Metabolomics is the investigation of the total composition of small molecules in body fluids, cells, or tissues. With the introduction of new analytical technologies and applications, researchers are now at the forefront of measuring the metabolome and using such data to develop a personalized medicine approach and aid early detection and treatment of disease. In this section, a descriptive review of sample preparation, analytical instrumentation, and statistical methods of metabolome data will be discussed. Additionally, key metabolites will be reviewed for their importance in relation to chronic kidney disease.