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Winklmeier, S.* ; Rübsamen, H.* ; Ozdemir, C.* ; Wratil, P.R.* ; Lupoli, G.* ; Stern, M.* ; Schneider, C.* ; Eisenhut, K.* ; Ho, S.* ; Wong, H.K.* ; Taskin, D.* ; Petry, M.* ; Weigand, M.* ; Eichhorn, P.* ; Fösel, B. ; Mader, S.* ; Keppler, O.T.* ; Kümpfel, T.* ; Meinl, E.*

Intramuscular vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 transiently induces neutralizing IgG rather than IgA in the saliva.

Front. Immunol. 15:1330864 (2024)

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The mucosal immunity is crucial for restricting SARS-CoV-2 at its entry site. Intramuscularly applied vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 stimulate high levels of neutralizing Abs in serum, but the impact of these intramuscular vaccinations on features of mucosal immunity is less clear. Here, we analyzed kinetic and functional properties of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs in the saliva after vaccination with BNT162b2. We analyzed a total of 24 healthy donors longitudinally for up to 16 months. We found that specific IgG appeared in the saliva after the second vaccination, declined thereafter and reappeared after the third vaccination. Adjusting serum and saliva for the same IgG concentration revealed a strong correlation between the reactivity in these two compartments. Reactivity to VoCs correlated strongly as seen by ELISAs against RBD variants and by live-virus neutralizing assays against replication-competent viruses. For further functional analysis, we purified IgG and IgA from serum and saliva. In vaccinated donors we found neutralizing activity towards authentic virus in the IgG, but not in the IgA fraction of the saliva. In contrast, IgA with neutralizing activity appeared in the saliva only after breakthrough infection. In serum, we found neutralizing activity in both the IgA and IgG fractions. Together, we show that intramuscular mRNA vaccination transiently induces a mucosal immunity that is mediated by IgG and thus differs from the mucosal immunity after infection. Waning of specific mucosal IgG might be linked to susceptibility for breakthrough infection.

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Publication type Article: Journal article

Document type Scientific Article

Keywords Covid ; Iga ; Igg ; Saliva ; Vaccination ; Viral Neutralization; Neonatal Fc-receptor; Transport

ISSN (print) / ISBN 1664-3224

e-ISSN 1664-3224

Journal Frontiers in Immunology

Quellenangaben Volume: 15, Article Number: 1330864

Publisher Frontiers

Publishing Place Avenue Du Tribunal Federal 34, Lausanne, Ch-1015, Switzerland

Reviewing status Peer reviewed

Institute(s) Institute of Epidemiology (EPI)

Grants Free State of Bavaria through research initiative FOR-COVID
Free State of Bavaria through research initiative Bay-VOC
Medical & Clinician Scientist Program (MCSP) of LMU Munich
LMU (Corona-Forschungs-Unterstutzung durch das Bayerische Staatsministerium fur Wissenschaft und Kunst 2022)
Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
DFG