - Garcia-Corcoles, M.T.* AU - Rueda, R.* AU - Gil, A.* C1 - 67059 C2 - 53436 CY - Avenue Du Tribunal Federal 34, Lausanne, Ch-1015, Switzerland TI - Intake of slow-digesting carbohydrates is related to changes in the microbiome and its functional pathways in growing rats with obesity induced by diet. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Media Sa PY - 2022 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Yeasts are reported to be rich in folates, a group of vitamers known to be involved in several biosynthetic reactions such as methylation reactions, oxidation and reduction processes, and nucleotide synthesis. Not being able to synthesize folates, humans rely on external folate supply. Here, we show the application of LC/MS-MS methods using SIDA (stable isotope dilution analysis) assays for the quantitative analysis of different folate mono- and polyglutamates during growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecular networking (MN) was applied for detailed analysis of further folate metabolites. Highest folate contents of 13,120 μg/100 g were observed after 20 h of cultivation. The main vitamers 5-CH3-H4folate and H4folate decreased during cultivation, while 5-CHO-H4folate increased during cultivation. The hexa- and heptaglutamate of 5-CH3-H4folate accounted for >96% of the total 5-CH3-H4folate content. A shift of the major polyglutamate from hexa- to heptaglutamate was observed after 29 h. MN unraveled two groups of novel folates which could be assigned to a potentially existing C2-metabolism in yeast. In detail, 5,10-ethenyl-tetrahydrofolate and a further CO-substituted 5-CH3-H4folate were identified as hexa- and heptaglutamates. The latter was neither identified as 5-acetyl-tetrahydrofolate nor as EthylFox, the oxidation product of 5-ethyl-tetrahydrofolate. The structure needs to be elucidated in future studies. AU - Schillert, L.* AU - Wirtz, D.* AU - Weber, N.* AU - Schaller, F.* AU - Striegel, L.* AU - Schmitt-Kopplin, P. AU - Rychlik, M.* C1 - 66603 C2 - 53238 TI - Metabolic folate profiling as a function of time during cultivation suggests potential C2-metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 9 PY - 2022 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Food intake triggers extensive changes in the blood metabolome. The kinetics of these changes depend on meal composition and on intrinsic, health-related characteristics of each individual, making the assessment of changes in the postprandial metabolome an opportunity to assess someone's metabolic status. To enable the usage of dietary challenges as diagnostic tools, profound knowledge about changes that occur in the postprandial period in healthy individuals is needed. In this study, we characterize the time-resolved changes in plasma levels of 634 metabolites in response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), an oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT), and a mixed meal (SLD) in healthy young males (n = 15). Metabolite levels for samples taken at different time points (20 per individual) during the challenges were available from targeted (132 metabolites) and non-targeted (502 metabolites) metabolomics. Almost half of the profiled metabolites (n = 308) showed a significant change in at least one challenge, thereof 111 metabolites responded exclusively to one particular challenge. Examples include azelate, which is linked to ω-oxidation and increased only in OLTT, and a fibrinogen cleavage peptide that has been linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular events in diabetes patients and increased only in OGTT, making its postprandial dynamics a potential target for risk management. A pool of 89 metabolites changed their plasma levels during all three challenges and represents the core postprandial response to food intake regardless of macronutrient composition. We used fuzzy c-means clustering to group these metabolites into eight clusters based on commonalities of their dynamic response patterns, with each cluster following one of four primary response patterns: (i) "decrease-increase" (valley-like) with fatty acids and acylcarnitines indicating the suppression of lipolysis, (ii) "increase-decrease" (mountain-like) including a cluster of conjugated bile acids and the glucose/insulin cluster, (iii) "steady decrease" with metabolites reflecting a carryover from meals prior to the study, and (iv) "mixed" decreasing after the glucose challenge and increasing otherwise. Despite the small number of subjects, the diversity of the challenges and the wealth of metabolomic data make this study an important step toward the characterization of postprandial responses and the identification of markers of metabolic processes regulated by food intake. AU - Weinisch, P. AU - Fiamoncini, J.* AU - Schranner, D. AU - Raffler, J. AU - Skurk, T.* AU - Rist, M.J.* AU - Römisch-Margl, W. AU - Prehn, C. AU - Adamski, J. AU - Hauner, H.* AU - Daniel, H.* AU - Suhre, K.* AU - Kastenmüller, G. C1 - 66335 C2 - 52788 TI - Dynamic patterns of postprandial metabolic responses to three dietary challenges. