BACKGROUND: Spinocerebellar ataxia 21 (SCA21) is a rare neurological disorder caused by heterozygous variants in TMEM240. A growing, yet still limited number of reports suggested that hyperkinetic movements should be considered a defining component of the disease. CASE SERIES: We describe two newly identified families harboring the recurrent pathogenic TMEM240 p.Pro170Leu variant. Both index patients and the mother of the first proband developed movement disorders, manifesting as myoclonic dystonia and action-induced dystonia without co-occurring ataxia in one case, and pancerebellar syndrome complicated by action-induced dystonia in the other. We reviewed the literature on TMEM240 variants linked to hyperkinetic disorders, comparing our cases to described phenotypes. DISCUSSION: Adding to prior preliminary observations, our series highlights the relevance of hyperkinetic movements as clinically meaningful features of SCA21. TMEM240 mutation should be included in the differential diagnosis of myoclonic dystonia and ataxia-dystonia syndromes.
Förderungen European Joint Programme on Rare Diseases German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Bonn, Germany) Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Free State of Bavaria under the Excellence Strategy of the Federal Government Laender Technical University of Munich - Institute for Advanced Study Else Kroner-Fresenius-Stiftung National Institute for Neurological Research, Czech Republic, Programme EXCELES European Union - Next Generation EU Charles University: Cooperation Program in Neuroscience Italian Ministry of Health Fondazione Mariani German Research Foundation