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Garcia Morato, J.* ; Hans, F.* ; von Zweydorf, F.* ; Feederle, R. ; Elsässer, S.J.* ; Skodras, A.A.* ; Gloeckner, C.J.* ; Buratti, E.* ; Neumann, M.* ; Kahle, P.J.*

Sirtuin-1 sensitive lysine-136 acetylation drives phase separation and pathological aggregation of TDP-43.

Nat. Commun. 13:1223 (2022)

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Trans-activation response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) regulates RNA processing and forms neuropathological aggregates in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Investigating TDP-43 post-translational modifications, we discovered that K84 acetylation reduced nuclear import whereas K136 acetylation impaired RNA binding and splicing capabilities of TDP-43. Such failure of RNA interaction triggered TDP-43 phase separation mediated by the C-terminal low complexity domain, leading to the formation of insoluble aggregates with pathologically phosphorylated and ubiquitinated TDP-43. Introduction of acetyl-lysine at the identified sites via amber suppression confirmed the results from site-directed mutagenesis. K84-acetylated TDP-43 showed cytoplasmic mislocalization, and the aggregation propensity of K136-acetylated TDP-43 was confirmed. We generated antibodies selective for TDP-43 acetylated at these lysines, and found that sirtuin-1 can potently deacetylate K136-acetylated TDP-43 and reduce its aggregation propensity. Thus, distinct lysine acetylations modulate nuclear import, RNA binding and phase separation of TDP-43, suggesting regulatory mechanisms for TDP-43 pathogenesis.

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