Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) require light application devices which enable homogeneous illumination of tissue in hollow organs. Three techniques based on modification of the aperture of single fibers are presented mainly for use in urology and pneumology in combination with rigid and flexible endoscopes. All illumination systems allow for nearly entire illumination of the endoscope's viewing field. A microlens system is used for fluorescence diagnostic purposes in the lung. The system, consisting of two plano convex lenses in a condenser configuration, is attached directly to the fiber. The beam profile is optimized by ray tracing calculations. For fluorescence excitation of the tumormarker Photofrin II in the urinary bladder a 500 μm plastic fiber is used. The tip of the fiber is polished to a double cone with angles of 12 ° and 7°. With this modification the aperture is increased by a factor of two. Photodynamic treatment of confined superficial tumors in the lung was successfully performed with a fused silica fiber coupled to the endoscope in a special adaptive device. In this procedure laserlight at 630 nm is guided through the optics channel of rigid endoscopes. A homogeneous circular illumination pattern is obtained following exactly the deflection angle of the endoscope.