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The history of carbohydrates in type I allergy.
Front. Immunol. 11:586924 (2020)
Although first described decades ago, the relevance of carbohydrate specific antibodies as mediators of type I allergy had not been recognized until recently. Previously, allergen specific IgE antibodies binding to carbohydrate epitopes were considered to demonstrate a clinically irrelevant cross-reactivity. However, this changed following the discovery of type I allergies specifically mediated by oligosaccharide structures. Especially the emerging understanding of red meat allergy characterized by IgE directed to the oligosaccharide alpha-gal showed that carbohydrate-mediated reactions can result in life threatening systemic anaphylaxis which in contrast to former assumptions proves a high clinical relevance of some carbohydrate allergens. Within the scope of this review article, we illustrate the historical development of carbohydrate-allergen-research, reaching from only diagnostically relevant crossreactive-carbohydrate-determinants to clinically important antigens mediating type I allergy. Focusing on clinical and immunological features of the alpha-gal syndrome, we highlight the discovery of oligosaccharides as potentially highly immunogenic antigens and mediators of type I allergy, report what is known about the route of sensitization and the immunological mechanisms involved in sensitization and elicitation phase of allergic responses as well as currently available diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Finally, we briefly report on carbohydrates being involved in type I allergies different from alpha-gal.
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Publication type
Article: Journal article
Document type
Review
Keywords
Alpha-gal ; Carbohydrate ; Allergen ; Crossreactive Carbohydrate Determinants ; Glycolipid ; Glycoprotein ; Ige ; Type I Allergy; Red Meat Allergy; Killer T-cells; Natural Anti-gal; Alpha-gal; Ige-antibodies; Alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase Gene; Cross-reactivity; Immunoglobulin-e; B-lymphocytes; N-glycans
ISSN (print) / ISBN
1664-3224
e-ISSN
1664-3224
Journal
Frontiers in Immunology
Quellenangaben
Volume: 11,
Article Number: 586924
Publisher
Frontiers
Publishing Place
Avenue Du Tribunal Federal 34, Lausanne, Ch-1015, Switzerland
Non-patent literature
Publications
Reviewing status
Peer reviewed
Institute(s)
Institute for Allergy Research (IAF)
Grants
395357507 - SFB1371 P06
SFB 1335 P17
BI696/10-1
SFB 824 B10
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research foundation)
Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR)
SFB 1335 P17
BI696/10-1
SFB 824 B10
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research foundation)
Luxembourg National Research Fund (FNR)