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Entfellner, E.* ; Li, R. ; Jiang, Y. ; Ru, J. ; Blom, J.* ; Deng, L. ; Kurmayer, R.*

Toxic/bioactive peptide synthesis genes rearranged by insertion sequence elements among the bloom-forming cyanobacteria Planktothrix.

Front. Microbiol. 13:901762 (2022)

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It has been generally hypothesized that mobile elements can induce genomic rearrangements and influence the distribution and functionality of toxic/bioactive peptide synthesis pathways in microbes. In this study, we performed in depth genomic analysis by completing the genomes of 13 phylogenetically diverse strains of the bloom-forming freshwater cyanobacteria Planktothrix spp. to investigate the role of insertion sequence (IS) elements in seven pathways. Chromosome size varied from 4.7–4.8 Mbp (phylogenetic Lineage 1 of P. agardhii/P. rubescens thriving in shallow waterbodies) to 5.4–5.6 Mbp (Lineage 2 of P. agardhii/P. rubescens thriving in deeper physically stratified lakes and reservoirs) and 6.3–6.6 Mbp (Lineage 3, P. pseudagardhii/P. tepida including planktic and benthic ecotypes). Although the variation in chromosome size was positively related to the proportion of IS elements (1.1–3.7% on chromosome), quantitatively, IS elements and other paralogs only had a minor share in chromosome size variation. Thus, the major part of genomic variation must have resulted from gene loss processes (ancestor of Lineages 1 and 2) and horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Six of seven peptide synthesis gene clusters were found located on the chromosome and occurred already in the ancestor of P. agardhii/P. rubescens, and became partly lost during evolution of Lineage 1. In general, no increased IS element frequency in the vicinity of peptide synthesis gene clusters was observed. We found a higher proportion of IS elements in ten breaking regions related to chromosomal rearrangements and a tendency for colocalization of toxic/bioactive peptide synthesis gene clusters on the chromosome.

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Publication type Article: Journal article

Document type Scientific Article

Corresponding Author

Keywords Chromosomal Rearrangements ; Cyanotoxins ; Genome Size Variation ; Harmful Algal Blooms ; Horizontal Gene Transfer ; Insertion Sequence Elements ; Microevolution ; Secondary Metabolites

ISSN (print) / ISBN 1664-302X

e-ISSN 1664-302X

Journal Frontiers in Microbiology

Quellenangaben Volume: 13, Article Number: 901762

Publisher Frontiers

Non-patent literature Publications

Reviewing status Peer reviewed

Institute(s) Institute of Virology (VIRO)

Grants Austrian Science Fund
Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Office of China Postdoc Council
Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen
China Scholarship Council