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 9 PY - 2022 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Glucagon (GCGN) plays a key role in glucose and amino acid (AA) metabolism by increasing hepatic glucose output. AA strongly stimulate GCGN secretion which regulates hepatic AA degradation by ureagenesis. Although increased fasting GCGN levels cause hyperglycemia GCGN has beneficial actions by stimulating hepatic lipolysis and improving insulin sensitivity through alanine induced activation of AMPK. Indeed, stimulating prandial GCGN secretion by isocaloric high protein diets (HPDs) strongly reduces intrahepatic lipids (IHLs) and improves glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, the role of GCGN and circulating AAs in metabolic improvements in 31 patients with T2DM consuming HPD was investigated. Six weeks HPD strongly coordinated GCGN and AA levels with IHL and insulin sensitivity as shown by significant correlations compared to baseline. Reduction of IHL during the intervention by 42% significantly improved insulin sensitivity [homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) or hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps] but not fasting GCGN or AA levels. By contrast, GCGN secretion in mixed meal tolerance tests (MMTTs) decreased depending on IHL reduction together with a selective reduction of GCGN-regulated alanine levels indicating greater GCGN sensitivity. HPD aligned glucose metabolism with GCGN actions. Meal stimulated, but not fasting GCGN, was related to reduced liver fat and improved insulin sensitivity. This supports the concept of GCGN-induced hepatic lipolysis and alanine- and ureagenesis-induced activation of AMPK by HPD. AU - Zhang, J.* AU - Pivovarova-Ramich, O.* AU - Kabisch, S.* AU - Markova, M.* AU - Hornemann, S.* AU - Sucher, S.* AU - Rohn, S.* AU - Machann, J. AU - Pfeiffer, A.F.H.* C1 - 65361 C2 - 52268 TI - High protein diets improve liver fat and insulin sensitivity by prandial but not fasting glucagon secretion in type 2 diabetes. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 9 PY - 2022 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objectives: An observed variation in the risk of celiac disease, according to the season of birth, suggests that vitamin D may affect the development of the disease. The aim of this study was to investigate if vitamin D concentration is associated with the risk of celiac disease autoimmunity (CDA) in genetically at-risk children. Study Design: Children prospectively followed in the multinational The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young study, conducted at six centers in Europe and the US, were selected for a 1-to-3 nested case-control study. In total, 281 case-control sets were identified. CDA was defined as positivity for tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies (tTGA) on two or more consecutive visits. Vitamin D was measured as 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in all plasma samples prior to, and including, the first tTGA positive visit. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the association between 25(OH)D and risk of CDA. Results: No significant association was seen between 25(OH)D concentrations (per 5 nmol/L increase) and risk for CDA development during early infancy (odds ratio [OR] 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95-1.04) or childhood (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.97-1.07). When categorizing 25(OH)D concentrations, there was an increased risk of CDA with 25(OH)D concentrations <30 nmol/L (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.29, 3.84) and >75 nmol/L (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.28-3.44) in early infancy, as compared with 50-75 nmol/L. Conclusion: This study indicates that 25(OH)D concentrations <30 nmol/L and >75 nmol/L during early infancy were associated with an increased risk of developing CDA in genetically at-risk children. The non-linear relationship raises the need for more studies on the possible role of 25(OH)D in the relation to celiac disease onset. AU - Andrén Aronsson, C.* AU - Liu, X.* AU - Norris, J.M.* AU - Uusitalo, U.* AU - Butterworth, M.D.* AU - Koletzko, S.* AU - Virtanen, S.M.* AU - Erlund, I.* AU - Kurppa, K.* AU - Hagopian, W.A.* AU - Rewers, M.J.* AU - She, J.X.* AU - Toppari, J.* AU - Ziegler, A.-G. AU - Akolkar, B.* AU - Krischer, J.P.* AU - Agardh, D.* C1 - 63177 C2 - 51369 CY - Avenue Du Tribunal Federal 34, Lausanne, Ch-1015, Switzerland TI - 25(OH)D levels in infancy is associated with celiac disease autoimmunity in at-risk children: A case-control study. