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Knappett, P.S. ; Escamilla, V.* ; Layton, A.* ; McKay, L.D.* ; Emch, M.* ; Williams, D.E.* ; Huq, R.* ; Alam, J.* ; Farhana, L.* ; Mailloux, B.J.* ; Ferguson, A.* ; Sayler, G.S.* ; Ahmed, K.M.* ; van Geen, A.*

Impact of population and latrines on fecal contamination of ponds in rural Bangladesh.

Sci. Total Environ. 409, 3174-3182 (2011)
DOI PMC
Open Access Green as soon as Postprint is submitted to ZB.
A majority of households in Bangladesh rely on pond water for hygiene. Exposure to pond water fecal contamination could therefore still contribute to diarrheal disease despite the installation of numerous tubewells for drinking. The objectives of this study are to determine the predominant sources (human or livestock) of fecal pollution in ponds and examine the association between local population, latrine density, latrine quality and concentrations of fecal bacteria and pathogens in pond water. Forty-three ponds were analyzed for E. coli using culture-based methods and E. coli, Bacteroidales and adenovirus using quantitative PCR. Population and sanitation spatial data were collected and measured against pond fecal contamination. Humans were the dominant source of fecal contamination in 79% of the ponds according to Bacteroidales measurements. Ponds directly receiving latrine effluent had the highest concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria (up to 10⁶ Most Probable Number (MPN) of culturable E. coli per 100 mL). Concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria correlated with population surveyed within a distance of 30-70 m (p<0.05) and total latrines surveyed within 50-70 m (p<0.05). Unsanitary latrines (visible effluent or open pits) within the pond drainage basin were also significantly correlated to fecal indicator concentrations (p<0.05). Water in the vast majority of the surveyed ponds contained unsafe levels of fecal contamination attributable primarily to unsanitary latrines, and to lesser extent, to sanitary latrines and cattle. Since the majority of fecal pollution is derived from human waste, continued use of pond water could help explain the persistence of diarrheal disease in rural South Asia.
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Publication type Article: Journal article
Document type Scientific Article
Keywords Diarrheal disease; Fecal source tracking; Bacteroidales; Adenovirus; Latrine effluent; Asia
Language english
Publication Year 2011
HGF-reported in Year 2011
ISSN (print) / ISBN 0048-9697
e-ISSN 1879-1026
Journal Science of the Total Environment, The
Quellenangaben Volume: 409, Issue: 17, Pages: 3174-3182 Article Number: , Supplement: ,
Publisher Elsevier
Reviewing status Peer reviewed
Institute(s) Institute of Groundwater Ecology (IGOE)
POF-Topic(s) 20403 - Sustainable Water Management
Research field(s) Environmental Sciences
PSP Element(s) G-504300-001
PubMed ID 21632095
DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.043
Erfassungsdatum 2011-08-10
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