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    Handling unexpected inputs: incorporating source-wise out-of-distribution detection into SAR-optical data fusion for scene classification.
        
        EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process. 2023, 21 (2023)
    
    
    
	    The fusion of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical satellite data is widely used for deep learning based scene classification. Counter-intuitively such neural networks are still sensitive to changes in single data sources, which can lead to unexpected behavior and a significant drop in performance when individual sensors fail or when clouds obscure the optical image. In this paper we incorporate source-wise out-of-distribution (OOD) detection into the fusion process at test time in order to not consider unuseful or even harmful information for the prediction. As a result, we propose a modified training procedure together with an adaptive fusion approach that weights the extracted information based on the source-wise in-distribution probabilities. We evaluate the proposed approach on the BigEarthNet multilabel scene classification data set and several additional OOD test cases as missing or damaged data, clouds, unknown classes, and coverage by snow and ice. The results show a significant improvement in robustness to different types of OOD data affecting only individual data sources. At the same time the approach maintains the classification performance of the baseline approaches compared. The code for the experiments of this paper is available on GitHub: https://github.com/JakobCode/OOD_DataFusion.
	
	
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        Publication type
        Article: Journal article
    
 
    
        Document type
        Scientific Article
    
 
     
    
    
        Keywords
        Data Fusion ; Missing Modality ; Out-of-distribution ; Remote Sensing ; Robustness; Land-cover; Domain Adaptation; Network; Framework
    
 
     
    
    
        Language
        english
    
 
    
        Publication Year
        2023
    
 
     
    
        HGF-reported in Year
        2023
    
 
    
    
        ISSN (print) / ISBN
        1110-8657
    
 
    
        e-ISSN
        1687-0433
    
 
    
     
     
	     
	 
	 
     
	
    
        Quellenangaben
        
	    Volume: 2023,  
	    Issue: 1,  
	    Pages: 21 
	    
	    
	
    
 
    
         
        
            Publisher
            Springer
        
 
        
            Publishing Place
            One New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, Ny, United States
        
 
	
         
         
         
         
         
	
         
         
         
    
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
    
        Reviewing status
        Peer reviewed
    
 
    
        Institute(s)
        Helmholtz AI - DLR (HAI - DLR)
    
 
     
     
     
    
        Grants
        German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action
German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
Helmholtz Excellent Professorship "Data Science in Earth Observation -Big Data Fusion for Urban Research"
Helmholtz Association
European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union
international AI4EO FutureLab
German Aerospace Center (DLR)
Projekt DEAL
 
     	
    
    German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
Helmholtz Excellent Professorship "Data Science in Earth Observation -Big Data Fusion for Urban Research"
Helmholtz Association
European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union
international AI4EO FutureLab
German Aerospace Center (DLR)
Projekt DEAL
        WOS ID
        000981258600004
    
    
        Scopus ID
        85158987164
    
    
        Erfassungsdatum
        2023-10-18