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Huhn, K.* ; Linz, P.* ; Pemsel, F.* ; Michalke, B. ; Seyferth, S.* ; Kopp, C.* ; Chaudri, M.A.* ; Rothhammer, V.* ; Dörfler, A.* ; Uder, M.* ; Nagel, A.M.* ; Müller, D.N.* ; Waschbisch, A.* ; Lee, D.H.* ; Bäuerle, T.* ; Linker, R.A.* ; Haase, S.*

Skin sodium is increased in male patients with multiple sclerosis and related animal models.

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 118:e2102549118 (2021)
Verlagsversion DOI PMC
Open Access Gold (Paid Option)
Novel MRI techniques allow a noninvasive quantification of tissue sodium and reveal the skin as a prominent compartment of sodium storage in health and disease. Since multiple sclerosis (MS) immunopathology is initiated in the periphery and increased sodium concentrations induce proinflammatory immune cells, the skin represents a promising compartment linking high sodium concentrations and MS immunopathology. We used a 7-T sodium MRI (23Na-MRI) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to investigate the skin sodium content in two mouse models of MS. We additionally performed 3-T 23Na-MRI of calf skin and muscles in 29 male relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients and 29 matched healthy controls. Demographic and clinical information was collected from interviews, and disease activity was assessed by expanded disability status scale scoring. 23Na-MRI and chemical analysis demonstrated a significantly increased sodium content in the skin during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis independent of active immunization. In male patients with RRMS, 23Na-MRI demonstrated a higher sodium signal in the area of the skin compared to age- and biological sex-matched healthy controls with higher sodium, predicting future disease activity in cranial MRI. In both studies, the sodium enrichment was specific to the skin, as we found no alterations of sodium signals in the muscle or other tissues. Our data add to the recently identified importance of the skin as a storage compartment of sodium and may further represent an important organ for future investigations on salt as a proinflammatory agent driving autoimmune neuroinflammation such as that in MS.
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Publikationstyp Artikel: Journalartikel
Dokumenttyp Wissenschaftlicher Artikel
Korrespondenzautor
Schlagwörter Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ; Multiple Sclerosis ; Skin ; Sodium Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Dietary-sodium; Tissue Sodium; Na+ Storage; Spot Urine; Mri; Balance; Electrolyte; Macrophages; Activation; Deposition
ISSN (print) / ISBN 0027-8424
e-ISSN 1091-6490
Zeitschrift Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Quellenangaben Band: 118, Heft: 28, Seiten: , Artikelnummer: e2102549118 Supplement: ,
Verlag National Academy of Sciences
Verlagsort 2101 Constitution Ave Nw, Washington, Dc 20418 Usa
Nichtpatentliteratur Publikationen
Begutachtungsstatus Peer reviewed
Institut(e) Research Unit BioGeoChemistry and Analytics (BGC)
Förderungen Preclinical Imaging Platform Erlangen (Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany)