Foodomics aims at comprehensively describing the “foodome” as the set of all compounds present in an investigated food sample by modern “omics” technologies. This article covers recent applications of genomics, proteomics, targeted and nontargeted metabolomics, isotopolomics and metallomics to the assessment of food authenticity, food safety, and food quality in general. In the field of metabolomics, additionally the concepts of food profiling and food fingerprinting are presented.