TY  - JOUR
AB  - Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in applications where they interact with humans and other agents. We propose to use behavioural game theory to study LLMs' cooperation and coordination behaviour. Here we let different LLMs play finitely repeated 2 × 2 games with each other, with human-like strategies, and actual human players. Our results show that LLMs perform particularly well at self-interested games such as the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma family. However, they behave suboptimally in games that require coordination, such as the Battle of the Sexes. We verify that these behavioural signatures are stable across robustness checks. We also show how GPT-4's behaviour can be modulated by providing additional information about its opponent and by using a 'social chain-of-thought' strategy. This also leads to better scores and more successful coordination when interacting with human players. These results enrich our understanding of LLMs' social behaviour and pave the way for a behavioural game theory for machines.
AU  - Akata, E.
AU  - Schulz, L.*
AU  - Coda-Forno, J.
AU  - Oh, S.J.*
AU  - Bethge, M.*
AU  - Schulz, E.
C1  - 74359
C2  - 57270
TI  - Playing repeated games with large language models.
JO  - Nat. Hum. Behav.
PY  - 2025
SN  - 2397-3374
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Understanding the genetic basis of neuro-related proteins is essential for dissecting the molecular basis of human behavioural traits and the disease aetiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Here the SCALLOP Consortium conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of over 12,000 individuals for 184 neuro-related proteins in human plasma. The analysis identified 125 cis-regulatory protein quantitative trait loci (cis-pQTL) and 164 trans-pQTL. The mapped pQTL capture on average 50% of each protein's heritability. At the cis-pQTL, multiple proteins shared a genetic basis with human behavioural traits such as alcohol and food intake, smoking and educational attainment, as well as neurological conditions and psychiatric disorders such as pain, neuroticism and schizophrenia. Integrating with established drug information, the causal inference analysis validated 52 out of 66 matched combinations of protein targets and diseases or side effects with available drugs while suggesting hundreds of repurposing and new therapeutic targets.
AU  - Repetto, L.*
AU  - Chen, J.*
AU  - Yang, Z.*
AU  - Zhai, R.*
AU  - Timmers, P.R.H.J.*
AU  - Feng, X.*
AU  - Li, T.*
AU  - Yao, Y.*
AU  - Maslov, D.*
AU  - Timoshchuk, A.*
AU  - Tu, F.*
AU  - Twait, E.L.*
AU  - May-Wilson, S.*
AU  - Muckian, M.D.*
AU  - Prins, B.P.*
AU  - Png, G.
AU  - Kooperberg, C.*
AU  - Johansson, Å*
AU  - Hillary, R.F.*
AU  - Wheeler, E.*
AU  - Pan, L.*
AU  - He, Y.*
AU  - Klasson, S.*
AU  - Ahmad, S.*
AU  - Peters, J.E.*
AU  - Gilly, A.
AU  - Karaleftheri, M.*
AU  - Tsafantakis, E.*
AU  - Haessler, J.*
AU  - Gyllensten, U.*
AU  - Harris, S.E.*
AU  - Wareham, N.J.*
AU  - Göteson, A.*
AU  - Lagging, C.*
AU  - Ikram, M.A.*
AU  - van Duijn, C.M.*
AU  - Jern, C.*
AU  - Landén, M.*
AU  - Langenberg, C.*
AU  - Deary, I.J.*
AU  - Marioni, R.E.*
AU  - Enroth, S.*
AU  - Reiner, A.P.*
AU  - Dedoussis, G.*
AU  - Zeggini, E.
AU  - Sharapov, S.*
AU  - Aulchenko, Y.S.*
AU  - Butterworth, A.S.*
AU  - Mälarstig, A.*
AU  - Wilson, J.F.*
AU  - Navarro, P.*
AU  - Shen, X.*
C1  - 71545
C2  - 56269
CY  - Heidelberger Platz 3, Berlin, 14197, Germany
SP  - 2222-2234
TI  - The genetic landscape of neuro-related proteins in human plasma.
JO  - Nat. Hum. Behav.
