TY - JOUR AB - Patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, exhibit various clinical manifestations and severity including respiratory and enteric involvements. One of the main reasons for death among covid-19 patients is excessive immune responses directed toward cytokine storm with a low chance of recovery. Since the balanced gut microbiota could prepare health benefits by protecting against pathogens and regulating immune homeostasis, dysbiosis or disruption of gut microbiota could promote severe complications including autoimmune disorders; we surveyed the association between the imbalanced gut bacteria and the development of cytokine storm among COVID-19 patients, also the impact of probiotics and bacteriophages on the gut bacteria community to alleviate cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients. In present review, we will scrutinize the mechanism of immunological signaling pathways which may trigger a cytokine storm in SARS-CoV2 infections. Moreover, we are explaining in detail the possible immunological signaling pathway-directing by the gut bacterial community. Consequently, the specific manipulation of gut bacteria by using probiotics and bacteriophages for alleviation of the cytokine storm will be investigated. The tripartite mutualistic cooperation of gut bacteria, probiotics, and phages as a candidate prophylactic or therapeutic approach in SARS-CoV-2 cytokine storm episodes will be discussed at last. AU - Zeinali, T.* AU - Faraji, N.* AU - Joukar, F.* AU - Khan Mirzaei, M. AU - Kafshdar Jalali, H.* AU - Shenagari, M.* AU - Mansour-Ghanaei, F.* C1 - 65913 C2 - 52973 TI - Gut bacteria, bacteriophages, and probiotics: Tripartite mutualism to quench the SARS-CoV2 storm. JO - Microb. Pathog. VL - 170 PY - 2022 SN - 0882-4010 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The 3' and 5' terminal regions of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genome are cis-acting regulatory elements involved in replication, transcription, and packaging of genomic and anti-genomic viral RNA. There are 6 different nucleotides (nts) at the 3' and 34 different nts at the 5' end of genome in the velogenic NA-1 strain and lentogenic LaSota strain, sharing 90.00% and 70.18% identity, respectively. We investigated the roles of 3' and 5' terminus in the NA-1 strain in viral replication, virulence and pathogenicity. Three NA-1 strain-based recombinant viruses (rNA-L, rNA-T, and rNA-LT) were generated using reverse genetics by either replacing the 3' leader or 5' trailer sequence of NA-1 strain or both with the corresponding sequences of the LaSota strain. Viral replication kinetics and pathogenicity of rNA-L and rNA-T were indistinguishable to that of the parental NA-1 strain, demonstrating that individual replacement or 3' or 5' terminal sequences had little influence. However, the synchronal replacement of both 3' and 5' terminal sequences resulted in decreased viral plaque size, reduced virulence and weaker pathogenicity in 2-week-old chickens. Therefore, our results suggest that the 3' and 5' terminal sequences of NDV genome could only influence the viral virulence when worked collaboratively, while separate replacement would not alter its biological characteristics. AU - Gao, C.* AU - Ding, Z.* AU - Qian, J.* AU - Liu, X.* AU - Zhang, X.* AU - Cong, Y.* AU - Ding, C.* AU - Yu, S.* AU - Hu, S.* AU - Stöger, T. AU - Yin, R.* C1 - 54668 C2 - 45751 CY - 24-28 Oval Rd, London Nw1 7dx, England SP - 109-115 TI - The virulence of NDV NA-1 strain regulated by the 3 ' leader or 5 ' trailer sequences. JO - Microb. Pathog. VL - 126 PB - Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2019 SN - 0882-4010 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Contamination of vegetables and fruits is the result of presence of human pathogen bacteria which can contaminate products in any part of production chain. There is an evidence of presence of: Salmonella spp. on the fresh vegetables and Salmonellosis is connected with tomato, sprouts, cantaloupe etc. The goal of this research is transmission of pathogen bacteria from irrigation water to plants and studying/monitoring the ability of the Salmonella spp. to colonize the surface and interior (endophytic colonization) of root at different vegetable species. Transmission of three Salmonella spp. strains from irrigation water to plants, as well as colonization of plants by these bacteria was investigated by using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). All tested Salmonella spp. strains showed ability to more or less colonize the surface and interior niches of the root, stem and leaf of the investigated plant species. These bacteria also were found in plant cells cytoplasm, although the mechanism of their entrance has not been clarified yet. AU - Kljujev, I.* AU - Raicevic, V.* AU - Vujovic, B.* AU - Rothballer, M. AU - Schmid, M. C1 - 52565 C2 - 44156 CY - London SP - 199-207 TI - Salmonella as an endophytic colonizer of plants - A risk for health safety vegetable production. JO - Microb. Pathog. VL - 115 PB - Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2018 SN - 0882-4010 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The microbiologically contaminated vegetables represent a risk for consumers, especially vegetables without thermal processing. It is known that human pathogen bacteria, such as Listeria monocytogenes, could exist on fresh vegetables. The fresh vegetables could become Listeria-contaminated if they come in touch with contaminated soil, manure, irrigation water.The aim of this work was to investigate the presence of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in different kind of vegetables grown in field and greenhouse condition as well as surface and endophytic colonization plant roots of different vegetables species by L. monocytogenes in laboratory conditions.The detection of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in vegetable samples was done using ISO and PCR methods. The investigation of colonization vegetable roots and detection Listeria-cells inside plant root tissue was done using Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).The results showed that 25.58% vegetable samples were positive for Listeria spp. and only one sample (carrot) was positive for L. monocytogenes out of 43 samples in total collected from field and greenhouse. The strain L. monocytogenes EGD-E surface and endophytic colonized carrot root in highest degree while strain L. monocytogenes SV4B was the most represented at leafy vegetable plants, such at lettuce (1.68 x 10(6) cells/mm(3) absolutely dry root) and spinach (1.39 x 10(6) cells/mm(3) absolutely dry root) root surface.The cells of L. monocytogenes SV4B were visible as single cells in interior tissue of plant roots (celery and sweet corn roots) as well as in the interior of the plant root cell at sweet corn root. The cells of L. monocytogenes EGD-E bind to the surface of the plant root and they were less commonly found out on root hair. In the inner layers of the root, those bacterial cells were inhabited intercellular spaces mainly as single cells very close to the larval vessels of root. Our results suggest that L. monocytogenes is very good endophytic colonizer of vegetable plant roots. AU - Kljujev, I.* AU - Raicevic, V.* AU - Jovicic-Petrovic, J.* AU - Vujovic, B.* AU - Mirkovic, M.* AU - Rothballer, M. C1 - 53441 C2 - 44723 CY - 24-28 Oval Rd, London Nw1 7dx, England SP - 23-31 TI - Listeria monocytogenes - Danger for health safety vegetable production. JO - Microb. Pathog. VL - 120 PB - Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd PY - 2018 SN - 0882-4010 ER -