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Markevych, I. ; Astell-Burt, T.* ; Altug, H.* ; Triebner, K.* ; Standl, M. ; Flexeder, C. ; Heinrich, J.* ; Schikowski, T.* ; Koletzko, S.* ; Herberth, G.* ; Bauer, C.P.* ; von Berg, A.* ; Berdel, D.* ; Feng, X.*

Residential green space and age at menarche in German and Australian adolescent girls: A longitudinal study.

Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 240:113917 (2022)
Postprint DOI PMC
Open Access Green
BACKGROUND: A large multicentre European study reported later onset of menopause among women residing in greener areas. This influence on the timing of a reproductive event like menopause, raises the question whether similar associations can be observed with timing of menarche. We investigated whether exposure to residential green space was related to the age at menarche in German and Australian adolescent girls. METHODS: The analytic samples comprised of 1706 German and 1474 Australian adolescent girls. Percentage of green space was calculated in 1000 m buffers around a residential address or its surrogate at the previous follow-up. Mixed effects Cox proportional hazard models were used to explore the associations. The survival object was the occurrence of menarche at the time of follow-up (15-year follow-up of the German cohorts and the study wave at 14-15 years in the Australian cohort) and number of years since baseline (10-year follow-up in the German cohort and the study wave at 10-11 years in the Australian cohort). Participants who did not reach menarche were included as censored observations. RESULTS: A greener residence was not associated with the age at menarche. Null findings were consistent in the general population and in analyses stratified by socioeconomic status or urbanicity in both countries. Urban residents were more likely to have earlier menarche, and this association was consistent across Germany and Australia. CONCLUSION: The results of our analysis do not support the hypothesis that residing in places with more green space can influence timing of menarche. However, given the limitations of our study, researchers should not be discouraged to further explore environmental risk factors of early menarche.
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Publication type Article: Journal article
Document type Scientific Article
Corresponding Author
Keywords Children ; Epidemiology ; Greenness ; Greenspace ; Puberty ; Sexual Maturation
ISSN (print) / ISBN 1438-4639
e-ISSN 1618-131X
Journal International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
Quellenangaben Volume: 240, Issue: , Pages: , Article Number: 113917 Supplement: ,
Publisher Elsevier
Publishing Place Amsterdam ; Boston, Mass. ; London ; New York, NY ; Oxford ; Paris ; Philadelphia, Pa. ; San Diego, Calif. ; St. Louis, Mo. ; München
Non-patent literature Publications
Reviewing status Peer reviewed
Institute(s) Institute of Epidemiology (EPI)
Grants Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen
Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen
European Regional Development Fund
Institut Universitaire de France
Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej
Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst
National Health and Medical Research Council
European Commission
Seventh Framework Programme
Growing Spine Foundation
TU Munich
Mead Johnson and Nestlé
Marien-Hospital Wesel
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ
Federal Ministry for Environment