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Media Sa PY - 2021 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recent studies have shown an association between iron homeostasis, obesity and diabetes. In this work, we investigated the differences in the metabolic status and inflammation in liver, pancreas and visceral adipose tissue of leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice dependent on high iron concentration diet. 3-month-old male BKS-Leprdb/db/JOrlRj (db/db) mice were divided into two groups, which were fed with different diets containing high iron (29 g/kg, n = 57) or standard iron (0.178 g/kg; n = 42) concentrations for 4 months. As anticipated, standard iron-fed db/db mice developed obesity and diabetes. However, high iron-fed mice exhibited a wide heterogeneity. By dividing into two subgroups at the diabetes level, non-diabetic subgroup 1 (<13.5 mmol/l, n = 30) significantly differed from diabetic subgroup two (>13.5 mmol/l, n = 27). Blood glucose concentration, HbA1c value, inflammation markers interleukin six and tumor necrosis factor α and heme oxygenase one in visceral adipose tissue were reduced in subgroup one compared to subgroup two. In contrast, body weight, C-peptide, serum insulin and serum iron concentrations, pancreatic islet and signal ratio as well as cholesterol, LDL and HDL levels were enhanced in subgroup one. While these significant differences require further studies and explanation, our results might also explain the often-contradictory results of the metabolic studies with db/db mice. AU - Paeschke, S.* AU - Winter, K.* AU - Bechmann, I.* AU - Klöting, N. AU - Blüher, M. AU - Baum, P.* AU - Kosacka, J.* AU - Nowicki, M.* C1 - 63274 C2 - 51448 CY - Avenue Du Tribunal Federal 34, Lausanne, Ch-1015, Switzerland TI - Leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice show significant heterogeneity in response to high non-heme iron diet. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Media Sa PY - 2021 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Introduction: Nutritional habits and requirements are changing over the lifespan, but the dynamics of nutritional issues and the diet-health relationship in the major stages of the human life cycle are not sufficiently understood. A human phenotyping research platform for nutrition studies was established to recruit and phenotype selected population groups across different stages of life. The project is the backbone of the highly interdisciplinary enable competence cluster of nutrition research aiming to identify dietary determinants of a healthy life throughout the lifespan and to develop healthier and tasty convenience foods with high consumer acceptance.Methods: The phenotyping program included anthropometry, body composition analysis, assessment of energy metabolism, health and functional status, multisensory perception, metabolic phenotyping, lifestyle, sociodemography, chronobiology, and assessment of dietary intake including food preferences and aversions.Results: In total, 503 healthy volunteers at four defined phases of life including 3-5-year old children (n = 44), young adults aged 18-25 years (n = 94), adults aged 40-65 years ("middle agers," n = 205), and older adults aged 75-85 years (n = 160) were recruited and comprehensively phenotyped. Plasma, serum, buffy coat, urine, feces and saliva samples were collected and stored at -80 degrees C. Significant differences in anthropometric and metabolic parameters between the four groups were found. A major finding was the decrease in fat-free mass and the concomitant increase in % body fat in both sexes across the adult lifespan.Conclusions: The dataset will provide novel information on differences in diet-related parameters over the lifespan and is available for targeted analyses. We expect that this novel platform approach will have implications for the development of innovative food products tailored to promote healthy eating throughout life. AU - Brandl, B.* AU - Skurk, T.* AU - Rennekamp, R.* AU - Hannink, A.* AU - Kiesswetter, E.* AU - Freiherr, J.* AU - Ihsen, S.* AU - Roosen, J.* AU - Klingenspor, M.* AU - Haller, D.* AU - Krautwurst, D.* AU - Hofmann, T.* AU - Linseisen, J. AU - Volkert, D.* AU - Hauner, H.* C1 - 60545 C2 - 49362 CY - Avenue Du Tribunal Federal 34, Lausanne, Ch-1015, Switzerland TI - A phenotyping latform to characterize healthy individuals across four stages of life - the enable study. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 7 PB - Frontiers Media Sa PY - 2020 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Predictions about the future knowledge of the "complete" food metabolome may be assayed based on the laws of Moore and Kurzweil, who foresee a technological development on exponential behavior. The application of these laws allows us to extrapolate and predict roughly when each single metabolite in foods could be (1) known, (2) detectable, and (3) identifiable. To avoid huge additional uncertainties, we restrict the range of metabolites to those in unprocessed foods. From current metabolite databases and their coverage over time, the conservative number of all considered food metabolites can be estimated to be 500,000, predicting them being known by around 2025. Assuming these laws and extrapolating the current developments in chromatography and mass spectrometry technology, the year 2032 can be estimated, when single molecule detection will be possible in "routine" mass spectrometry. A possible forecast for the identification of all food metabolites, however, is much more difficult and estimated at the earliest in 2041 as the year when this may be achieved. However, the real prediction uncertainty is extreme and is discussed in the essay presented here. AU - Rychlik, M.