VL  - 8
IS  - 11
PB  - Nature Portfolio
PY  - 2024
SN  - 2397-3374
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Identifying genetic determinants of reproductive success may highlight mechanisms underlying fertility and identify alleles under present-day selection. Using data in 785,604 individuals of European ancestry, we identified 43 genomic loci associated with either number of children ever born (NEB) or childlessness. These loci span diverse aspects of reproductive biology, including puberty timing, age at first birth, sex hormone regulation, endometriosis and age at menopause. Missense variants in ARHGAP27 were associated with higher NEB but shorter reproductive lifespan, suggesting a trade-off at this locus between reproductive ageing and intensity. Other genes implicated by coding variants include PIK3IP1, ZFP82 and LRP4, and our results suggest a new role for the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) in reproductive biology. As NEB is one component of evolutionary fitness, our identified associations indicate loci under present-day natural selection. Integration with data from historical selection scans highlighted an allele in the FADS1/2 gene locus that has been under selection for thousands of years and remains so today. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that a broad range of biological mechanisms contribute to reproductive success. Mathieson et al. carried out a genome-wide association study of reproductive success (number of children born) in humans, revealing the importance of diverse neuro-endocrine and behavioural factors.
AU  - Mathieson, I.*
AU  - Day, F.R.*
AU  - Barban, N.*
AU  - Tropf, F.C.*
AU  - Brazel, D.M.*
AU  - Vaez, A.*
AU  - van Zuydam, N.*
AU  - Bitarello, B.D.*
AU  - Gardner, E.J.*
AU  - Akimova, E.T.*
AU  - Azad, A.*
AU  - Bergmann, S.*
AU  - Bielak, L.F.*
AU  - Boomsma, D.*
AU  - Bosak, K.*
AU  - Brumat, M.*
AU  - Buring, J.E.*
AU  - Cesarini, D.*
AU  - Chasman, D.*
AU  - Chavarro, J.E.*
AU  - Cocca, M.*
AU  - Concas, M.P.*
AU  - Davey Smith, G.*
AU  - Davies, G.*
AU  - Deary, I.J.*
AU  - Esko, T.*
AU  - Faul, J.D.*
AU  - Franco, O.H.*
AU  - Ganna, A.*
AU  - Gaskins, A.J.*
AU  - Gelemanović, A.*
AU  - de Geus, E.J.C.*
AU  - Gieger, C.
AU  - Girotto, G.*
AU  - Gopinath, B.*
AU  - Grabe, H.J.*
AU  - Gunderson, E.P.*
AU  - Hayward, C.*
AU  - He, C.*
AU  - van Heemst, D.*
AU  - Hill, W.D.*
AU  - Hoffmann, E.R.*
AU  - Homuth, G.*
AU  - Hottenga, J.J.*
AU  - Huang, H.*
AU  - Hyppoenen, E.*
AU  - Ikram, M.A.*
AU  - Jansen, R.*
AU  - Johannesson, M.*
AU  - Kamali, Z.*
AU  - Kardia, S.L.R.*
AU  - Kavousi, M.*
AU  - Kifley, A.*
AU  - Kiiskinen, T.*
AU  - Kraft, P.*
AU  - Kühnel, B.
AU  - Langenberg, C.*
AU  - Liew, G.*
AU  - Lind, P.A.*
AU  - Luan, J.*
AU  - Mägi, R.*
AU  - Magnusson, P.K.E.*
AU  - Mahajan, A.*
AU  - Martin, N.G.*
AU  - Mbarek, H.*
AU  - McCarthy, M.*
AU  - McMahon, G.*
AU  - Medland, S.E.*
AU  - Meitinger, T.
AU  - Metspalu, A.*
AU  - Mihailov, E.*
AU  - Milani, L.*
AU  - Missmer, S.A.*
AU  - Mitchell, P.*
AU  - Mollegaard, S.*
AU  - Mook-Kanamori, D.O.*
AU  - Morgan, A.*
AU  - van der Most, P.J.*
AU  - de Mutsert, R.*
AU  - Nauck, M.*
AU  - Nolte, I.M.*
AU  - Noordam, R.*
AU  - Penninx, B.W.J.H.*
AU  - Peters, A.
AU  - Peyser, P.A.*
AU  - Polasek, O.*
AU  - Power, C.*
AU  - Pribisalic, A.*
AU  - Redmond, P.*
AU  - Rich-Edwards, J.W.*
AU  - Ridker, P.M.*
AU  - Rietveld, C.A.*
AU  - Ring, S.M.*
AU  - Rose, L.M.*
AU  - Rueedi, R.*
AU  - Shukla, V.*
AU  - Smith, J.A.*
AU  - Stankovic, S.*
AU  - Stefansson, K.*
AU  - Stöckl, D.
AU  - Strauch, K.
