TY  - JOUR
AB  - BACKGROUND: Despite considerable improvements in oral health in recent decades, caries and periodontitis are still widespread, ranking among the most prevalent diseases worldwide and requiring future research. The German National Cohort (NAKO Gesundheitsstudie, NAKO) is a large-scaled, multidisciplinary, nationwide, multi-centre, population-based, prospective cohort study with oral examinations that aims to provide a resource to study risk factors for major diseases. The aim of the present article is to provide the methodological background, to report on the data quality, and to present initial results of the oral examinations. METHODS: During baseline examinations (2014-2019), a total of 205,184 persons aged 19-74 years has been examined in 18 study centres, including, among others, a dental interview, stimulated saliva sampling, and recording of the numbers of present teeth and prostheses (standard Level 1 program). As part of the Level 2 program that was offered to 20% randomly selected participants, each study centre selected one of three modules, one of them being the Level 2 oral examination. This extended program was carried out in a subgroup of 20,828 participants, including collection of detailed information on the dental and prosthetic status as well as on periodontal, cariological and functional aspects. To ensure reliability and reproducibility, study nurses were trained and calibrated by dental experts. In addition, a reliability study was conducted among 794 Level 1 and 359 Level 2 participants, reporting intra class correlation and kappa coefficients. RESULTS: Intra class correlation and kappa coefficients for observer agreement and reliability were consistently above 0.7, indicating good to excellent reliability of all dental measurements. For example, intra class correlation was 0.937 for the number of present teeth (Level 1), 0.740 for mean probing depth (PD) and 0.797 for active mouth opening. An initial inspection of the data showed that the median number of present teeth was 27, of which on average 6.9 teeth were healthy and caries-free. Average mean PD was 1.92 mm. An orthodontic treatment was reported by 35.5% of participants. DISCUSSION: Overall, the dental study protocol was feasible and successfully integrated into the NAKO's overall assessment program. However, rigorous support of the study centres by dental professionals was required to ensure high quality data. In summary, high-quality data collection within the NAKO pave the way for future investigation of potential risk factors for oral diseases and links between oral and systemic diseases and conditions.
AU  - Samietz, S.*
AU  - Borof, K.*
AU  - Hertrampf, K.*
AU  - Aarabi, G.*
AU  - Ciardo, A.*
AU  - Finke, H.*
AU  - Hagenfeld, D.*
AU  - Kühnisch, J.*
AU  - Rütters, M.*
AU  - Baumeister, S.E.*
AU  - Reckelkamm, S.L.*
AU  - Kim, T.S.*
AU  - Kocher, T.*
AU  - Ahrens, W.*
AU  - Brenner, H.*
AU  - Emmel, C.*
AU  - Fischer, B.*
AU  - Führer, A.*
AU  - Greiser, K.H.*
AU  - Grischke, J.*
AU  - Günther, K.*
AU  - Harth, V.*
AU  - Jaskulski, S.*
AU  - Karch, A.*
AU  - Keil, T.*
AU  - Kemmling, Y.*
AU  - Kluttig, A.*
AU  - Krist, L.*
AU  - Kuss, O.*
AU  - Leitzmann, M.*
AU  - Meinke-Franze, C.*
AU  - Michels, K.B.*
AU  - Obi, N.*
AU  - Peters, A.
AU  - Pischon, N.*
AU  - Pischon, T.*
AU  - Schipf, S.*
AU  - Schmidt, B.*
AU  - Teismann, H.*
AU  - Rupf, S.*
AU  - Holtfreter, B.*
C1  - 73216
C2  - 56964
CY  - Campus, 4 Crinan St, London N1 9xw, England
TI  - Dental and oral health assessments in the German National Cohort (NAKO).
