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Pandelova, M. ; Lenoir, D. ; Kettrup, A. ; Schramm, K.-W.

Primary measures for reduction of pcdd/f in co-combustion of lignite coal and waste: Effect of various inhibitors.

Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 3345-3350 (2005)

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Open Access Green as soon as Postprint is submitted to ZB.

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Co-combustion of coal and waste in power plants poses both environmental and economic challenges, especially because of the high polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furan (PCDD/F) emissions from solid waste. In this study, we performed a series of experiments focusing on the prevention of PCDD/F formation by the use of various inhibitors added to the fuel before combustion. A mixture of lignite coal, solid waste, and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was thermally treated in a laboratory-scale furnace at 400 °C. Twenty different additives were investigated at a level of 10 wt % of the total fuel during the experiments. We have divided them into four general groups according to their chemical nature: metal oxides, N-containing compounds, S-containing compounds, and N- and S-containing compounds. The resulting values showed a significant reduction of PCDD/F levels when N- and S-containing compounds were used as additives to the fuel. Principle component analysis (PCA) was used to illustrate the effect of the 20 different inhibitors on the congener patterns emitted. As a result, the most effective inhibitors for PCDD/F formation in flue gases were determined to be (NH₄)₂SO₄ and (NH₄)₂S₂O₃; they are inexpensive and nontoxic materials. Both compounds can suppress the formation of toxic compounds such as PCDD/Fs by more than 98−99%, and the most toxic PCDD/F congeners were not detectable in most of the samples. Thus, these compounds were also studied as a lower percentage of the fuel. (NH₄)₂SO₄ resulted in a greater than 90% reduction of PCDD/F even when composing only 3% of the fuel combusted. However, less than 5% (NH₄)₂S₂O₃ resulted in far weaker inhibition. The PCDD/F homologue distribution ratio for samples with varying percentages of (NH₄)₂SO₄ and (NH₄)₂S₂O₃ was also investigated. Higher percentages of the inhibitors produced a lower percentage of lower chlorinated PCDDs. The opposite effect was found for PCDFs.

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