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Gilles, S. ; Blume, C.* ; Wimmer, M. ; Damialis, A. ; Meulenbroek, L.* ; Gökkaya, M. ; Bergougnan, C. ; Eisenbart, S. ; Sundell, N.* ; Lindh, M.* ; Andersson, L.M.* ; Dahl, A.* ; Chaker, A.* ; Häring, F. ; Wagner, S. ; Neumann, A.U. ; Akdis, C.A.* ; Garssen, J.* ; Westin, J.* ; Vanˊt Land, B.* ; Davies, D.E.* ; Traidl-Hoffmann, C.

Pollen exposure weakens innate defense against respiratory viruses.

Allergy 75, 576–587 (2020)

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BackgroundHundreds of plant species release their pollen into the air every year during early spring. During that period, pollen allergic as well as non-allergic patients frequently present to doctors with severe respiratory tract infections. Our objective was therefore to assess whether pollen may interfere with antiviral immunity.MethodsWe combined data from real-life human exposure cohorts, a mouse model and human cell culture to test our hypothesis.ResultsPollen significantly diminished interferon-lambda and pro-inflammatory chemokine responses of airway epithelia to rhinovirus and viral mimics and decreased nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factors. In mice infected with respiratory syncytial virus, co-exposure to pollen caused attenuated antiviral gene expression and increased pulmonary viral titers. In non-allergic human volunteers, nasal symptoms were positively correlated with airborne birch pollen abundance, and nasal birch pollen challenge led to downregulation of type I and -III interferons in nasal mucosa. In a large patient cohort, numbers of rhinoviruspositive cases were correlated with airborne birch pollen concentrations.ConclusionThe ability of pollen to suppress innate antiviral immunity, independent of allergy, suggests that high-risk population groups should avoid extensive outdoor activities when pollen and respiratory virus seasons coincide.

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