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Gado, M. ; Tsaousidou, E.* ; Bornstein, S.R. ; Perakakis, N.

Sex-based differences in insulin resistance.

J. Endocrinol. 261:e230245 (2024)
DOI PMC
Open Access Green as soon as Postprint is submitted to ZB.
Sexual dimorphism in energy metabolism is now established and suggested to affect many aspects of metabolic diseases and in particular diabetes and obesity. This is strongly related to sex-based differences in whole-body insulin resistance. Women are more insulin sensitive compared to men, but this metabolic advantage gradually disappears after menopause or when insulin resistance progresses to hyperglycemia and diabetes. In this narrative review, first, we describe the pathophysiology related to insulin resistance and then we present the epidemiological evidence as well as the important biological factors that play a crucial role in sexual dimorphism in insulin sensitivity. We focus particularly on the differences in body fat and muscle mass distribution and function, in inflammation and in sex hormones between males and females. Most importantly, we describe the significant mechanistic differences in insulin sensitivity as well as glucose and lipid metabolism in key metabolic organs: liver, white adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Finally, we present the sex-based differences in response to different interventions and discuss important open research questions.
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Publication type Article: Journal article
Document type Review
Corresponding Author
Keywords Glucose Metabolism ; Insulin Resistance ; Lipid Metabolism ; Sex ; Sexual Dimorphism; Free Fatty-acid; Cardiovascular-disease Risk; Subcutaneous Adipose-tissue; Lipoprotein-lipase Activity; Hormone-binding Globulin; Estrogen-receptor-alpha; Human Skeletal-muscle; Metabolic Syndrome; Diabetes Prevention; Possible Mechanism
ISSN (print) / ISBN 0022-0795
e-ISSN 1479-6805
Journal Journal of Endocrinology
Quellenangaben Volume: 261, Issue: 1, Pages: , Article Number: e230245 Supplement: ,
Publisher Society for Endocrinology
Publishing Place Starling House, 1600 Bristol Parkway N, Bristol, England
Non-patent literature Publications
Reviewing status Peer reviewed
Institute(s) Institute for Pancreatic Beta Cell Research (IPI)
Grants Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) - Deutsches Zentrum fur Diabetesforschung (DZD e.V.)