AU  - Swertz, M.A.*
AU  - Teumer, A.*
AU  - Thorleifsson, G.*
AU  - Thorsteinsdottir, U.*
AU  - Thurik, A.R.*
AU  - Timpson, N.J.*
AU  - Turman, C.*
AU  - Uitterlinden, A.G.*
AU  - Waldenberger, M.
AU  - Wareham, N.J.*
AU  - Weir, D.R.*
AU  - Willemsen, G.*
AU  - Zhao, J.H.*
AU  - Zhao, W.N.*
AU  - Zhao, Y.*
AU  - Snieder, H.*
AU  - den Hoed, M.*
AU  - Ong, K.K.*
AU  - Mills, M.C.*
AU  - Perry, J.R.B.*
C1  - 69587
C2  - 54990
CY  - Heidelberger Platz 3, Berlin, 14197, Germany
SP  - 790-801
TI  - Genome-wide analysis identifies genetic effects on reproductive success and ongoing natural selection at the FADS locus.
JO  - Nat. Hum. Behav.
VL  - 7
IS  - 5
PB  - Nature Portfolio
PY  - 2023
SN  - 2397-3374
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Handedness has been extensively studied because of its relationship with language and the over-representation of left-handers in some neurodevelopmental disorders. Using data from the UK Biobank, 23andMe and the International Handedness Consortium, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of handedness (N = 1,766,671). We found 41 loci associated (P < 5 x 10(-8)) with left-handedness and 7 associated with ambidexterity. Tissue-enrichment analysis implicated the CNS in the aetiology of handedness. Pathways including regulation of microtubules and brain morphology were also highlighted. We found suggestive positive genetic correlations between left-handedness and neuropsychiatric traits, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the genetic correlation between left-handedness and ambidexterity is low (r(G) = 0.26), which implies that these traits are largely influenced by different genetic mechanisms. Our findings suggest that handedness is highly polygenic and that the genetic variants that predispose to left-handedness may underlie part of the association with some psychiatric disorders.A genome-wide association study of 1.7 million individuals identified 41 genetic variants associated with left-handedness and 7 associated with ambidexterity. The genetic correlation between the traits was low, thereby implying different aetiologies.
AU  - Cuellar-Partida, G.*
AU  - Eriksson, N.*
AU  - Albrecht, E.
AU  - Aliev, F.*
AU  - Andreassen, O.A.*
AU  - Barroso, I.*
AU  - Beckmann, J.S.*
AU  - Boks, M.P.*
AU  - Boomsma, D.I.*
AU  - Boyd, H.A.*
AU  - Breteler, M.M.B.*
AU  - Campbell, H.*
AU  - Chasman, D.I.*
AU  - Cherkas, L.F.*
AU  - Davies, G.*
AU  - de Geus, E.J.C.*
AU  - Deary, I.J.*
AU  - Deloukas, P.*
AU  - Dick, D.M.*
AU  - Duffy, D.L.*
AU  - Eriksson, J.G.*
AU  - Esko, T.*
AU  - Feenstra, B.*
AU  - Geller, F.*
AU  - Gieger, C.
AU  - Giegling, I.*
AU  - Gordon, S.D.*
AU  - Han, J.*
AU  - Hansen, T.F.*
AU  - Hartmann, A.M.*
AU  - Hayward, C.*
AU  - Heikkilä, K.*
AU  - Hicks, A.A.*
AU  - Hirschhorn, J.N.*
AU  - Hottenga, J.J.*
AU  - Huffman, J.E.*
AU  - Hwang, L.D.*
AU  - Ikram, M.A.*
AU  - Kaprio, J.*
AU  - Kemp, J.P.*
AU  - Khaw, K.T.*
AU  - Klopp, N.*
AU  - Konte, B.*
AU  - Kutalik, Z.*
AU  - Lahti, J.*
AU  - Li, X.*
AU  - Loos, R.J.F.*
AU  - Luciano, M.*
AU  - Magnusson, S.H.*
AU  - Mangino, M.*
AU  - Marques-Vidal, P.M.*
AU  - Martin, N.G.*
AU  - McArdle, W.L.*
AU  - McCarthy, M.I.*
AU  - Medina-Gomez, C.*
AU  - Melbye, M.*
AU  - Melville, S.A.*
AU  - Metspalu, A.*
AU  - Milani, L.*
AU  - Mooser, V.*
AU  - Nelis, M.*
AU  - Nyholt, D.R.*
AU  - O’Connell, K.S.*
AU  - Ophoff, R.A.*
AU  - Palmer, C.*
AU  - Palotie, A.*