* AU - Schmitt-Kopplin, P. C1 - 58622 C2 - 48298 CY - Avenue Du Tribunal Federal 34, Lausanne, Ch-1015, Switzerland TI - Reading from the crystal ball: The laws of Moore and Kurzweil applied to mass spectrometry in food analysis. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 7 PB - Frontiers Media Sa PY - 2020 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Estimation of usual dietary intake poses a challenge in epidemiological studies. We applied a blended approach that combines the strengths provided by repeated 24-h food lists (24HFLs) and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Methods: At least two web-based 24HFLs and one FFQ were completed by 821 participants in the KORA FF4 study. Consumption probabilities were estimated using logistic mixed models, adjusting for covariates and the FFQ data on consumption frequency. Intake amount of a consumed food item was predicted for each participant based on the results of the second Bavarian Food Consumption Survey (BVS II). By combining consumption probability and estimated consumption amount, the usual food intake for each participant was estimated. These results were compared to results obtained without considering FFQ information for consumption probability estimation, as well as to conventional FFQ data. Results: The results of the blended approach for food group intake were often higher than the FFQ-based results. Intraclass correlation coefficients between both methods ranged between 0.21 and 0.86. Comparison of both methods resulted in weighted kappa values based on quintiles ranging from fair (0.34) to excellent agreement (0.84). Omission of FFQ information in the consumption probability models distinctly affected the results at the group level, though individual intake data were slightly affected, for the most part. Conclusions: Usual dietary intake data based on the blended approach differs from the FFQ-based results both in absolute terms and in classification according to quintiles. The application of the blended approach has been demonstrated as a possible tool in nutritional epidemiology, as a comparison with published studies showed that the blended approach yields reasonable estimates. The inclusion of the FFQ information is valuable especially with regard to irregularly consumed foods. A validation study including biomarkers of dietary intake is warranted. AU - Mitry, P. AU - Wawro, N. AU - Six-Merker, J. AU - Zoller, D. AU - Jourdan, C. AU - Meisinger, C. AU - Thierry, S. AU - Nöthlings, U.* AU - Knüppel, S.* AU - Boeing, H.* AU - Linseisen, J. C1 - 56968 C2 - 47374 TI - Usual dietary intake estimation based on a combination of repeated 24-h food lists and a food frequency questionnaire in the KORA FF4 Cross-Sectional Study. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 6 PY - 2019 SN - 2296-861X ER - TY - JOUR AB - The gastrointestinal peptide hormone ghrelin is the endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (a.k.a. ghrelin receptor, GHR). Currently, ghrelin is the only circulating peripheral hormone with the ability to promote a positive energy balance by stimulating food intake while decreasing energy expenditure and body fat utilization, as defined in rodents. Based on these and additional, beneficial effects on metabolism, the endogenous ghrelin system is considered an attractive target to treat diverse pathological conditions including those associated with eating/wasting disorders and cachexia. As the pharmacological potential of ghrelin is hampered by its relatively short half-life, ghrelin analogs with enhanced pharmacokinetics offer the potential to sustainably improve metabolism. One of these ghrelin analogs is the pentapeptide RM-131, which promotes food intake and adiposity with higher potency as compared to native ghrelin in rodents. Whereas, the effect of RM-131 on energy metabolism is solidly confirmed in rodents, it remains elusive whether RM-131 exerts its effect solely via the ghrelin receptor. Accordingly, we assessed the receptor specificity of RM-131 to promote food intake and adiposity in mice lacking the GHR. Our data show that in wildtype mice RM-131 potently promotes weight gain and adiposity through stimulation of food intake. However, RM-131 fails to affect food intake and body weight in mice lacking the GHR, underlining that the anabolic effects of RM-131 are mediated via the ghrelin receptor in mice. AU - Fischer, K. AU - Finan, B. AU - Clemmensen, C. AU - van der Ploeg, L.H.T.* AU - Tschöp, M.H. AU - Müller, T.D. C1 - 43149 C2 - 36023 TI - The pentapeptide RM-131 promotes food intake and adiposity in wildtype mice but not in mice lacking the ghrelin receptor. JO - Front. Nutr. VL - 1 PY - 2015 SN - 2296-861X ER -