PuSH - Publikationsserver des Helmholtz Zentrums München: Exploring trends of C and N isotope fractionation to trace transformation reactions of diclofenac in natural and engineered systems.

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Maier, M. ; Prasse, C.* ; Pati, S.G.* ; Nitsche, S. ; Li, Z.* ; Radke, M.* ; Meyer, A.H. ; Hofstetter, T.B.* ; Ternes, T.A.* ; Elsner, M.

Exploring trends of C and N isotope fractionation to trace transformation reactions of diclofenac in natural and engineered systems.

Environ. Sci. Technol. 50, 10933-10942 (2016)

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Open Access Green möglich sobald Postprint bei der ZB eingereicht worden ist.

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Although diclofenac ranks among the most frequently detected pharmaceuticals in the urban water cycle, its environmental transformation reactions remain imperfectly understood. Biodegradation-induced changes in ¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratios (ε_N = -7.1‰ ± 0.4‰) have indicated that compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) may detect diclofenac degradation. This singular observation warrants exploration for further transformation reactions. The present study surveys carbon and nitrogen isotope fractionation in other environmental and engineered transformation reactions of diclofenac. While carbon isotope fractionation was generally small, observed nitrogen isotope fractionation in degradation by MnO₂ (ε_N = -7.3‰ ± 0.3‰), photolysis (ε_N = +1.9‰ ± 0.1‰), and ozonation (ε_N = +1.5‰ ± 0.2‰) revealed distinct trends for different oxidative transformation reactions. The small, secondary isotope effect associated with ozonation suggests an attack of O₃ in a molecular position distant from the N atom. Model reactants for outer-sphere single electron transfer generated large inverse nitrogen isotope fractionation (ε_N = +5.7‰ ± 0.3‰), ruling out this mechanism for biodegradation and transformation by MnO₂. In a river model, isotope fractionation-derived degradation estimates agreed well with concentration mass balances, providing a proof-of-principle validation for assessing micropollutant degradation in river sediment. Our study highlights the prospect of combining CSIA with transformation product analysis for a better assessment of transformation reactions within the environmental life of diclofenac.

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