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Stefan, N. ; Birkenfeld, A.L. ; Schulze, M.B.*

Global pandemics interconnected - obesity, impaired metabolic health and COVID-19.

Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 17, 135–149 (2021)
Postprint DOI PMC
Open Access Gold (Paid Option)
Obesity and impaired metabolic health are established risk factors for the non-communicable diseases (NCDs) type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, otherwise known as metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). With the worldwide spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), obesity and impaired metabolic health also emerged as important determinants of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Furthermore, novel findings indicate that specifically visceral obesity and characteristics of impaired metabolic health such as hyperglycaemia, hypertension and subclinical inflammation are associated with a high risk of severe COVID-19. In this Review, we highlight how obesity and impaired metabolic health increase complications and mortality in COVID-19. We also summarize the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection for organ function and risk of NCDs. In addition, we discuss data indicating that the COVID-19 pandemic could have serious consequences for the obesity epidemic. As obesity and impaired metabolic health are both accelerators and consequences of severe COVID-19, and might adversely influence the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, we propose strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity and impaired metabolic health on a clinical and population level, particularly while the COVID-19 pandemic is present.
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Publication type Article: Journal article
Document type Review
Corresponding Author
Keywords Insulin-resistance; Ketogenic Diet; Ketone-bodies; Visceral Fat; Risk; Coronavirus; Mechanisms; Infection; Glucose; Ketoacidosis
ISSN (print) / ISBN 1759-5029
e-ISSN 1759-5037
Journal Nature Reviews - Endocrinology
Quellenangaben Volume: 17, Issue: , Pages: 135–149 Article Number: , Supplement: ,
Publisher Nature Publishing Group
Publishing Place New York, NY
Non-patent literature Publications
Reviewing status Peer reviewed
Institute(s) Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM)
Grants German Research Foundation
German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
European Innovative Medicines Initiative SOPHIA