van Hemelrijck, M.* ; Michaelsson, K.* ; Linseisen, J. ; Rohrmann, S.*
     
    
        
Calcium intake and serum concentration in relation to risk of cardiovascular death in NHANES III.
    
    
        
    
    
        
        PLoS ONE 8:e61037 (2013)
    
    
    
      
      
	
	    Background: Evidence for an association between calcium intake and risk of cardiovascular death remains controversial. By assessing dietary intake, use of supplements, and serum levels of calcium, we aimed to disentangle this link in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Methods: Mortality linkage of NHANES III to death certificate data for those aged 17 years or older (n = 20,024) was used to estimate risk of overall cardiovascular death as well as death from ischemic heart disease (IHD), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure (HF), and cerebrovascular disease (CD) with multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Results: About 10.0% of the population died of cardiovascular disease and the majority (5.4%) died of IHD. There was increased risk of overall CVD death for those in the bottom 5% of serum calcium compared to those in the mid 90% (HR: 1.51 (95% CI: 1.03-2.22)). For women there was a statistically significant increased risk of IHD death for those with serum calcium levels in the top 5% compared to those in the mid 90% (HR: 1.72 (95% CI: 1.13-2.61)), whereas in men, low serum calcium was related to increased IHD mortality (HR: 2.32 (95% CI 1.14-3.01), P-interaction: 0.306). No clear association with CVD death was observed for dietary or supplemental calcium intake. Conclusions: Calcium as assessed by serum concentrations is involved in cardiovascular health, though differential effects by sex may exist. No clear evidence was found for an association between dietary or supplementary intake of calcium and cardiovascular death.
	
	
	    
	
       
      
	
	    
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        Publication type
        Article: Journal article
    
 
    
        Document type
        Scientific Article
    
 
    
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        Keywords
        Chronic Kidney-disease ; Vitamin-d ; Myocardial-infarction ; Dietary Calcium ; Public-health ; Us Adults ; Mortality ; Events ; Supplementation ; Metaanalysis
    
 
    
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        Language
        english
    
 
    
        Publication Year
        2013
    
 
    
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        HGF-reported in Year
        2013
    
 
    
    
        ISSN (print) / ISBN
        1932-6203
    
 
    
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	    Volume: 8,  
	    Issue: 4,  
	    Pages: ,  
	    Article Number: e61037 
	    Supplement: ,  
	
    
 
    
        
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            Publisher
            Public Library of Science (PLoS)
        
 
        
            Publishing Place
            Lawrence, Kan.
        
 
	
        
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        Reviewing status
        Peer reviewed
    
 
    
        Institute(s)
        Institute of Epidemiology (EPI)
    
 
    
        POF-Topic(s)
        
30501 - Systemic Analysis of Genetic and Environmental Factors that Impact Health
    
 
    
        Research field(s)
        
Genetics and Epidemiology
    
 
    
        PSP Element(s)
        G-503900-002
G-503990-001
    
 
    
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        Erfassungsdatum
        2013-05-16