Thomsen, M.* ; Lange, L.M.* ; Zech, M. ; Lohmann, K.*
     
    
        
Genetics and pathogenesis of dystonia.
    
    
        
    
    
        
        Annu. Rev. Pathol.-Mech. Dis. 19, 99-131 (2023)
    
    
    
      
      
	
	    Dystonia is a clinically and genetically highly heterogeneous neurological disorder characterized by abnormal movements and postures caused by involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions. A number of groundbreaking genetic and molecular insights have recently been gained. While they enable genetic testing and counseling, their translation into new therapies is still limited. However, we are beginning to understand shared pathophysiological pathways and molecular mechanisms. It has become clear that dystonia results from a dysfunctional network involving the basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, and cortex. On the molecular level, more than a handful of, often intertwined, pathways have been linked to pathogenic variants in dystonia genes, including gene transcription during neurodevelopment (e.g., KMT2B, THAP1), calcium homeostasis (e.g., ANO3, HPCA), striatal dopamine signaling (e.g., GNAL), endoplasmic reticulum stress response (e.g., EIF2AK2, PRKRA, TOR1A), autophagy (e.g., VPS16), and others. Thus, different forms of dystonia can be molecularly grouped, which may facilitate treatment development in the future. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 19 is January 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
	
	
	    
	
       
      
	
	    
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        Publication type
        Article: Journal article
    
 
    
        Document type
        Review
    
 
    
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        Keywords
        Dystonia ; Genetics ; Molecular Pathways ; Pathophysiology; Movement-disorders; Myoclonus-dystonia; Basal Ganglia; Intellectual Disability; 3-nitropropionic Acid; Nuclear-envelope; Dyt1 Dystonia; Cell Biology; Taf1 Gene; Mutations
    
 
    
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        Language
        english
    
 
    
        Publication Year
        2023
    
 
    
        Prepublished in Year
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        HGF-reported in Year
        2023
    
 
    
    
        ISSN (print) / ISBN
        1553-4006
    
 
    
        e-ISSN
        1553-4014
    
 
    
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	    Volume: 19,  
	    Issue: ,  
	    Pages: 99-131 
	    Article Number: ,  
	    Supplement: ,  
	
    
 
    
        
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            Publisher
            Annual Reviews
        
 
        
            Publishing Place
            4139 El Camino Way, Po Box 10139, Palo Alto, Ca 94303-0139 Usa
        
 
	
        
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        Reviewing status
        Peer reviewed
    
 
     
    
        POF-Topic(s)
        30205 - Bioengineering and Digital Health
    
 
    
        Research field(s)
        Genetics and Epidemiology
    
 
    
        PSP Element(s)
        G-503200-001
    
 
    
        Grants
        German Research Foundation
PreDYT by the European Joint Programme on Rare Diseases (Joint Transnational Call 2022)
German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
Bachmann-Strauss Dystonia & Parkinson's Foundation
    
 
    
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        Erfassungsdatum
        2023-11-28