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Li, Y.* ; Yediler, A. ; Ou, Z.* ; Conrad, I. ; Kettrup, A.

Effects of a non-ionic surfactant (Tween-80) on the mineralization, metabolism and uptake of phenanthrene in wheat-solution-lava microcosm.

Chemosphere 45, 67-75 (2001)

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Effects of a non-ionic surfactant (Tween-80) on the mineralization, metabolism and uptake of phenanthrene in wheat-solution-lava microcosm were studied using C-14-labeled phenanthrene. The mineralization and metabolism of phenanthrene were fast in such a system. At least 90% of the applied phenanthrene were transformed within 24 days. Only 0.3% of the applied C-14-activity were identified to be the parent phenanthrene. Most of the applied C-14-activity (70%) was recovered from wheat, in which ca. 70% were associated with wheat shoots (stems and leaves) and ca. 30% wheat roots. 33% and 20% of the applied C-14-activity had been constructed into wheat tissues of shoots and roots, respectively. The C-14-activity recovered in forms Of CO2 and volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) was 12-16% and 4-5%, respectively. The major metabolites of phenanthrene were polar compounds (18% of the applied C-14) and only 2.1% were identified as non-polar metabolites. No phenanthrene was found in wheat shoots indicating that it could not be transported from roots to upper parts of the plant but in form of metabolites (mostly polar metabolites). Foliar uptake of C-14-activity via air in form of (CO2)-C-14 occurred. The presence of Tween-80 significantly enhanced the degradation of phenanthrene, which could be attributed to its increase of microbial activities in the system. Tween-80 also significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the phenanthrene level in wheat roots, which probably resulted from desorption of phenanthrene from root surface caused by the surfactant.

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