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Dietrich, F.* ; Barcenilla, H.* ; Tavira, B.* ; Wahlberg, J.* ; Achenbach, P. ; Ludvigsson, J.* ; Casas, R.*

Immune response differs between intralymphatic or subcutaneous administration of GAD-alum in individuals with recent onset type 1 diabetes.

Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev.:e3500 (2022)

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AIMS: Immunomodulation with autoantigens potentially constitutes a specific and safe treatment for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Studies with GAD-alum administrated subcutaneously have shown to be safe, but its efficacy has been inconclusive. Administration of GAD-alum into the lymph nodes, aimed to optimise antigen presentation, has shown promising results in an open-label clinical trial. Herein, we compared the immune response of the individuals included in the trial with a group who received GAD-alum subcutaneously in a previous study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples from T1D individuals collected 15 months after administration of either three doses 1 month apart of 4 μg GAD-alum into lymph nodes (LN, n = 12) or two doses 1 month apart of 20 μg subcutaneously (SC, n = 12) were studied. GADA, GADA subclasses, GAD₆₅ -induced cytokines, peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation, and T cells markers were analysed. RESULTS: Low doses of GAD-alum into the lymph nodes induced higher GADA levels than higher doses administrated subcutaneously. Immune response in the LN group was characterised by changes in GADA subclasses, with a relative reduction of IgG1 and enhanced IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 proportion, higher GAD₆₅ -induced secretion of IL-5, IL-10, and TNF-α, and reduction of cell proliferation and CD8⁺ T cells. These changes were not observed after subcutaneous (SC) injections of GAD-alum. CONCLUSIONS: GAD-specific immune responses 15 months after lymph node injections of GAD-alum differed from the ones induced by SC administration of the same autoantigen.

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Publication type Article: Journal article

Document type Scientific Article

Corresponding Author

Keywords Gad-alum ; Autoantigen ; Intralymphatic ; Lymph Nodes ; Subcutaneous ; Type 1 Diabetes; Beta-cell Function; Injection; Therapy; Vaccine; Insulin

ISSN (print) / ISBN 1520-7552

e-ISSN 1520-7560

Journal Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews

Quellenangaben Article Number: e3500

Publisher Wiley

Publishing Place 111 River St, Hoboken 07030-5774, Nj Usa

Non-patent literature Publications

Reviewing status Peer reviewed

Institute(s) Institute of Diabetes Research Type 1 (IDF)

Grants Diamyd Medical
Swedish Child Diabetes Foundation
Swedish Diabetes research foundation