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Open Access Green as soon as Postprint is submitted to ZB.
Persistence and dioxin-like toxicity of carbazole and chlorocarbazoles in soil.
Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22, 1344-1356 (2015)
Halogenated carbazoles have recently been detected in soil and water samples, but their environmental effects and fate are unknown. Eighty-four soil samples obtained from a site with no recorded history of pollution were used to assess the persistence and dioxin-like toxicity of carbazole and chlorocarbazoles in soil under controlled conditions for 15 months. Soil samples were divided into two temperature conditions, 15 and 20 °C, both under fluctuating soil moisture conditions comprising 19 and 44 drying-rewetting cycles, respectively. This was characterized by natural water loss by evaporation and rewetting to -15 kPa. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and cleanup were performed after incubation. Identification and quantification were done using high-resolution gas chromatogram/mass spectrometer (HRGC/MS), while dioxin-like toxicity was determined by ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) induction in H4IIA rat hepatoma cells assay and multidimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships (mQSAR) modelling. Carbazole, 3-chlorocarbazole and 3,6-dichlorocarbazole were detected including trichlorocarbazole not previously reported in soils. Carbazole and 3-chlorocarbazole showed significant dissipation at 15 °C but not at 20 °C incubating conditions indicating that low temperature could be suitable for dissipation of carbazole and chlorocarbazoles. 3,6-Dichlorocarbazole was resistant at both conditions. Trichlorocarbazole however exhibited a tendency to increase in concentration with time. 3-Chlorocarbazole, 3,6-dibromocarbazole and selected soil extracts exhibited EROD activity. Dioxin-like toxicity did not decrease significantly with time, whereas the sum chlorocarbazole toxic equivalence concentrations (∑TEQ) did not contribute significantly to the soil assay dioxin-like toxicity equivalent concentrations (TCDD-EQ). Carbazole and chlorocarbazoles are persistent with the latter also toxic in natural conditions.
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Publication type
Article: Journal article
Document type
Scientific Article
Keywords
Bromocarbazole And Chlorocarbazole ; Carbazole ; Dissipation ; Erod ; Mqsar ; Persistence ; Temperature ; Toxicity; Polycyclic Aromatic-hydrocarbons; Dibenzo-p-dioxins; Microbial-degradation; Low-temperature; Lake-michigan; Forest Soil; Lippe River; In-silico; Biodegradation; Bioremediation
ISSN (print) / ISBN
0944-1344
e-ISSN
1614-7499
Quellenangaben
Volume: 22,
Issue: 2,
Pages: 1344-1356
Publisher
Springer
Publishing Place
Heidelberg
Reviewing status
Peer reviewed