JO  - BMC Oral Health
VL  - 25
IS  - 1
PB  - Bmc
PY  - 2025
SN  - 1472-6831
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Background Sugar-sweetened drinks (SSDs) are known to be cariogenic, but this association has not been well investigated in population-based repeated cross-sectional studies in recent years. Therefore, this study examined whether SSD intake is associated with higher caries experience in 10- and 15-year-olds. Methods The study sample included participants from the Munich study centre of two birth cohorts with data on non-cavitated caries lesions (NCCL/S), caries experience (DMF/S index), overall caries burden (DMF + NCCL/S) and SSD intake. In total, 915 and 996 children were included from the 10- and 15-year follow-ups, respectively. Intake (g/day) of SSDs, comprising cola, lemonade, ice-tea, sport/energy drinks, fruit squashes and nectars, was calculated from food frequency questionnaires. For analyses, the SSD intake was converted into portions (250 ml/day). Multiple logistic regression and prospective analysis models were performed to test associations between SSD intake and various definitions of caries, adjusting for sex, parental education, body mass index (BMI) categories, study cohort, plaque-affected sextants, mode of SSD consumption, energy content of SSDs, and total energy intake. Results The mean overall caries burden at 10 and 15 years of age was 1.81 (SD: 2.71) and 6.04 (SD: 8.13), respectively. The average consumption of SSDs at the 10- and 15-year follow-ups was 0.48 (SD: 0.85) and 0.83 (SD 1.40) portions/day, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, in 10-year-olds, SSD intake was significantly associated with higher caries experience based on the indices DMF/S (adjusted odds ratio: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.06-1.57), NCCL/S (1.24; 1.03-1.49) and DMF + NCCL/S (1.27; 1.05-1.55). At the 15-year follow-up, SSD consumption was significantly associated with increased DMF/S index (1.12; 1.01-1.25) only. Prospective model associating 10-year SSD intake with 15-year caries experience was not significant. Conclusions SSD intake significantly increases the caries burden in 10-year-olds, with attenuated effects in 15-year-olds. To prevent caries, SSD consumption should be reduced, especially in children and adolescents.
AU  - Pitchika, V.*
AU  - Standl, M.
AU  - Harris, C.
AU  - Thiering, E.
AU  - Hickel, R.*
AU  - Heinrich, J.
AU  - Kühnisch, J.*
C1  - 58644
C2  - 48376
CY  - Campus, 4 Crinan St, London N1 9xw, England
TI  - Association of sugar-sweetened drinks with caries in 10-and 15-year-olds.
JO  - BMC Oral Health
VL  - 20
IS  - 1
PB  - Bmc
PY  - 2020
SN  - 1472-6831
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - BACKGROUND: To investigate the periodontal disease status in a multi-center cross-sectional study in Germany. Associations of dental, socio-economic, blood and biomedical variables with periodontal outcome parameters were evaluated. METHODS: From 4 different centers N = 311 persons were included, drawn randomly from the registration offices. Maximal pocket depth (PD) was used as primary indicator for periodontitis. It was classified as: no/mild ≤3 mm, moderate 4-5 mm, severe ≥6 mm. Associations between socioeconomic (household income, education), lifestyle, and biomedical factors and PD or bleeding on probing (BOP) per site ("Yes"/"No") was analyzed with logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Mean age of subjects was 46.4 (range 20-77) years. A significantly higher risk of deeper pockets for smokers (OR = 2.4, current vs. never smoker) or persons with higher BMI (OR = 1.6, BMI increase by 5) was found. Severity of periodontitis was significantly associated with caries lesions (p = 0.01), bridges (p < .0001), crowns (p < .0001), leukocytes (p = 0.04), HbA1c (p < .0001) and MCV (p = 0.04). PD was positively correlated with BOP. No significant associations with BOP were found in regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Earlier findings for BMI and smoking with severity of PD were confirmed. Dental variables might be influenced by potential confounding factors e.g. dental hygiene. For blood parameters interactions with unknown systemic diseases may exist.
AU  - Zimmermann, H.*
AU  - Hagenfeld, D.*
AU  - Diercke, K.*
AU  - El-Sayed, N.*
AU  - Fricke, J.*
AU  - Greiser, K.H.*
AU  - Kühnisch, J.*
AU  - Linseisen, J.
AU  - Meisinger, C.
AU  - Pischon, N.*
AU  - Pischon, T.*
AU  - Samietz, S.*
AU  - Schmitter, M.*
AU  - Steinbrecher, A.*
AU  - Kim, T.S.*
AU  - Becher, H.*
C1  - 43356
C2  - 36356
CY  - London
TI  - Pocket depth and bleeding on probing and their associations with dental, lifestyle, socioeconomic and blood variables: A cross-sectional, multicenter feasibility study of the German National Cohort.
JO  - BMC Oral Health
VL  - 15
IS  - 1
PB  - Biomed Central Ltd
PY  - 2015
SN  - 1472-6831
ER  -