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Open Access Green as soon as Postprint is submitted to ZB.
Detailed chemical characterization of bunker fuels by high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry hyphenated to GC×GC and thermal analysis.
Energy Fuels 33, 10745-10755 (2019)
On January 1, 2020, new International Maritime Organization (IMO) legislation will reduce the maximum sulfur content for marine fuels outside of sulfur emission control areas (SECA) from now 3.50% (m/m) to 0.50% (m/m) to lower the emission of SOx. In order to enable a smooth transition to the new-generation fuels and to cope with a widely diversified spectrum of heavy fuel oils, a comprehensive chemical description of such bunker fuels will become more important to investigate differences which may cause incompatibility with current engines or to avoid a negative impact for the storage stability. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with mass-spectrometric detection (GC X GC-MS) has become one of the most potent analytical methods for detailed analysis of hydrocarbon composition in complex petroleum fractions. However, matrices that contain significant amounts of less- or nonvolatile constituents, such as marine fuels, cannot entirely be targeted by gas chromatography alone. In order to extend the application range of a GC X GC high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry platform (GC X GC-HRTOFMS), we applied and compared thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-HRTOFMS) and direct inlet probe (DIP-HRTOFMS) as additional thermal sample introduction techniques. In this study, we investigated five different marine fuels with GC x GC-, DIP-, and TGA-HRTOFMS to analyze volatile as well as residual compounds. Since each of the deployed techniques showed unique advantages and possibilities, the complementarity of the combined approach is demonstrated. The combination of GC x GC-, DIP-, and TGA-HRTOFMS data enabled the generation of comprehensive chemical fingerprints for differentiation and chemical classification.
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Publication type
Article: Journal article
Document type
Scientific Article
Keywords
Crude-oil; Emissions; Distillates; Phase; Combination; Ionization; Aromatics; Pressure; Impacts; Health
ISSN (print) / ISBN
0887-0624
e-ISSN
1520-5029
Journal
Energy & Fuels
Quellenangaben
Volume: 33,
Issue: 11,
Pages: 10745-10755
Publisher
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Publishing Place
1155 16th St, Nw, Washington, Dc 20036 Usa
Non-patent literature
Publications
Reviewing status
Peer reviewed