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Open Access Gold as soon as Publ. Version/Full Text is submitted to ZB.
Sorafenib perpetuates cellular anti-cancer effector functions by modulating the cross talk between macrophages and natural killer cells.
Hepatology 57, 2358-2368 (2013)
BACKGROUND: Alternatively polarized macrophages (MΦ) shape the microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and temper anti-cancer immune responses. We investigated if Sorafenib alters the HCC microenvironment by restoring classical macrophage polarization and triggering tumor-directed NK cell responses. METHODS: In vivo experiments were conducted with Sorafenib (25 mg/kg) treated C57BL/6 wild-type as well as HBV and lymphotoxin transgenic mice with and without HCC. Monocyte derived MΦ or tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) isolated from HCC tissue were treated with Sorafenib (0.07-5.0 µg/ml) and co-cultured with autologous NK cells. MΦ and NK cell activation was analyzed by flow cytometry and killing assays, respectively. Cytokine and growth factor release was measured by ELISA. RESULTS: Short-term administration of Sorafenib triggered activation of hepatic NK cells in wild-type and tumor bearing mice. In vitro, Sorafenib sensitized MΦ to LPS reverting alternative MΦ polarization and enhanced IL12 secretion (P=0.0133). NK cells activated by Sorafenib-treated MΦ showed increased degranulation (15.3±0.2% vs. 32.0±0.9%, P<0.0001) and IFNγ secretion (2.1±0.2% vs. 8.0±0.2%, P<0.0001) upon target cell contact. Sorafenib-triggered NK cell activation was verified by co-culture experiments using TAM. Sorafenib-treated MΦ increased cytolytic NK cell function against K562, Raji and HepG2 target cells in a dose-dependent manner. Neutralization of IL12 or IL18 as well as inhibition of the NFκB pathway reversed NK cell activation in MΦ/NK co-cultures. CONCLUSION: Sorafenib triggers pro-inflammatory activity of TAM and subsequently induces anti-tumoral NK cell responses in a cytokine and NFĸB-dependent fashion. This observation is relevant for HCC therapy, as Sorafenib is a compound in clinical use, which reverses alternative polarization of TAM in HCC.
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Publication type
Article: Journal article
Document type
Scientific Article
Keywords
liver cancer; therapy; microenvironment; immunology; HCC; Colony-stimulating Factor ; Hepatocellular-carcinoma Patients ; Tumor-associated Macrophages ; Regulatory T-cells ; Ifn-gamma ; Human Monocytes ; Nk Cells ; Induced Apoptosis ; Interferon-gamma ; Factor-i
ISSN (print) / ISBN
0270-9139
e-ISSN
1527-3350
Journal
Hepatology
Quellenangaben
Volume: 57,
Issue: 6,
Pages: 2358-2368
Publisher
Wiley
Publishing Place
Hoboken, NJ
Reviewing status
Peer reviewed