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Mayer, K.F.X. ; Martis, M.M. ; Hedley, P.E.* ; Šimková, H.* ; Liu, H.* ; Morris, J.A.* ; Steuernagel, B.* ; Taudien, S.* ; Roessner, S.K. ; Gundlach, H. ; Kubaláková, M.* ; Suchánková, P.* ; Murat, F.* ; Felder, M.* ; Nussbaumer, T. ; Graner, A.* ; Salse, J.* ; Endo, T.* ; Sakai, H.* ; Tanaka, T.* ; Itoh, T.* ; Sato, K.* ; Platzer, M.* ; Matsumoto, T.* ; Scholz, U.* ; Dolezel, J.* ; Waugh, R.* ; Stein, N.*

Unlocking the barley genome by chromosomal and comparative genomics.

Plant Cell 23, 1249-1263 (2011)

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We used a novel approach that incorporated chromosome sorting, next-generation sequencing, array hybridization, and systematic exploitation of conserved synteny with model grasses to assign ~86% of the estimated ~32,000 barley (Hordeum vulgare) genes to individual chromosome arms. Using a series of bioinformatically constructed genome zippers that integrate gene indices of rice (Oryza sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and Brachypodium distachyon in a conserved synteny model, we were able to assemble 21,766 barley genes in a putative linear order. We show that the barley (H) genome displays a mosaic of structural similarity to hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) A, B, and D subgenomes and that orthologous genes in different grasses exhibit signatures of positive selection in different lineages. We present an ordered, information-rich scaffold of the barley genome that provides a valuable and robust framework for the development of novel strategies in cereal breeding.

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