Bouman, L.* ; Schlierf, A.* ; Lutz, A.K.* ; Shan, J.* ; Deinlein, A.* ; Kast, J.* ; Galehdar, Z.* ; Palmisano, V.* ; Patenge, N.* ; Berg, D.* ; Gasser, T.* ; Augustin, R. ; Trümbach, D. ; Irrcher, I.* ; Park, D.S.* ; Wurst, W. ; Kilberg, M.S.* ; Tatzelt, J.* ; Winklhofer, K.F.*
     
    
        
Parkin is transcriptionally regulated by ATF4: Evidence for an interconnection between mitochondrial stress and ER stress.
    
    
        
    
    
        
        Cell Death Differ. 18, 769-782 (2011)
    
    
    
      
      
	
	    Loss of parkin function is responsible for the majority of autosomal recessive parkinsonism. Here, we show that parkin is not only a stress-protective, but also a stress-inducible protein. Both mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induce an increase in parkin-specific mRNA and protein levels. The stress-induced upregulation of parkin is mediated by ATF4, a transcription factor of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that binds to a specific CREB/ATF site within the parkin promoter. Interestingly, c-Jun can bind to the same site, but acts as a transcriptional repressor of parkin gene expression. We also present evidence that mitochondrial damage can induce ER stress, leading to the activation of the UPR, and thereby to an upregulation of parkin expression. Vice versa, ER stress results in mitochondrial damage, which can be prevented by parkin. Notably, the activity of parkin to protect cells from stress-induced cell death is independent of the proteasome, indicating that proteasomal degradation of parkin substrates cannot explain the cytoprotective activity of parkin. Our study supports the notion that parkin has a role in the interorganellar crosstalk between the ER and mitochondria to promote cell survival under stress, suggesting that both ER and mitochondrial stress can contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
	
	
	    
	
       
      
	
	    
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        Publication type
        Article: Journal article
    
 
    
        Document type
        Scientific Article
    
 
    
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        Keywords
        ATF4; c-Jun; ER stress; parkin; Parkinson's disease; UPR
    
 
    
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        Language
        english
    
 
    
        Publication Year
        2011
    
 
    
        Prepublished in Year
        2010
    
 
    
        HGF-reported in Year
        2010
    
 
    
    
        ISSN (print) / ISBN
        1350-9047
    
 
    
        e-ISSN
        1476-5403
    
 
    
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	    Volume: 18,  
	    Issue: 5,  
	    Pages: 769-782 
	    Article Number: ,  
	    Supplement: ,  
	
    
 
    
        
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            Nature Publishing Group
        
 
        
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        Reviewing status
        Peer reviewed
    
 
     
    
        POF-Topic(s)
        30204 - Cell Programming and Repair
    
 
    
        Research field(s)
        Genetics and Epidemiology
    
 
    
        PSP Element(s)
        G-500500-001
G-500500-003
    
 
    
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        Erfassungsdatum
        2010-12-23