AU  - Palviainen, T.*
AU  - Paré, G.*
AU  - Paternoster, L.*
AU  - Peltonen, L.*
AU  - Penninx, B.W.J.H.*
AU  - Polasek, O.*
AU  - Pramstaller, P.P.*
AU  - Prokopenko, I.*
AU  - Räikkönen, K.*
AU  - Ripatti, S.*
AU  - Rivadeneira, F.*
AU  - Rudan, I.*
AU  - Rujescu, D.*
AU  - Smit, J.H.*
AU  - Smith, G.D.*
AU  - Smoller, J.W.*
AU  - Soranzo, N.*
AU  - Spector, T.D.*
AU  - Pourcain, B.S.*
AU  - Starr, J.M.*
AU  - Stefánsson, H.*
AU  - Steinberg, S.*
AU  - Teder-Laving, M.*
AU  - Thorleifsson, G.*
AU  - Stefánsson, K.*
AU  - Timpson, N.J.*
AU  - Uitterlinden, A.G.*
AU  - van Duijn, C.M.*
AU  - van Rooij, F.J.A.*
AU  - Vink, J.M.*
AU  - Vollenweider, P.*
AU  - Vuoksimaa, E.*
AU  - Waeber, G.*
AU  - Wareham, N.J.*
AU  - Warrington, N.*
AU  - Waterworth, D.*
AU  - Werge, T.*
AU  - Wichmann, H.-E.
AU  - Widen, E.*
AU  - Willemsen, G.*
AU  - Wright, A.F.*
AU  - Wright, M.J.*
AU  - Xu, M.*
AU  - Zhao, J.H.*
AU  - Kraft, P.*
AU  - Hinds, D.A.*
AU  - Lindgren, C.M.*
AU  - Mägi, R.*
AU  - Neale, B.M.*
AU  - Evans, D.M*
AU  - Medland, S.E.*
C1  - 60173
C2  - 49290
CY  - Heidelberger Platz 3, Berlin, 14197, Germany
SP  - 59–70
TI  - Genome-wide association study identifies 48 common genetic variants associated with handedness.
JO  - Nat. Hum. Behav.
VL  - 5
PB  - Nature Research
PY  - 2021
SN  - 2397-3374
ER  - 

TY  - JOUR
AB  - Age at first sexual intercourse and age at first birth have implications for health and evolutionary fitness. In this genome-wide association study (age at first sexual intercourse, N = 387,338; age at first birth, N = 542,901), we identify 371 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, 11 sex-specific, with a 5–6% polygenic score prediction. Heritability of age at first birth shifted from 9% [CI = 4–14%] for women born in 1940 to 22% [CI = 19–25%] for those born in 1965. Signals are driven by the genetics of reproductive biology and externalising behaviour, with key genes related to follicle stimulating hormone (FSHB), implantation (ESR1), infertility and spermatid differentiation. Our findings suggest that polycystic ovarian syndrome may lead to later age at first birth, linking with infertility. Late age at first birth is associated with parental longevity and reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Higher childhood socioeconomic circumstances and those in the highest polygenic score decile (90%+) experience markedly later reproductive onset. Results are relevant for improving teenage and late-life health, understanding longevity and guiding experimentation into mechanisms of infertility.
AU  - Mills, M.C.*
AU  - Tropf, F.C.*
AU  - Brazel, D.M.*
AU  - van Zuydam, N.*
AU  - Vaez, A.*
AU  - Pers, T.H.*
AU  - Snieder, H.*
AU  - Perry, J.R.B.*
AU  - Ong, K.K.*
AU  - den Hoed, M.*
AU  - Barban, N.*
AU  - Day, F.R.*
AU  - eQTLGen Consortium (Müller-Nurasyid, M.
AU  - Prokisch, H.
AU  - Schramm, K.)
AU  - Human Reproductive Behaviour Consortium (Gieger, C.)
AU  - Human Reproductive Behaviour Consortium (Kühnel, B.)
AU  - Human Reproductive Behaviour Consortium (Meitinger, T.)
AU  - Human Reproductive Behaviour Consortium (Strauch, K.
AU  - Peters, A.
AU  - Stöckl, D.)
AU  - Human Reproductive Behaviour Consortium (Waldenberger, M.)
C1  - 63347
C2  - 51302
SP  - 1717-1730
TI  - Identification of 371 genetic variants for age at first sex and birth linked to externalising behaviour.
JO  - Nat. Hum. Behav.
VL  - 5
IS  - 12
PY  - 2021
SN  - 2397-3374
ER  -